How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs | Kristen Marhaver

134,918 views ・ 2015-12-23

TED


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譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Melody Tang
00:12
What was the most difficult job you ever did?
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你做過的工作當中,哪一個最困難?
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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是在大太陽底下工作?
00:17
Was it working to provide food for a family or a community?
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還是提供食物給一個家庭或整個社區?
00:21
Was it working days and nights trying to protect lives and property?
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還是不分晝夜的嘗試 保護生命和財產?
00:25
Was it working alone
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還是獨自一人工作?
00:26
or working on a project that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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或是在一個不保證成功的專案中工作,
00:30
but that might improve human health or save a life?
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但卻可以改善人類健康 或者拯救一條生命?
00:33
Was it working to build something, create something, make a work of art?
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這份工作是不是去建造或創造 某些東西,或是做一個藝術作品?
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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這份工作是不是讓你從來都不確定
自己是否會被人們所理解和感激?
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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00:45
The people in our communities who do these jobs
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那些在我們社會裡 從事這些工作的人,
值得受到我們的關注、 關愛和最大的支持。
00:47
deserve our attention, our love and our deepest support.
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00:51
But people aren't the only ones in our communities
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但是人類並不是我們社會中
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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唯一從事這些困難工作的群體。
00:56
These jobs are also done by the plants, the animals
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還有很多其他工作是植物、動物和
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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地球上生態系統所做的,
01:01
including the ecosystems I study: the tropical coral reefs.
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包括我在研究的生態系統:熱帶珊瑚礁。
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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珊瑚礁是農夫。
01:07
They provide food, income and food security
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它們提供食物、收入和食物安全性,
01:10
for hundreds of millions of people around the world.
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給全世界數億的人們。
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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珊瑚礁是安全衛士。
01:16
The structures that they build protect our shorelines
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它們打造的結構, 保護​著我們的海岸線
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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不受暴風雨和海浪的侵襲,
01:20
and the biological systems that they house filter the water
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而且這種生態系統 提供的棲息地能過濾海水,
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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讓我們能更安全地在水中工作和玩耍。
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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珊瑚礁是化學家。
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering on coral reefs are increasingly important
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珊瑚礁上發現的分子
對研究新的抗生素和癌症治療藥物 非常重要。
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics and new cancer drugs.
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01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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珊瑚礁也是藝術家。
01:39
The structures that they build
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它們創造的結構
是地球上最漂亮的景緻之一。
01:41
are some of the most beautiful things on planet Earth.
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01:43
And this beauty is the foundation of the tourism industry
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這種美麗的景緻是旅遊業的基礎,
01:46
in many countries with few or little other natural resources.
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特別是對於許多 沒有其他自然資源的國家來說。
01:51
So for all of these reasons, all of these ecosystem services,
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因為所有這些原因, 對於這些生態系統的服務,
01:55
economists estimate the value of the world's coral reefs
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經濟學家估算了全世界珊瑚礁的價值,
01:57
in the hundreds of billions of dollars per year.
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每年高達好幾千億美金。
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work being done for us
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儘管珊瑚礁為我們做了 所有這些艱辛的工作,
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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儘管我們獲得了所有的財富,
02:06
we have done almost everything we possibly could to destroy that.
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我們仍幾乎極盡所能地破壞它們。
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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我們從海洋裡獲取魚類,
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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而且我們還倒入肥料和廢水在裡面、
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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疾病、石油、污染物,還有沉積物。
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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我們用船舶、船舵和推土機踐踏珊瑚礁,
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry of the entire sea,
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我們已經改變了整個海洋的化學結構,
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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讓海水溫度升高、讓暴風雨變得更加猛烈。
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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這其中的每一項本身就是有害的,
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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但它們還會彼此強化,
02:32
and compound one another and make each other worse.
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且相互混合,讓彼此更加劇烈。
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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我給各位舉個例子。
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao, a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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古拉索是我生活和工作的地方。 它在幾年前,被一個熱帶暴風雨侵襲。
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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在島的最東端,
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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珊瑚保存完好,生長得很繁茂,
02:45
you could barely tell a tropical storm had passed.
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你很難相信一個 熱帶暴風雨剛剛經過這裡。
02:48
But in town, where corals had died from overfishing, from pollution,
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但是在城鎮地區,因過度捕撈和污染 已造成珊瑚死亡。
02:53
the tropical storm picked up the dead corals
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熱帶暴風雨夾帶起死去的珊瑚,
02:55
and used them as bludgeons to kill the corals that were left.
