How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs | Kristen Marhaver

134,918 views ・ 2015-12-23

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: TIANYU WANG 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
What was the most difficult job you ever did?
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你曾经做过的最难的工作是什么?
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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是曾在大太阳底下工作?
00:17
Was it working to provide food for a family or a community?
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是给家庭或者整个社区提供餐饮?
00:21
Was it working days and nights trying to protect lives and property?
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是要昼夜不分地保护生命和财产?
00:25
Was it working alone
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是你曾独自一人工作?
00:26
or working on a project that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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还是你在一个前途未卜的项目中,
00:30
but that might improve human health or save a life?
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但却可以改善人类健康或者救死扶伤?
00:33
Was it working to build something, create something, make a work of art?
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这份工作是不是去建造,去创新, 打造一个艺术作品?
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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这份工作是不是让你觉得
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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不确定自己是否会被人们所理解和感激?
00:45
The people in our communities who do these jobs
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那些在我们社会里, 正做着上述工作的人们,
00:47
deserve our attention, our love and our deepest support.
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理应受到我们的关注, 关爱和切实的支持。
00:51
But people aren't the only ones in our communities
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但是人类并不是我们社会里唯一
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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从事困难工作的群体。
00:56
These jobs are also done by the plants, the animals
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还有很多其他工作是植物,动物和
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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地球上生态系统在做的。
01:01
including the ecosystems I study: the tropical coral reefs.
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这之中的生态系统就包括了 我所研究的:热带珊瑚礁。
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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珊瑚礁是辛勤的农民。
01:07
They provide food, income and food security
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它们提供食物,收入和食物安全性
01:10
for hundreds of millions of people around the world.
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给全世界数亿的人们。
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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珊瑚礁是安全卫士。
01:16
The structures that they build protect our shorelines
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它们打造的结构保护了我们的海岸线
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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不受风暴潮和海浪的侵袭,
01:20
and the biological systems that they house filter the water
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而且这种生态系统能过滤海水,
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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让我们能安全地在水里工作和玩耍。
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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珊瑚礁是药剂师。
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering on coral reefs are increasingly important
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珊瑚礁上发现的分子对研究新的抗生素和
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics and new cancer drugs.
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癌症治疗药物非常重要。
01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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珊瑚礁还是艺术家。
01:39
The structures that they build
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它们创造的这种结构
是地球上最漂亮的景致之一。
01:41
are some of the most beautiful things on planet Earth.
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01:43
And this beauty is the foundation of the tourism industry
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这种美丽是旅游业的基础,
01:46
in many countries with few or little other natural resources.
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特别是对于很多没有 其他自然资源的国家来说。
01:51
So for all of these reasons, all of these ecosystem services,
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那么针对这么多有利的原因 和生态系统的服务,
01:55
economists estimate the value of the world's coral reefs
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经济学家估算了这种珊瑚礁的价值,
01:57
in the hundreds of billions of dollars per year.
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可以达到几千亿,每年。
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work being done for us
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尽管珊瑚礁为我们做了 所有这些艰辛的工作,
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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尽管我们获得了所有的财富,
02:06
we have done almost everything we possibly could to destroy that.
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我们却已经几乎 不遗余力地破坏了它们。
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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我们从海洋里获取鱼类,
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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与此同时,我们加入了肥料和废水,
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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以及疾病,石油,污染物,还有沉积物。
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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我们的船舶,船舵和推土机 已经践踏了珊瑚礁,
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry of the entire sea,
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我们已经改变了整个海洋的化学结构,
导致海水温度升高,风暴变得更加猛烈。
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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这其中的每一项本身就是有害的,
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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而它们还会相互作用,彼此强化,
02:32
and compound one another and make each other worse.
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让各个因素的负面效果愈演愈烈。
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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我给你们举个例子。
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao, a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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Curaçao是我生活工作的地方, 这里几年前被一个热带风暴侵袭过。
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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在岛的最东端,
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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珊瑚们保存完好,生长得很繁茂,
02:45
you could barely tell a tropical storm had passed.
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你很难相信一个 热带风暴潮刚刚经过这里。
02:48
But in town, where corals had died from overfishing, from pollution,
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但是在城镇中心,那里的珊瑚 早已死于过度捕鱼和污染,
02:53
the tropical storm picked up the dead corals
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热带风暴潮夹带起死去的珊瑚,
02:55
and used them as bludgeons to kill the corals that were left.
