Robots with "soul" | Guy Hoffman

翻译人员: Peipei Xiang 校对人员: Lyman Zhang

My job is to design, build and study robots that communicate with people.

我的工作是设计、构造和研究

那些能够与人交流的机器人。

But this story doesn't start with robotics at all, it starts with animation.

不过这个故事不是从机器人说起，

而是要从动画说起。

When I first saw Pixar's "Luxo Jr.,"

当我第一次看到皮克斯的《顽皮跳跳灯》电影时，

I was amazed by how much emotion they could put

我惊呆了，

into something as trivial as a desk lamp.

一个如此微不足道的台灯

竟能表现如此多的感情。

I mean, look at them -- at the end of this movie,

你看他们啊！电影结尾的时候，

you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.

你真的开始喜欢上这两件小小的家具了。

（笑声）

(Laughter)

And I said, I have to learn how to do this.

我对自己说，我要学会做这样的东西。

所以我做了一个很坏的职业决策，

So I made a really bad career decision.

(Laughter)

And that's what my mom was like when I did it.

我做出这个决定的时候，我妈妈就是这样的。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I left a very cozy tech job in Israel at a nice software company

我辞去了在以色列一个软件公司的 一份非常舒服的技术工作，

我搬到了纽约

and I moved to New York to study animation.

去学习动画。

And there I lived

在那，我和我的室友住在

in a collapsing apartment building in Harlem with roommates.

哈莱姆一栋即将坍塌的公寓楼里。

I'm not using this phrase metaphorically --

我没有夸张，

the ceiling actually collapsed one day in our living room.

有一天天花板真的塌下来了

就塌在了我们的客厅里。

Whenever they did news stories about building violations in New York,

每次报到纽约的违章建筑时，

他们都会跑到们的大楼下进行采访。

they would put the report in front of our building,

就好像让你看看现场有多糟糕一样。

as kind of, like, a backdrop to show how bad things are.

Anyway, during the day, I went to school

言归正传，我上学的日日夜夜，

and at night I would sit and draw frame by frame of pencil animation.

我不停地一幅又一幅地用铅笔画着画。

And I learned two surprising lessons.

我学到了两个让我惊讶的东西——

One of them was that when you want to arouse emotions,

其中一个是：

当你想要唤起某些情感时，

it doesn't matter so much how something looks;

外观并不算太重要，

关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。

it's all in the motion, in the timing of how the thing moves.

关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。

And the second was something one of our teachers told us.

第二个是我们的一个老师告诉我们的。

他正是电影《冰河世纪》的黄鼠狼。

He actually did the weasel in "Ice Age."

And he said, "As an animator, you're not a director -- you're an actor."

他说：

”作为一个动画制作者， 你不是一个导演，而是一个演员。“

So, if you want to find the right motion for a character,

所以如果你要为一个角色找到正确的肢体语言，

don't think about it -- go use your body to find it.

不要想，用你的身体找到它，

Stand in front of a mirror, act it out in front of a camera --

站在镜子面前，摄像机前，演出来，

无论你需要做什么。

whatever you need -- and then put it back in your character.

然后再把这个动作放在你的角色上。

A year later I found myself at MIT in the Robotic Life Group.

一年以后，我去了麻省理工大学（MIT）的

机器人生命小组，这是最早

It was one of the first groups researching the relationships

开始研究人类和机器人关系的小组之一。

between humans and robots.

我依然怀揣着要造一个

And I still had this dream to make an actual, physical Luxo Jr. lamp.

真正的、可触碰的顽皮跳跳灯的梦想。

But I found that robots didn't move at all in this engaging way

但是我发现机器人完全不是

按照我的动画课程中的那种

引人入胜的方式移动。

that I was used to from my animation studies.

相反的，他们都——

Instead, they were all -- how should I put it --

该怎么说呢？他们都有点儿机械化。

they were all kind of robotic.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And I thought, what if I took whatever I learned in animation school,

我就想，如果我可以把我在动画学校学到的东西

and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.

应用于设计我的机器人台灯会怎样？

So I went and designed frame by frame

因此我设计了一幅又一幅，

to try to make this robot as graceful and engaging as possible.

试图让这个机器人

尽量优雅、有吸引力。

And here when you see the robot interacting with me on a desktop --

这里你可以看到这个桌子上的机器人

在跟我互动，

and I'm actually redesigning the robot,

我其实是在重新设计这个机器人，

so, unbeknownst to itself,

而这个机器人完全不知道，

it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.