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並把它們當成棍棒, 敲打死其它剩下活著的珊瑚。
02:59
This is a coral that I studied during my PhD --
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這是我在研讀博士學位期間 所研究的珊瑚,
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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我很了解它。
03:03
And after this storm took off half of its tissue,
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在暴風雨過後,它只剩了半邊組織,
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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它開始被海藻侵蝕,
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue and that coral died.
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當海藻在珊瑚身上過度生長, 珊瑚就死了。
03:11
This magnification of threats, this compounding of factors
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這些巨大威脅、這些綜和因素,
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes as the "slippery slope to slime."
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正是傑里米·傑克遜描述的 "滑向爛泥的斜坡。"
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor because many of our reefs now
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這甚至不是個比喻而已,
因為現在很多礁石簡直是由細菌, 海草和爛泥所組成。
03:24
are literally bacteria and algae and slime.
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03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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接下來的部分,你們也許會以為,
03:30
where you may expect me to launch into my plea
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我要開始提出
請大家來保護珊瑚礁的呼籲。
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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但我要坦白一件事:
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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這句話讓我很受不了。
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet, in a news headline
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無論我在推特、報紙頭條
03:46
or the glossy pages of a conservation brochure,
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或是設計精美的環保宣傳冊上看到,
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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那些辭藻都讓我覺得很反感,
03:51
because we as conservationists have been sounding the alarms
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因為身為自然環境保護者的我們,
幾十年來一直在發出 珊瑚礁死亡的警告。
03:54
about the death of coral reefs for decades.
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03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet, no matter how educated,
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但是,幾乎我所遇到的人, 無論他們受教育程度如何,
04:01
is not sure what a coral is or where they come from.
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居然都不太確定珊瑚是甚麼, 也不知道它們從哪裡來。
04:05
How would we get someone to care about the world's coral reefs
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當它只是一個人們 幾乎不了解的抽象概念,
04:08
when it's an abstract thing they can barely understand?
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我們又要如何要求這些人 來關心世界上的珊瑚礁呢?
04:13
If they don't understand what a coral is or where it comes from,
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如果他們不知道珊瑚是什麼, 或是它們從哪來,
04:16
or how funny or interesting or beautiful it is,
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也不知道它們多麼好玩或有意思, 或它們有多美麗,
04:19
why would we expect them to care about saving them?
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我們如何期待他們去 關心對珊瑚的拯救呢?
04:22
So let's change that.
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所以,讓我們改變一下。
04:23
What is a coral and where does it come from?
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什麼是珊瑚以及它們從哪來?
04:27
Corals are born in a number of different ways,
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珊瑚可以通過很多種方式誕生,
04:29
but most often by mass spawning: all of the individuals of a single species
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但通常是通過大量產卵: 所有這些同一類的珊瑚蟲個體
04:33
on one night a year,
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在每年的一個晚上,
04:35
releasing all the eggs they've made that year
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會釋放出它們當年產的所有卵到水柱中去,
04:37
into the water column,
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04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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並與精子細胞打包綁在一起。
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface of the ocean and break apart.
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那些卵包到了海面並散開來。
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully -- at the surface of the ocean,
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希望...希望...在海面上,
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm from other corals.
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它們可以遇到其他珊瑚蟲的卵子和精子。
04:50
And that is why you need lots of corals on a coral reef --
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而這就是為什麼一個珊瑚礁上 需要大量的珊瑚蟲--
04:53
so that all of their eggs can meet their match at the surface.
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這樣它們所有的卵 才能在海面上找到精子。
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do what any other animal egg does:
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當這些卵受精後, 它們就像其他動物的卵一樣:
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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一遍又一遍地分裂。
每年在顯微鏡下拍這些照片,
05:03
Taking these photos under the microscope every year
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05:05
is one of my favorite and most magical moments of the year.
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是我一年中最喜歡、感到最神奇的時刻。
05:08
At the end of all this cell division, they turn into a swimming larva --
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在所有這些細胞分裂結束後, 它們變成了會游動的幼蟲——
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat the size of a poppy seed,
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胖胖的小圓點,大小像個罌粟種子,
05:16
but with all of the sensory systems that we have.
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但已經具備我們人類 所有的感覺系統了。
05:19
They can sense color and light, textures, chemicals, pH.
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它們可以感知顏色和光、 紋理、化學物質和酸鹼值。
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves; they can hear sound.