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用它们撞击并消灭了其他活着的珊瑚。
02:59
This is a coral that I studied during my PhD --
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这是一种我在读博士期间 研究过的珊瑚,
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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我很了解它。
03:03
And after this storm took off half of its tissue,
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在风暴潮过后,它只剩了半边组织,
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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它开始被海藻侵蚀,
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue and that coral died.
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海藻在珊瑚身上过度生长, 然后珊瑚就死了。
03:11
This magnification of threats, this compounding of factors
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这样的巨大威胁,这种混合因素,
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes as the "slippery slope to slime."
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正是 Jeremy Jackson描述的那样 "滑向烂泥深渊的斜坡。"
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor because many of our reefs now
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这可能都不是只是个隐喻了, 因为很多礁石都是由
03:24
are literally bacteria and algae and slime.
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细菌,海草和烂泥组成的了。
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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现在你们可能觉得
03:30
where you may expect me to launch into my plea
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我马上就要开始提出关于
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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保护珊瑚礁的倡议了。
03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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但是我必须要承认:
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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保护珊瑚礁这词让我很受不了。
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet, in a news headline
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无论我在微博,报纸头条,
03:46
or the glossy pages of a conservation brochure,
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或是设计精美的环保宣传册上看到,
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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那些辞藻都让我觉得很反感,
03:51
because we as conservationists have been sounding the alarms
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因为我们这些自然环境保护者几十年来 一直在散播
03:54
about the death of coral reefs for decades.
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关于珊瑚礁死亡的警告。
03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet, no matter how educated,
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但是现在,几乎我遇到的所有人, 无论他们受教育程度如何,
居然都不知道什么是珊瑚, 或不知道它们从哪里来。
04:01
is not sure what a coral is or where they come from.
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04:05
How would we get someone to care about the world's coral reefs
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那么我们要如何让人们来关心 世界上的珊瑚礁呢?
04:08
when it's an abstract thing they can barely understand?
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对大众来说它们只是抽象的词汇, 又怎么会被人们所了解呢?
04:13
If they don't understand what a coral is or where it comes from,
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如果大众不知道珊瑚是什么, 从何而来,
04:16
or how funny or interesting or beautiful it is,
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或者它们多么有意思, 亦或不知道它们有多美丽,
04:19
why would we expect them to care about saving them?
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那为什么我们要期待大众去 保护它们呢?
04:22
So let's change that.
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那么,我们要改变一下现状了。
04:23
What is a coral and where does it come from?
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什么是珊瑚,它们从哪来?
04:27
Corals are born in a number of different ways,
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珊瑚可以通过很多种方式诞生,
04:29
but most often by mass spawning: all of the individuals of a single species
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但通常是通过大量产卵: 所有这些同一类的珊瑚虫个体
04:33
on one night a year,
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在每年的一个晚上,
04:35
releasing all the eggs they've made that year
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释放它们当年产的所有卵
04:37
into the water column,
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到水柱中去,
04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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并和精子细胞打包在一起。
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface of the ocean and break apart.
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那些卵包到了海面,散开。
之后在海面上,咱们只能是希望,
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully -- at the surface of the ocean,
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04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm from other corals.
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它们可能遇到了 其他珊瑚虫的卵子和精子。
04:50
And that is why you need lots of corals on a coral reef --
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而这就是为什么一个珊瑚礁上 需要大量的珊瑚虫——
04:53
so that all of their eggs can meet their match at the surface.
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这样它们所有的卵 才能在海面上找到精子。
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do what any other animal egg does:
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当这些卵受精后, 它们就像其他动物的卵一样:
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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一遍又一遍地分裂。
05:03
Taking these photos under the microscope every year
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在显微镜下拍到这些照片,
05:05
is one of my favorite and most magical moments of the year.
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成为了我每年最喜欢的, 最神奇的时刻之一。
05:08
At the end of all this cell division, they turn into a swimming larva --
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在所有这些细胞分裂结束后, 它们变成了游动的幼虫——
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat the size of a poppy seed,
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小小的一团, 肥的像个罂粟种子,
05:16
but with all of the sensory systems that we have.
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但已经具备我们人类 所有的感觉系统了。
05:19
They can sense color and light, textures, chemicals, pH.
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它们可以感知颜色和光, 材质,化学物质和酸碱值。
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves; they can hear sound.
