How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs | Kristen Marhaver

135,104 views ใƒป 2015-12-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
What was the most difficult job you ever did?
0
12836
2288
ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื™ืชื?
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
1
15882
1282
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ?
00:17
Was it working to provide food for a family or a community?
2
17564
2786
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”?
00:21
Was it working days and nights trying to protect lives and property?
3
21134
3935
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ?
00:25
Was it working alone
4
25661
1191
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“
00:26
or working on a project that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
5
26876
3380
ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช,
00:30
but that might improve human health or save a life?
6
30280
2817
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื?
00:33
Was it working to build something, create something, make a work of art?
7
33667
5003
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื ื•ืช?
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
8
38991
1987
ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
9
41002
3251
ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื”ื•ืขืจื›ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™?
00:45
The people in our communities who do these jobs
10
45113
2256
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:47
deserve our attention, our love and our deepest support.
11
47393
3633
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:51
But people aren't the only ones in our communities
12
51417
2443
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
13
53884
1802
ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:56
These jobs are also done by the plants, the animals
14
56114
2762
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
15
58900
2432
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:01
including the ecosystems I study: the tropical coral reefs.
16
61356
3489
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช: ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
17
65640
1962
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื•ืช.
01:07
They provide food, income and food security
18
67626
3210
ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™
01:10
for hundreds of millions of people around the world.
19
70860
2563
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
20
73447
2710
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช.
01:16
The structures that they build protect our shorelines
21
76181
2757
ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
22
78962
1857
ืžื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ ืกืขืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ื,
01:20
and the biological systems that they house filter the water
23
80843
3666
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืžืกื ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
24
84533
2399
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื—ืง.
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
25
87552
2562
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืžืื™ื•ืช.
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering on coral reefs are increasingly important
26
90138
3769
ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics and new cancer drugs.
27
93931
3573
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
28
97528
2155
ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืืžื ื™ื•ืช.
01:39
The structures that they build
29
99707
1495
ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช
01:41
are some of the most beautiful things on planet Earth.
30
101226
2550
ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:43
And this beauty is the foundation of the tourism industry
31
103800
2786
ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช
01:46
in many countries with few or little other natural resources.
32
106610
4521
ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
01:51
So for all of these reasons, all of these ecosystem services,
33
111877
3260
ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืœ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:55
economists estimate the value of the world's coral reefs
34
115161
2685
ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:57
in the hundreds of billions of dollars per year.
35
117870
2996
ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work being done for us
36
121271
3107
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
37
124402
2196
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื,
02:06
we have done almost everything we possibly could to destroy that.
38
126622
4445
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
39
131091
1953
ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
40
133068
2598
ื•ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื“ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื‘,
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
41
135690
3899
ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื ืคื˜, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืžืฉืงืขื™ื.
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
42
139613
3873
ื“ืจืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืขื ืกื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื“ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry of the entire sea,
43
143510
2507
ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื,
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
44
146041
2628
ื—ื™ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืกืขืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
45
148693
2151
ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื,
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
46
150868
1758
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
02:32
and compound one another and make each other worse.
47
152650
2956
ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:35
I'll give you an example.
48
155630
1393
ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaรงao, a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
49
157047
4325
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื’ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื•, ืกื•ืคื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
50
161396
1889
ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™,
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
51
163309
1944
ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช,
02:45
you could barely tell a tropical storm had passed.
52
165277
2959
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืคื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื”.
02:48
But in town, where corals had died from overfishing, from pollution,
53
168260
5325
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื• ืžื“ื™ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ, ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
02:53
the tropical storm picked up the dead corals
54
173609
2103
ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื
02:55
and used them as bludgeons to kill the corals that were left.
55
175736
2942
ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื•.
02:59
This is a coral that I studied during my PhD --
56
179361
2317
ื–ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™ --
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
57
181702
1569
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:03
And after this storm took off half of its tissue,
58
183295
3079
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœื•,
03:06
it became infested with algae,
59
186398
1669
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื•ืจืฅ ืืฆื•ืช,
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue and that coral died.
60
188091
2755
ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืžื” ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืช.
03:11
This magnification of threats, this compounding of factors
61
191416
3962
ื”ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes as the "slippery slope to slime."
62
195402
4834
ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื’'ืจืžื™ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ื›"ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงืœืง ืืœ ื”ืจื™ืจ."
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor because many of our reefs now
63
200699
3553
ื–ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:24
are literally bacteria and algae and slime.
64
204276
3564
ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช , ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฆื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืจ.
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
65
208954
1612
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
03:30
where you may expect me to launch into my plea
66
210590
2889
ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
67
213503
2673
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
03:36
But I have a confession to make:
68
216835
2108
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™:
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
69
219744
2595
ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื’ืข ืื•ืชื™.