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它們甚至可以感覺到壓力波; 它們可以聽到聲音。
它們可以用這些天份,
05:28
And they use those talents
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05:29
to search the bottom of the reef for a place to attach
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在珊瑚礁的底部 尋找附著的地方,
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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並度過它們的餘生。
05:34
So imagine finding a place where you would live the rest of your life
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想像一下, 當你只有2天大的時候,
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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你就要去尋找一個 能度過你餘生的地方,
05:39
They attach in the place they find most suitable,
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它們會附著在它們覺得最適合的地方,
05:42
they build a skeleton underneath themselves,
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在自己下面建造骨架,
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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建造嘴巴和觸手,
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work of building the world's coral reefs.
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然後他們就開始建造珊瑚礁世界 的這份艱辛工作了。
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself again and again and again,
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珊瑚蟲將自己分裂一次又一次,
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton underneath itself
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它們會在自己的下面, 留下一個石灰岩的骨架,
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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然後朝著太陽的方向生長。
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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數百年之後,許多種類的珊瑚在一起
06:02
what you get is a massive limestone structure
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形成了一個巨大的石灰結構。
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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許多在太空中都能看到,
06:07
covered by a thin skin of these hardworking animals.
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這些石灰結構的表面覆蓋著一層薄薄的 這些辛勤工作的珊瑚蟲。
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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現在,地球上僅有 幾百種珊瑚,也許1000種。
06:16
But these systems house millions and millions of other species,
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但這些系統棲息著其他好幾百萬種生物,
06:21
and that diversity is what stabilizes the systems,
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而其多樣性造就了 這個生態系統的穩定性,
06:23
and it's where we're finding our new medicines.
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也讓我們找到了新型的藥物。
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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它讓我們找到新的食物來源。
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work on the island of Curaçao,
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我很幸運能在古拉索島上工作,
06:32
where we still have reefs that look like this.
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在那裡我們仍能找到像這樣的珊瑚礁。
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean and much of our world
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但是,事實上在加勒比海和 我們世界上大多數地方,
06:38
is much more like this.
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卻是這般光景。
06:40
Scientists have studied in increasing detail
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科學家已經深入研究
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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全球珊瑚礁消失的原因細節。
06:45
and they have documented with increasing certainty the causes.
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他們記錄了這些更被確認的原因。
06:49
But in my research, I'm not interested in looking backward.
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但是在我的研究中,我對過去不感興趣。
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao are interested in looking forward
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我和我同事,對將來在古拉索島上
會發生什麼很感興趣。
06:55
at what might be.
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06:56
And we have the tiniest reason to be optimistic.
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我們只能用最小的理由保持樂觀。
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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因為即使在某些我們早就 不抱希望的珊瑚礁裡,
07:02
that we probably could have written off long ago,
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07:06
we sometimes see baby corals arrive and survive anyway.
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我們有時仍會看到珊瑚蟲的幼蟲 到達這裡並想辦法生存下來。
07:11
And we're starting to think that baby corals may have the ability
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隨後,我們開始思考,這些小珊瑚蟲們
可能有某種能力去適應一些 成年珊瑚蟲可能適應不了的地方。
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions that the adults couldn't.
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07:18
They may be able to adjust
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它們也許可以快速調整
07:20
ever so slightly more readily to this human planet.
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來適應人類這個星球。
07:24
So in the research I do with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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所以我和同事在古拉索的研究中,
07:28
we try to figure out what a baby coral needs
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我們嘗試尋找小珊瑚蟲
在初期階段生長的需求,
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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07:33
what it's looking for
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這些小珊瑚蟲到底在找些什麼,
07:34
and how we can try to help it through that process.
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以及我們怎麼才能 幫助它們渡過這些難關。
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples of the work we've done
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我將向你們展示 我們工作中的三個例子,
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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並以此來解答我剛提出的那些困惑。
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer and we made coral choice surveys --
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在幾年以前,我們用3D打印設備, 進行了「珊瑚選擇調查研究」,
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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給出不同顏色和材質的環境,
07:49
and we simply asked the coral where they preferred to settle.
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我們只是簡單地詢問珊瑚蟲, 它們喜歡住在哪裡。
07:52
And we found that corals, even without the biology involved,
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然後我們發現,珊瑚蟲即使在 沒有任何生物介入的情況下,
07:55
still prefer white and pink, the colors of a healthy reef.