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它们甚至可以感觉到压力波; 可以听到声音。
05:28
And they use those talents
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而且它们可以用这些天份,
05:29
to search the bottom of the reef for a place to attach
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去寻找珊瑚礁的底端附着上去,
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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并在珊瑚礁上度过它们的余生。
05:34
So imagine finding a place where you would live the rest of your life
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那么想像下找到一个地方 去度过你们的余生,
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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而当时你只诞生了两天。
05:39
They attach in the place they find most suitable,
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它们附着在它们觉得最适合的地方,
05:42
they build a skeleton underneath themselves,
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在自己身体下面创造支架,
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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一起建造一张嘴和很多触手,
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work of building the world's coral reefs.
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然后就开始了艰难的工作, 去建造全世界的珊瑚礁。
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself again and again and again,
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一只珊瑚虫将自己分裂一次又一次,
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton underneath itself
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在其腹下产生一个石灰岩的骨架,
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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然后朝着太阳的方向的生长。
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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数百年之后,万物纵生,
06:02
what you get is a massive limestone structure
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一个巨大的石灰结构形成了,
在太空上都能从很多地方看到,
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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06:07
covered by a thin skin of these hardworking animals.
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表面还覆盖着薄薄的一层 这些辛勤工作的珊瑚虫。
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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现在,仅有几百种珊瑚存于世间, 也可能1000种。
06:16
But these systems house millions and millions of other species,
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但是这种珊瑚的石灰结构却是 亿万其他生物的栖息地,
06:21
and that diversity is what stabilizes the systems,
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而其多样性造就了 这个生态系统的稳定性,
06:23
and it's where we're finding our new medicines.
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也让我们找到了新型的药物。
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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我们在其中还找到了新的食物来源。
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work on the island of Curaçao,
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我很幸运能在 Curaçao岛上工作,
06:32
where we still have reefs that look like this.
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在那里我们仍能找到像这样的珊瑚礁。
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean and much of our world
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但是,事实上在加勒比海和 世界上大多数地方,
06:38
is much more like this.
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却是这般光景。
06:40
Scientists have studied in increasing detail
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科学家们更深入地研究了这种 退化的本质原因,
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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为何我们的珊瑚礁会慢慢消失,
06:45
and they have documented with increasing certainty the causes.
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他们已经记录了不断被确定的原因。
06:49
But in my research, I'm not interested in looking backward.
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但是在我的研究中,我对过去不感兴趣。
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao are interested in looking forward
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我和我同事在Curaçao岛上对将来
06:55
at what might be.
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可能会发生什么很感兴趣。
06:56
And we have the tiniest reason to be optimistic.
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我们只能用最微不足道的 原因去保持乐观。
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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因为即使在某些我们早就
07:02
that we probably could have written off long ago,
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不抱希望的珊瑚礁中,
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals arrive and survive anyway.
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我们有时仍会看到珊瑚虫的幼虫 到达这里,并挣扎生存下来。
07:11
And we're starting to think that baby corals may have the ability
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随后,我们开始思考,这些小珊瑚虫们
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions that the adults couldn't.
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可能有某种能力去适应一些 成年珊瑚虫可能适应不了的地方。
07:18
They may be able to adjust
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它们可能可以调整自身
07:20
ever so slightly more readily to this human planet.
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去不断适应这个被人类占领的星球。
07:24
So in the research I do with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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所以在Curaçao的研究中, 我和同事们
07:28
we try to figure out what a baby coral needs
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努力去找出小珊瑚虫生长需要的因素,
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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特别是在关键的早期生长过程中,
07:33
what it's looking for
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这些小珊瑚虫到底在找些什么,
07:34
and how we can try to help it through that process.
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以及我们怎么才能 帮助它们渡过这些难关。
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples of the work we've done
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我将向你们展示 我们工作中的三个例子,
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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并以此来解答我刚提出的那些困惑。
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer and we made coral choice surveys --
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在几年以前,我们用3D打印设备, 进行了珊瑚选择鉴定研究,
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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给出不同颜色和材质的环境,
07:49
and we simply asked the coral where they preferred to settle.
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我们简单地观察珊瑚虫, 想知道哪些环境是它们最喜欢的。
07:52
And we found that corals, even without the biology involved,
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之后我们发现珊瑚虫甚至在 没有任何生物手段干预的情况下,
07:55
still prefer white and pink, the colors of a healthy reef.