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet, in a news headline
70
222363
3691
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
03:46
or the glossy pages of a conservation brochure,
71
226078
3587
ืื• ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ,
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
72
229689
1823
ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื™,
03:51
because we as conservationists have been sounding the alarms
73
231536
2928
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื–ืขืงื”
03:54
about the death of coral reefs for decades.
74
234488
2404
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet, no matter how educated,
75
236916
4060
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ืžื“,
04:01
is not sure what a coral is or where they come from.
76
241000
3823
ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ื–ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ ืื• ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข.
04:05
How would we get someone to care about the world's coral reefs
77
245489
3325
ืื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื ืฉืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:08
when it's an abstract thing they can barely understand?
78
248838
3669
ื›ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ?
04:13
If they don't understand what a coral is or where it comes from,
79
253371
3072
ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ ืื• ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข,
04:16
or how funny or interesting or beautiful it is,
80
256467
2667
ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื,
04:19
why would we expect them to care about saving them?
81
259158
2639
ืœืžื” ืฉื ืฆืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื›ืคืช ืžืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื?
04:22
So let's change that.
82
262510
1318
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
04:23
What is a coral and where does it come from?
83
263852
2541
ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื•ื’ ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื?
04:27
Corals are born in a number of different ways,
84
267287
2168
ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
04:29
but most often by mass spawning: all of the individuals of a single species
85
269479
4223
ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช: ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:33
on one night a year,
86
273726
1336
ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
04:35
releasing all the eggs they've made that year
87
275086
2713
ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”
04:37
into the water column,
88
277823
1194
ืœืชื•ืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื,
04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
89
279041
2444
ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืืจื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข.
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface of the ocean and break apart.
90
281509
3476
ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully -- at the surface of the ocean,
91
285009
2746
ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” -- ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” -- ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm from other corals.
92
287779
2221
ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจืข ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:50
And that is why you need lots of corals on a coral reef --
93
290024
3108
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื --
04:53
so that all of their eggs can meet their match at the surface.
94
293156
3544
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do what any other animal egg does:
95
297254
3108
ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช:
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
96
300386
2245
ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
05:03
Taking these photos under the microscope every year
97
303059
2478
ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
05:05
is one of my favorite and most magical moments of the year.
98
305561
3168
ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
05:08
At the end of all this cell division, they turn into a swimming larva --
99
308753
3953
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื --
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat the size of a poppy seed,
100
312730
3734
ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ืคืจื’,
05:16
but with all of the sensory systems that we have.
101
316488
2670
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
05:19
They can sense color and light, textures, chemicals, pH.
102
319182
5656
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืื•ืจ, ืžืจืงืžื™ื, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช.
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves; they can hear sound.
103
324862
3001
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ืœื™ื; ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:28
And they use those talents
104
328253
1294
ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:29
to search the bottom of the reef for a place to attach
105
329571
2833
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
106
332428
1599
ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
05:34
So imagine finding a place where you would live the rest of your life
107
334051
3376
ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื
05:37
when you were just two days old.
108
337451
1773
ื›ืฉืืชื ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
05:39
They attach in the place they find most suitable,
109
339780
2767
ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื,
05:42
they build a skeleton underneath themselves,
110
342571
2079
ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื“ ืชื—ืชื,
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
111
344674
1589
ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคื” ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work of building the world's coral reefs.
112
346287
4103
ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself again and again and again,
113
351124
3845
ืคื•ืœื™ืค ืืœืžื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton underneath itself
114
354993
2341
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืฉืœื“ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื•
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
115
357358
2065
ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
116
359906
2722
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:02
what you get is a massive limestone structure
117
362652
2338
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
118
365014
2512
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
06:07
covered by a thin skin of these hardworking animals.
119
367550
3368
ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
120
371625
4405
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”, ืื•ืœื™ 1,000.
06:16
But these systems house millions and millions of other species,
121
376435
4734
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:21
and that diversity is what stabilizes the systems,
122
381193
2484
ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช,
06:23
and it's where we're finding our new medicines.
123
383701
2214
ื•ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
124
385939
3069
ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work on the island of Curaรงao,
125
389841
2341
ืื ื™ ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืœ ื“ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื•,
06:32
where we still have reefs that look like this.
126
392206
2256
ืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean and much of our world
127
394486
4311
ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
06:38
is much more like this.
128
398821
1866
ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
06:40
Scientists have studied in increasing detail
129
400711
3023
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
130
403758
1782
ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:45
and they have documented with increasing certainty the causes.
131
405564
3561
ื•ื”ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
06:49
But in my research, I'm not interested in looking backward.