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仍然較喜歡白色和 粉紅色的健康礁石。
07:58
And they prefer crevices and grooves and holes,
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它們喜歡裂縫,凹槽,還有洞,
08:01
where they will be safe from being trampled
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在那些地方它們可以 安全地不受外界踐踏,
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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也不會被捕食者吃掉。
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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所以我們可以用這些知識,
08:06
we can go back and say we need to restore those factors --
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回到實驗室, 我們需要重構這些因素,
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices, those hard surfaces --
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將--粉紅,白色,有裂縫,堅硬的表面--
列入到我們的保存專案之中。
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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我們也能把這些知識,
08:16
if we're going to put something underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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運用到建造海底牆體和碼頭上, 把合適的材料放在水下。
08:19
We can choose to use the materials and colors and textures
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我們可以選擇用這些材料、顏色、紋路,
08:22
that might bias the system back toward those corals.
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讓整個生態系統有利於 珊瑚蟲的生存。
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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除了研究合適的表面,
08:29
we also study the chemical and microbial signals
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我們也研究了可以吸引珊瑚蟲
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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附著在礁石上的化學和微生物訊號。
08:34
Starting about six years ago, I began culturing bacteria
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大約六年前,我就開始培養 棲息在珊瑚礁表面的細菌。
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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我一個一個試,
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would convince corals to settle and attach.
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尋找那些能誘導珊瑚蟲 定居和吸附的細菌種類。
08:46
And we now have many bacterial strains in our freezer
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現在我們有很多細菌株在冷凍櫃裡,
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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可以信賴地讓珊瑚蟲
08:51
to go through that settlement and attachment process.
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願意去附著和生長的菌類。
08:54
So as we speak,
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所以在我們演講的這段時間裡,
08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao are testing those bacteria
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我在古拉索的同事們 正在測試那些細菌,
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise more coral settlers in the lab,
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去研究它們是否能幫助我們在實驗室 建造珊瑚的棲息地,
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers will survive better
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以及觀察這些珊瑚蟲,
是否在我們把它放回海底後 能夠更好地生存。
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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09:06
Now in addition to these tools, we also try to uncover the mysteries
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除了這些工具, 我們也在嘗試解開
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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研究中的物種秘密。
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals, and always has been:
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這是其中我最喜歡的 珊瑚中的一種,一直都是:
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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系統樹柱狀的柱狀珊瑚。
09:19
I love it because it makes this ridiculous shape,
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我喜歡它,因為它有著無與倫比的形狀,
09:22
because its tentacles are fat and look fuzzy
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因為它的觸鬚胖嘟嘟,看起來毛茸茸,
09:25
and because it's rare.
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而且它很稀有。
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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能找到這樣一種珊瑚 絕對是一種慰藉。
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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實際上,它是真的太稀有了,
09:30
that last year it was listed as a threatened species
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以至於它去年在瀕危物種列表上
09:33
on the endangered species list.
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被認定是瀕危物種,
09:35
And this was in part because in over 30 years of research surveys,
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這不難理解,因為在 過去30年的研究中,
09:38
scientists had never found a baby pillar coral.
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科學家從未發現過一隻 幼年柱形珊瑚蟲。
09:42
We weren't even sure if they could still reproduce,
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我們之前都無法確信 它是否還可以繼續繁衍,
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
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或者當時是否還在繁殖。
09:47
So four years ago, we started following these at night
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所以四年前,我們開始在夜間跟蹤它們,
09:50
and watching to see if we could figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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並觀察它們什麼時候會在古拉索產卵。
09:55
We got some good tips from our colleagues in Florida,
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我們從佛羅里達的同事那裡 得到了一些好的建議,
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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他們在2007年和2008年分別 看到了一隻柱狀珊瑚,
10:02
and eventually we figured out when they spawn in Curaçao
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最後,我們找到了 它們在古拉索產卵的時間,
10:05
and we caught it.
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我們捕捉到了這個時刻。
10:06
Here's a female on the left with some eggs in her tissue,
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左邊是一隻母珊瑚蟲和 一些在她組織中的卵,
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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她正要把這些卵釋放到海水中。
10:11
And here's a male on the right, releasing sperm.
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而右邊是一隻公的珊瑚蟲在釋放精子。
10:14
We collected this, we got it back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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我們收集了這些卵子和精子, 帶回實驗室進行培育,
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals swimming in our lab.
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於是就有了柱狀珊瑚蟲 在我們實驗室里里游來游去。
10:22
Thanks to the work of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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感謝我們科學界的叔叔阿姨們,
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice we've had in Curaçao
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也要感謝我們在古拉索島上
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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十年培育其他珊瑚蟲種類的經驗,
10:30
we got some of those larvae to go through the rest of the process
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我們有了這些珊瑚幼蟲, 就可以完成剰下的步驟,
10:34
and settle and attach,
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讓它們在礁石上附著和生存下來,
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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並成為變質珊瑚礁。
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby that anyone ever saw.