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仍然选择了白色和粉红, 代表着健康礁石。
07:58
And they prefer crevices and grooves and holes,
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它们喜欢裂缝,凹槽,还有洞,
08:01
where they will be safe from being trampled
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在那些地方它们可以免受外界侵扰,
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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也不会被捕食者吃掉。
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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所以我们可以用这些知识,
08:06
we can go back and say we need to restore those factors --
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回到实验室, 提出我们需要重构这些因素——
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices, those hard surfaces --
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粉红的,白色的, 有裂缝的,坚硬的表面——
列入到我们的保护项目之中。
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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我们也能把这些知识,
08:16
if we're going to put something underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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运用到建造海底墙体和码头上, 把合适的材料放在水下。
08:19
We can choose to use the materials and colors and textures
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我们可以选择用这些材料、颜色、纹路,
08:22
that might bias the system back toward those corals.
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让整个生态系统有利于 珊瑚虫的生存。
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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除了研究合适的表面,
08:29
we also study the chemical and microbial signals
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我们也研究了可以吸引珊瑚虫
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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附着在礁石上的化学和微生物因素。
08:34
Starting about six years ago, I began culturing bacteria
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大约六年前, 我就开始培养珊瑚礁表面
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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有珊瑚栖息的区域的细菌。
08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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我一个一个地试,
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would convince corals to settle and attach.
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想要找到那些能诱导珊瑚虫 聚集吸附的细菌种类。
08:46
And we now have many bacterial strains in our freezer
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现在我们有很多细菌株在冷冻柜里,
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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这些细菌是珊瑚虫信赖的,
08:51
to go through that settlement and attachment process.
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愿意去附着和生长的菌类。
08:54
So as we speak,
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就在演讲的这段时间里,
08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao are testing those bacteria
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我的同事们正在Curaçao测试那些细菌,
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise more coral settlers in the lab,
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去研究它们是否能帮助我们在实验室 建造珊瑚的栖息地,
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers will survive better
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以及这些有珊瑚附着的结构能够
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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在海水中更好地生存。
09:06
Now in addition to these tools, we also try to uncover the mysteries
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除了这些工具, 我们也在努力解开不为我们
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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所熟知的物种的秘密。
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals, and always has been:
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这是其中我最喜欢的珊瑚中的一种, 一直都是:
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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系统柱状的,柱状珊瑚。
09:19
I love it because it makes this ridiculous shape,
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我喜欢它,因为它有着无与伦比的形状,
09:22
because its tentacles are fat and look fuzzy
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因为它的触须胖嘟嘟,看起来毛茸茸,
09:25
and because it's rare.
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还因为它很稀有。
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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能找到这样一种珊瑚 绝对是一种慰藉。
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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实际上,它是真的太稀有了,
09:30
that last year it was listed as a threatened species
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以至于它去年被认为是濒危物种,
09:33
on the endangered species list.
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出现在了濒危物种列表上。
09:35
And this was in part because in over 30 years of research surveys,
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这不难理解,因为在 过去30年的研究中,
09:38
scientists had never found a baby pillar coral.
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科学家从未发现过一只 幼年柱形珊瑚虫。
09:42
We weren't even sure if they could still reproduce,
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我们之前都无法确信 它是否还可以继续繁衍,
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
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或者当时是否还在繁殖。
09:47
So four years ago, we started following these at night
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所以四年前,我们开始在夜间观察,
09:50
and watching to see if we could figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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看它们什么时候会在Curaçao产卵。
09:55
We got some good tips from our colleagues in Florida,
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我们从佛罗里达的同事那里 得到了一些好的建议,
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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他们在2007年和2008年分别 看到了一只柱状珊瑚,
10:02
and eventually we figured out when they spawn in Curaçao
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终于我们发现了 它们在Curaçao产卵的时间,
10:05
and we caught it.
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我们捕捉到了这个时刻。
10:06
Here's a female on the left with some eggs in her tissue,
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左边是一只母珊瑚虫和一些卵,
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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正要把这些卵释放到海水中。
10:11
And here's a male on the right, releasing sperm.
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而右边是一只公的珊瑚虫在释放精子。
10:14
We collected this, we got it back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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我们收集了这些卵子和精子, 带回实验室进行培育,
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals swimming in our lab.
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于是就有了柱状珊瑚虫 在我们实验室里里游来游去。
10:22
Thanks to the work of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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感谢我们的科学界的前辈们,
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice we've had in Curaçao
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也要感谢我们在Curaçao岛上
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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十年培育其他珊瑚虫种类的经验,
10:30
we got some of those larvae to go through the rest of the process
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我们有了一些珊瑚幼虫 可以完成余下的步骤,
10:34
and settle and attach,
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让它们在礁石上附着和生存下来,
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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并形成变质珊瑚礁。
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby that anyone ever saw.