它帮我，其实是在自掘坟墓呢。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure giving me light,

比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，

比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，

and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice

我更想要一个能帮忙的、安静的学徒，

that's always there when you need it and doesn't really interfere.

随时满足你的需求却不打扰你。

And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery that I can't find,

比如，当我要找一个我怎么也

找不到的电池时，

in a subtle way, it'll show me where the battery is.

它可以巧妙地提醒我电池在哪里。

So you can see my confusion here.

你看到我的困惑了吗？

I'm not an actor.

我不是一个演员。

And I want you to notice how the same mechanical structure

我希望你们注意到，同一个机械如何

在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，

can, at one point, just by the way it moves,

在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，

seem gentle and caring and in the other case,

seem violent and confrontational.

下一刻又显得非常暴力，有进攻性。

And it's the same structure, just the motion is different.

一模一样的结构，改变的仅仅是动作。

Actor: "You want to know something? Well, you want to know something?

演员：”你想知道吗？你真的想知道吗？

He was already dead!

他已经死了！

Just laying there, eyes glazed over!"

他就躺在那里，目光呆滞！“

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But, moving in a graceful way is just one building block

但是，以一种优雅的方式移动只是这整个

of this whole structure called human-robot interaction.

人类机器人互动结构的一块基石。

I was, at the time, doing my PhD, I was working on human-robot teamwork,

那时候我正在攻读我的博士学位，

我正在研究人类与机器人的团队合作，

也就是人类和机器人一起合作。

teams of humans and robots working together.

I was studying the engineering,

我在学习团队合作的工程学，

the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork,

心理学和哲学。

and at the same time,

同时，我意识到自己

I found myself in my own kind of teamwork situation,

和我的一个好朋友（他今天也在这里），

也碰到了一个团队合作的情境。

with a good friend of mine, who's actually here.

在那个情境中，我们很容易想象

And in that situation, we can easily imagine robots

in the near future being there with us.

不久的将来机器人会和我们在一起。

It was after a Passover Seder.

那是在一个逾越节家宴结束后，

We were folding up a lot of folding chairs,

我们要收起大量的折叠椅，

and I was amazed at how quickly we found our own rhythm.

我惊讶于我们迅速找到了各自的节奏。

每个人都做了自己的那部分，

Everybody did their own part, we didn't have to divide our tasks.

无需分工，

We didn't have to communicate verbally about this --

无需特意口头沟通。

it all just happened.

就这样发生了。

And I thought, humans and robots don't look at all like this.

于是我想，

人类和机器人的互动却完全不是这样。

When humans and robots interact, it's much more like a chess game:

当人类和机器人互动的时候，

就好像他们在下象棋。

人类走一步，

the human does a thing, the robot analyzes whatever the human did,

机器人对此分析一下，

然后机器人决定接下来怎么做，

the robot decides what to do next, plans it and does it.

计划好，走下一步。

Then the human waits, until it's their turn again.

这时候人类就等着，直到轮到他们玩为止。

所以，人类和机器人的互动更像下象棋，

So it's much more like a chess game, and that makes sense,

这很好理解，因为

because chess is great for mathematicians and computer scientists.

对数学家和计算机科学家来说，象棋很好，

它们都是关于信息分析、

It's all about information, analysis, decision-making and planning.

决策制定和计划。

But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player,

但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，

and more like a doer

但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，

that just clicks and works together.

可以和人类有默契地一起工作。

So I made my second horrible career choice:

于是我做了我人生中的第二个糟糕的职业决策：

I decided to study acting for a semester.

我决定学习一学期的表演课程。

I took off from the PhD, I went to acting classes.

我放下了我的博士课程，去上了表演课。

I actually participated in a play --

我还参与了一个戏剧，

I hope there’s no video of that around still.

希望现在已经找不到那个视频了。

(Laughter)

And I got every book I could find about acting,

我找到了每一本关于表演的书，

including one from the 19th century that I got from the library.

其中包括一本从图书馆里借来的

19世纪的书。

And I was really amazed, because my name was the second name on the list --

我震惊地发现我的名字是借阅者名单上的第二个，

the previous name was in 1889.

之前的一个名字是1889年。（笑声）

(Laughter)

And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years

这本书已经躺了100年了，

to be rediscovered for robotics.