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這是任何人都未曾見過的 第一隻年幼柱狀珊瑚蟲。
10:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:49
And I have to say -- if you think baby pandas are cute,
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我不得不說—— 如果你們認為熊貓寶寶很可愛,
10:52
this is cuter.
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那這些小珊瑚蟲更可愛。
10:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:56
So we're starting to figure out the secrets to this process,
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所以,我們開始研究珊瑚繁殖過程的秘密,
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction and how we might help them.
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我們要找出如何幫助它們繁殖。
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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全世界都面臨著同樣的情況;
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways to handle their embryos,
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科學家們正在找出新的方法 去處理珊瑚蟲的胚胎,
11:07
to get them to settle,
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讓它們棲息生長,
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods to preserve them at low temperatures,
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甚至在想辦法 把它們保存在低溫底下,
11:13
so that we can preserve their genetic diversity
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這樣我們就可以保存 它們的基因多樣性,
11:16
and work with them more often.
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並且有更多機會對它們進行研究。
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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但是這個過程的技術含量很低。
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench, the number of hands in the lab
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我們實驗室的空間有限,人手也不夠,
11:27
and the number of coffees we can drink in any given hour.
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連喝個咖啡的時間都少的可憐。
現在,比對一下我們人類 遇到的其它危機及社會問題。
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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11:34
and our other areas of concern as a society.
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11:38
We have advanced medical technology, we have defense technology,
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我們有先進的醫療技術, 我們有先進的防禦技術,
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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我們也有科學手段,
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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甚至還有先進的藝術科技。
11:46
But our technology for conservation is behind.
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但是我們的保育技術卻遠遠落後。
11:53
Think back to the most difficult job you ever did.
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回想你們做過的最艱辛工作。
11:56
Many of you would say it was being a parent.
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你們很多人肯定會說是為人父母。
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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我的母親形容,為人父母就是,
12:01
as something that makes your life far more amazing and far more difficult
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要讓自己的生命比你想像的 更加精彩、更加艱辛。
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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12:08
I've been trying to help corals become parents for over 10 years now.
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我從事讓珊瑚蟲當父母 的這項工作已超過十年了。
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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而見證這些生命的奇蹟,
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement to the core of my soul.
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確實讓我的靈魂核心充滿了驚艷。
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult it is for them to become parents.
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但我也了解成為父母 對珊瑚蟲而言有多麼的困難。
12:24
The pillar corals spawned again two weeks ago,
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那些柱狀珊瑚蟲兩週前在此產卵,
12:26
and we collected their eggs and brought them back to the lab.
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我們取了它們的卵,並帶回了實驗室。
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
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這裡你們可以看到一個胚胎在分裂, 馬上就會炸裂開,
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
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而旁邊其他的14個卵
12:34
and will blow up.
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還沒有任何分裂跡象。
12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria, they will explode
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這些珊瑚蟲卵 會被細菌感染,爆裂開來,
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten the life of this one embryo
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而這些細菌也會侵害那隻能夠分裂的胚胎。
12:43
that has a chance.
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12:45
We don't know if it was our handling methods that went wrong
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我們不知道是否 我們的處理過程有問題,
12:48
and we don't know
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12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef, always suffering from low fertility.
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還是這種珊瑚蟲在礁石上 的繁育率一直都很低。
12:55
Whatever the cause,
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無論這種低產率的原因是什麼,
12:56
we have much more work to do before we can use baby corals
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在我們能用這些珊瑚蟲去培育、修復、 或者保護珊瑚礁之前,
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes, maybe save coral reefs.
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我們還有更多的工作要做。
13:07
So never mind that they're worth hundreds of billions of dollars.
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不要在意它們是否價值連城。
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals and plants and microbes and fungi.
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珊瑚礁是由辛勤工作的 動、植物和細菌組成的。
13:15
They're providing us with art and food and medicine.
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它們提供​​我們 藝術、食物和藥物。
13:20
And we almost took out an entire generation of corals.
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我們幾乎毀掉了整整一代的珊瑚。
13:23
But a few made it anyway, despite our best efforts,
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儘管我們一直不斷地破壞, 但仍有一些倖存了下來,
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them for the work they did
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而現在,是時候,換我們去 感謝這些物種所帶來的貢獻,
13:31
and give them every chance they have to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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並且給予它們所有在未來 成長為珊瑚礁的機會,
及撫育珊瑚幼蟲的機會。
13:36
their coral babies.
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13:37
Thank you so much.
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13:38
(Applause)
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非常謝謝你們。
(掌聲)
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