132
409149
2992
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaรงao are interested in looking forward
133
412165
3061
ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“
06:55
at what might be.
134
415250
1357
ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”.
06:56
And we have the tiniest reason to be optimistic.
135
416631
3662
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
136
420824
1777
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:02
that we probably could have written off long ago,
137
422625
3649
ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื–ืžืŸ,
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals arrive and survive anyway.
138
426298
4465
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.
07:11
And we're starting to think that baby corals may have the ability
139
431193
3275
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions that the adults couldn't.
140
434492
3603
ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
07:18
They may be able to adjust
141
438119
2016
ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
07:20
ever so slightly more readily to this human planet.
142
440159
3882
ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
07:24
So in the research I do with my colleagues in Curaรงao,
143
444890
4043
ืื– ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื•,
07:28
we try to figure out what a baby coral needs
144
448957
2513
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
07:31
in that critical early stage,
145
451494
1524
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:33
what it's looking for
146
453042
1167
ืžื” ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
07:34
and how we can try to help it through that process.
147
454233
2540
ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples of the work we've done
148
456797
2841
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
149
459662
1937
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer and we made coral choice surveys --
150
462575
4775
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื—ื ื• ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื --
07:47
different colors and different textures,
151
467374
1936
ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:49
and we simply asked the coral where they preferred to settle.
152
469334
2870
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘.
07:52
And we found that corals, even without the biology involved,
153
472228
2985
ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
07:55
still prefer white and pink, the colors of a healthy reef.
154
475237
3159
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืจื•ื“, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
07:58
And they prefer crevices and grooves and holes,
155
478420
3135
ื•ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืงืคืœื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
08:01
where they will be safe from being trampled
156
481579
2024
ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื“ืจืก
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
157
483627
1316
ืื• ืœื”ื™ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
158
485276
1456
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
08:06
we can go back and say we need to restore those factors --
159
486756
3019
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices, those hard surfaces --
160
489799
3179
ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
08:13
in our conservation projects.
161
493002
1743
ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:14
We can also use that knowledge
162
494769
1461
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข
08:16
if we're going to put something underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
163
496254
3539
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืจ ื™ื ืื• ืžื–ื—.
08:19
We can choose to use the materials and colors and textures
164
499817
3040
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ื
08:22
that might bias the system back toward those corals.
165
502881
3831
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
166
507487
1977
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:29
we also study the chemical and microbial signals
167
509488
2497
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
168
512009
2028
ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:34
Starting about six years ago, I began culturing bacteria
169
514061
2900
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื˜ืคื— ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
170
516985
2092
ืžืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•.
08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
171
519101
2833
ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would convince corals to settle and attach.
172
521958
4766
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ.
08:46
And we now have many bacterial strains in our freezer
173
526748
3150
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
174
529922
1509
ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
08:51
to go through that settlement and attachment process.
175
531455
2969
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
08:54
So as we speak,
176
534448
1199
ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:55
my colleagues in Curaรงao are testing those bacteria
177
535671
2420
ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise more coral settlers in the lab,
178
538115
3324
ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers will survive better
179
541463
2587
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
180
544074
1809
ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
09:06
Now in addition to these tools, we also try to uncover the mysteries
181
546304
3225
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
182
549553
2453
ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืง.
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals, and always has been:
183
552839
3289
ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื”:
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
184
556152
2489
ื“ื ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืก, ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ืขืžื•ื“.
09:19
I love it because it makes this ridiculous shape,
185
559073
2907
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช,
09:22
because its tentacles are fat and look fuzzy
186
562004
3143
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื ื•ืช ื•ื ืจืื•ืช ืคืœื•ืžืชื™ื•ืช
09:25
and because it's rare.
187
565171
1440
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ.
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
188
566635
2474
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’.
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
189
569695
1152
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจ,
09:30
that last year it was listed as a threatened species
190
570871
2516
ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
09:33
on the endangered species list.
191
573411
1855
ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
09:35
And this was in part because in over 30 years of research surveys,
192
575290
3307
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ,
09:38
scientists had never found a baby pillar coral.
193
578621
3856
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืืœืžื•ื’ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
09:42
We weren't even sure if they could still reproduce,
194
582803
2414
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
195
585241
1999
ืื• ืื ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
09:47
So four years ago, we started following these at night
196
587760
2669
ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
09:50
and watching to see if we could figure out when they spawn in Curaรงao.
197
590453
4289
ื•ืฆืคื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื•.
09:55
We got some good tips from our colleagues in Florida,
198
595992
2688
ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
199
598704
4058
ืจืื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ 2007, ืื—ื“ ื‘ 2008,
10:02
and eventually we figured out when they spawn in Curaรงao
200
602786
2673
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื•
10:05
and we caught it.