只为了借机器人之名被重新发现。

And this book shows actors

这本书教演员

how to move every muscle in the body

如何调动他们身体上的每块肌肉

to match every kind of emotion that they want to express.

来表达他们想要表达的情感。

But the real revelation was when I learned about method acting.

真正让我受到启示的是

方法演技。

It became very popular in the 20th century.

它在20世纪的时候非常流行。

And method acting said

方法演技指出，你不需要安排你的每一块肌肉，

you don't have to plan every muscle in your body;

相反，你可以用你的身体找到对的动作。

instead, you have to use your body to find the right movement.

你应该运用你的感觉记忆，

You have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions

去重新建构情感，

and kind of think with your body to find the right expression --

用你的身体找到对的表情。

improvise, play off your scene partner.

即兴发挥，根据你的场景搭档即兴表演。

And this came at the same time

这个时候我也正读到

as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology,

认知心理学关于具身认知的东西，

called embodied cognition, which also talks about the same ideas.

这也谈到同样的观点——

We use our bodies to think;

即我们用我们的身体思考，

我们并不是用大脑思考用身体表现，

we don't just think with our brains and use our bodies to move,

but our bodies feed back into our brain

而是我们的身体反馈给大脑

to generate the way that we behave.

并做出相应的动作，

这对我好像一道闪电。

And it was like a lightning bolt.

I went back to my office,

我马上回了我的办公室。

I wrote this paper, which I never really published,

我写了这篇论文，从来也没发表过，

called "Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence."

叫做《人工智能的表演课》。

And I even took another month

我甚至花了一个月的时间

to do what was then the first theater play

去做当时第一部由人类和机器人

with a human and a robot acting together.

一起主演的戏剧。

That's what you saw before with the actors.

你之前看到的演员和机器人的表演就是这部戏剧。

And I thought:

当时我就想：

How can we make an artificial intelligence model --

我们怎样可以做出这样的人工智能模型——

a computer, computational model --

计算机、计算机模型等等，

that will model some of these ideas of improvisation,

它们会即兴发挥、

会冒险、

of taking risks, of taking chances,

甚至会犯错。

even of making mistakes?

Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.

它可能会是更好的机器人队友。

So I worked for quite a long time on these models

因此我花了很多时间去研究这些模型，

and I implemented them on a number of robots.

我还在几个机器人身上做了试验。

Here you can see a very early example

这里你可以看到一个早期的例子，

with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence

这个机器人试图运用具身人工智能

来尽量模仿我的动作，

to try to match my movements as closely as possible.

It's sort of like a game.

就好像一个游戏。

Let's look at it.

我们来看一下。

You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.

你可以看到我可以糊弄它。

And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do

有点像你可能看到的演员们

互相模仿对方

when they try to mirror each other

to find the right synchrony between them.

只为了找到他们之间的默契。

And then, I did another experiment,

然后，我又做了另外一个实验，

and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp,

我从大街上拉人来使用这个机器人台灯，

and try out this idea of embodied artificial intelligence.

试验具身人工智能。

So, I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot.

其实，同样的机器人我用了两个大脑，

The robot is the same lamp that you saw,

机器人就是你看到的这个台灯，

我给了它两个大脑。

and I put two brains in it.

For one half of the people,

对一半的人，

I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional,

我放入了一个传统的、

calculated robotic brain.

机械计算的大脑。

It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.

它会等，会分析，会计划，

Let's call it the calculated brain.

我们暂且称它为“会计算的大脑”。

给另一半人则是那个舞台演员、爱冒险的大脑，

The other got more the stage actor, risk-taker brain.

Let's call it the adventurous brain.

我们暂且称它为“爱冒险的大脑”，

It sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to know.

有的时候它在并不知道所有事情的时候行动，

It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.

有的时候它会犯错然后去纠正。

And I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes,

我让他们完成一项无比乏味的任务，

这个任务要花近20分钟，

and they had to work together,

他们必须一起合作完成，

somehow simulating, like, a factory job

有点类似在工厂工作，

of repetitively doing the same thing.

机械地重复一件事情。

What I found is that people actually loved the adventurous robot.

我发现人们非常喜欢

那个“爱冒险的机器人”。

They thought it was more intelligent,

他们觉得它非常聪明，

more committed, a better member of the team,

非常忠心，是一个很好的团队成员，

contributed to the success of the team more.