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这是所有人见过的第一只 年幼的柱状珊瑚虫。
10:43
(Applause)
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(掌声)
10:49
And I have to say -- if you think baby pandas are cute,
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我不得不说—— 如果你们认为熊猫宝宝很可爱,
10:52
this is cuter.
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那这些小珊瑚虫更可爱。
10:53
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
10:56
So we're starting to figure out the secrets to this process,
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我们正在研究珊瑚繁殖过程的秘密,
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction and how we might help them.
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我们要找出如何帮助它们繁殖。
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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全世界都面临着同样的情况;
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways to handle their embryos,
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科学家们正在找出新的方法 去处理珊瑚虫的胚胎,
11:07
to get them to settle,
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让它们栖息生长,
甚至在想办法 让它们能够在低温下生长,
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods to preserve them at low temperatures,
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11:13
so that we can preserve their genetic diversity
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这样我们就可以保护 它们的基因多样性,
11:16
and work with them more often.
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并且有更多机会对它们进行研究。
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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但是这个过程的技术含量太低了。
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench, the number of hands in the lab
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我们实验室的空间有限,人手也不够,
11:27
and the number of coffees we can drink in any given hour.
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连休息时间提供的咖啡都少得可怜。
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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现在,与我们人类遇到的其他危机,
11:34
and our other areas of concern as a society.
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以及其他社会问题比较一下。
11:38
We have advanced medical technology, we have defense technology,
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我们有先进的医疗技术, 防御技术,
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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我们也有科学手段,
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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甚至还有先进的艺术科技。
但是我们的环保技术却远远落后了。
11:46
But our technology for conservation is behind.
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11:53
Think back to the most difficult job you ever did.
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想想你们做过的最艰难的工作。
11:56
Many of you would say it was being a parent.
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你们很多人肯定会说是为人父母。
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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我的妈妈描述了为人父母,
12:01
as something that makes your life far more amazing and far more difficult
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会让自己的生命更加精彩, 也更加艰辛,
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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相比任何所能想象的工作。
12:08
I've been trying to help corals become parents for over 10 years now.
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我已经从事让珊瑚虫们做父母这项工作 超过十年了。
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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见证这些生命的奇迹,
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement to the core of my soul.
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让我的内心十分充实, 在灵魂深处也惊叹不已。
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult it is for them to become parents.
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但是我看到了珊瑚虫们 想成为父母有多么困难。
12:24
The pillar corals spawned again two weeks ago,
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那些柱状珊瑚虫两周前在此产卵,
12:26
and we collected their eggs and brought them back to the lab.
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我们取了它们的卵,并带回了实验室。
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
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这里你们可以看到一个胚胎在分裂, 马上就会炸裂开,
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
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而旁边其他的14个卵
12:34
and will blow up.
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还没有任何分裂迹象。
12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria, they will explode
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这些珊瑚虫卵 会被细菌感染,爆裂开来,
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten the life of this one embryo
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而这些细菌也会侵害那只
12:43
that has a chance.
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能够分裂的胚胎。
12:45
We don't know if it was our handling methods that went wrong
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我们不知道是 我们的处理过程有问题,
12:48
and we don't know
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还是只有这种珊瑚虫
12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef, always suffering from low fertility.
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在礁石上繁育率一直很低。
12:55
Whatever the cause,
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无论这种低产率的原因是什么,
12:56
we have much more work to do before we can use baby corals
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在我们能用这些珊瑚虫去培育、修复、 或者保护珊瑚礁之前,
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes, maybe save coral reefs.
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我们还有更多的工作要做。
13:07
So never mind that they're worth hundreds of billions of dollars.
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不要在意它们是否价值连城。
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals and plants and microbes and fungi.
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珊瑚礁由是辛勤工作的 动植物和细菌组成的。
13:15
They're providing us with art and food and medicine.
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它们给予了我们艺术,食物和药物。
13:20
And we almost took out an entire generation of corals.
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我们几乎毁掉了整整一代的珊瑚。
13:23
But a few made it anyway, despite our best efforts,
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但是仍有一些幸存了下来 尽管我们一直在不遗余力地破坏着,
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them for the work they did
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所以现在我们应该去感谢这些物种,
13:31
and give them every chance they have to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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并且给予它们所有 能在未来长成珊瑚礁的机会,
13:36
their coral babies.
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保护珊瑚幼虫。
13:37
Thank you so much.
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非常谢谢你们。
13:38
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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