201
605483
1359
ื•ืชืคืกื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:06
Here's a female on the left with some eggs in her tissue,
202
606866
2698
ื”ื ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœื”,
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
203
609588
1920
ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื.
10:11
And here's a male on the right, releasing sperm.
204
611532
2637
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื–ืจืข.
10:14
We collected this, we got it back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
205
614783
3684
ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื”ืคืจื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals swimming in our lab.
206
618491
3284
ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
10:22
Thanks to the work of our scientific aunts and uncles,
207
622520
2540
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื“ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice we've had in Curaรงao
208
625084
2857
ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืกืื•
10:27
at raising other coral species,
209
627965
2193
ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:30
we got some of those larvae to go through the rest of the process
210
630182
3875
ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
10:34
and settle and attach,
211
634081
1652
ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ,
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
212
635757
2711
ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby that anyone ever saw.
213
638492
4744
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื”.
10:43
(Applause)
214
643786
5420
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:49
And I have to say -- if you think baby pandas are cute,
215
649230
3174
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ -- ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
10:52
this is cuter.
216
652428
1238
ื–ื” ื—ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:53
(Laughter)
217
653690
1983
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:56
So we're starting to figure out the secrets to this process,
218
656236
3124
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction and how we might help them.
219
659384
3348
ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
220
663089
1848
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื;
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways to handle their embryos,
221
664961
2892
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:07
to get them to settle,
222
667877
1158
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื,
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods to preserve them at low temperatures,
223
669059
4534
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
11:13
so that we can preserve their genetic diversity
224
673617
3116
ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
11:16
and work with them more often.
225
676757
1882
ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
226
678984
2873
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื•-ื˜ืง.
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench, the number of hands in the lab
227
682260
5015
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
11:27
and the number of coffees we can drink in any given hour.
228
687299
4170
ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื ืชื•ื ื”.
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
229
692105
2493
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:34
and our other areas of concern as a society.
230
694622
3213
ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืื’ื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”.
11:38
We have advanced medical technology, we have defense technology,
231
698265
3652
ืงื™ื“ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื”,
11:41
we have scientific technology,
232
701941
1597
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
233
703562
2426
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช.
11:46
But our technology for conservation is behind.
234
706012
5397
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžืช.
11:53
Think back to the most difficult job you ever did.
235
713022
3145
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื™ืชื.
11:56
Many of you would say it was being a parent.
236
716662
3235
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื”.
12:00
My mother described being a parent
237
720314
1657
ืื™ืžื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช
12:01
as something that makes your life far more amazing and far more difficult
238
721995
4211
ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
239
726230
2530
ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
12:08
I've been trying to help corals become parents for over 10 years now.
240
728784
4025
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
241
733563
2170
ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement to the core of my soul.
242
735757
4027
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื™ืœื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืœื™ืื” ืขื“ ืœืขืžืงื™ ื ืฉืžืชื™.
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult it is for them to become parents.
243
739808
3482
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื.
12:24
The pillar corals spawned again two weeks ago,
244
744450
2180
ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืฆื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
12:26
and we collected their eggs and brought them back to the lab.
245
746654
2889
ื•ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
246
749567
2058
ื•ืคื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ืœืง.
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
247
751649
2874
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 14 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืจื•
12:34
and will blow up.
248
754547
1660
ื•ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•.
12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria, they will explode
249
756532
2735
ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten the life of this one embryo
250
759291
3742
ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
12:43
that has a chance.
251
763057
2130
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
12:45
We don't know if it was our handling methods that went wrong
252
765576
2963
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”
12:48
and we don't know
253
768563
1627
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef, always suffering from low fertility.
254
770214
4918
ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
12:55
Whatever the cause,
255
775582
1305
ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”,
12:56
we have much more work to do before we can use baby corals
256
776911
4517
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes, maybe save coral reefs.
257
781452
4942
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ, ืื•, ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
13:07
So never mind that they're worth hundreds of billions of dollars.
258
787450
3071
ืื– ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals and plants and microbes and fungi.
259
790545
5427
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
13:15
They're providing us with art and food and medicine.
260
795996
3620
ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
13:20
And we almost took out an entire generation of corals.
261
800012
3576
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืžื“ื ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
13:23
But a few made it anyway, despite our best efforts,
262
803975
4041
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them for the work they did
263
808040
3132
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•
13:31
and give them every chance they have to raise the coral reefs of the future,
264
811196
4825
ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
13:36
their coral babies.
265
816045
1488
ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:37
Thank you so much.
266
817557
1195
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:38
(Applause)
267
818776
6195
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7