一起帮助团队成功。

They even called it "he" and "she,"

他们甚至称它为“他”和“她”，

而另外那些人称那个“会计算的机器人”为“它”，

whereas people with the calculated brain

called it "it," and nobody ever called it "he" or "she."

没有人称它为“他”或“她”。

When they talked about it after the task, with the adventurous brain,

任务完成后，

那些与“会冒险的大脑”互动的人说：

they said, "By the end, we were good friends and high-fived mentally."

“最后，我们成了好朋友， 还在脑内举手击掌了。”

Whatever that means.

不管那是啥意思……

(Laughter)

（笑声）听上去很…（口齿不清）

Sounds painful.

然而，那些与“会计算的大脑”互动的人

Whereas the people with the calculated brain

said it was just like a lazy apprentice.

则说“它就像一个懒徒弟，

It only did what it was supposed to do and nothing more,

只做最基本的。“

which is almost what people expect robots to do,

这基本上和同人对机器人期待一样，

so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots

所以我有些惊讶，比起那些机器人研究专家，

人们居然对机器人有更高的期望。

than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be doing.

但从另一个角度，我又想，

And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time --

也许就像方法演技改变了

just like method acting changed the way people thought

19世纪人们思考表演的方式一样，

about acting in the 19th century,

from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving,

是时间改变这种通过精确计算的

行为方式，

to a more intuitive, risk-taking, embodied way of behaving --

而转向一种更直觉的、冒险的、 用身体表现的行为方式。

maybe it's time for robots to have the same kind of revolution.

也许类似的

机器人革命时间到了。

A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta,

几年后，

我在亚特兰大的乔治理工大学做研究，

and I was working in a group dealing with robotic musicians.

我在一个研究机器人音乐家的

小组工作。

我想，音乐是可以很好的

And I thought, music: that's the perfect place

to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisation --

研究团队合作、配合、

时间分配和即兴表演的领域，

我们有这个玩马林巴的机器人。

and we just got this robot playing marimba.

And the marimba, for everybody like me,

和我一样对乐器不在行的朋友，马林巴是

it was this huge, wooden xylophone.

一个巨大的木琴。

And when I was looking at this,

我看着这个，

I looked at other works in human-robot improvisation --

又看了那些其它的人类和机器人的即兴互动，

yes, there are other works in human-robot improvisation --

——没错，还有其它人和机器人即兴互动的项目——

and they were also a little bit like a chess game.

都差不多也是一个个象棋游戏式的互动。

The human would play,

人类走一步，

the robot analyzed what was played,

机器人对此分析，

然后决定下一步。

and would improvise their own part.

So, this is what musicians called a call-and-response interaction,

音乐家们称其为

呼叫和应答互动，

and it also fits very well robots and artificial intelligence.

作为机器人和人工智能，这很合适。

But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play

但是我想，如果我可以运用

戏剧表演和团队合作中的研究发现，

and in the teamwork studies,

maybe I can make the robots jam together like a band.

也许我可以让这些机器人

组成一个乐队，

Everybody's riffing off each other, nobody is stopping for a moment.

每个人都在即兴发挥，没有人需要停下来。

And so I tried to do the same things, this time with music,

于是这次我尝试用音乐做试验，

机器人并不知道

where the robot doesn't really know what it's about to play,

它会演奏什么，

it just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play,

它就这样移动它的身体，

找机会演奏，

and does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught me.

做着我17岁时候的爵士老师教我的事情。

She said, when you improvise,

她说，当你即兴表演的时候，

sometimes you don't know what you're doing, and you still do it.

有的时候，你并不知道你在做什么，

但是你还是继续做。

于是我尝试做一个不知道自己在做什么

So I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually know what it's doing,

却仍然继续做的机器人。

让我们来看一下这个表演的一个小片段。

but is still doing it.

So let's look at a few seconds from this performance,

机器人听人类音乐家演奏

where the robot listens to the human musician

然后即兴发挥。

and improvises.

And then, look how the human musician also responds

接着，看人类音乐家如何

回应机器人的行为，

to what the robot is doing

and picking up from its behavior,

回应机器人的行为，

and at some point can even be surprised by what the robot came up with.

有时甚至被机器人的表现惊讶。

(Music)

（音乐）

(Music ends)

(Applause)

（掌声）

Being a musician is not just about making notes,

作为一个音乐家不仅仅是编写音符，

otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.

否则没有人会去看现场表演了。

Musicians also communicate with their bodies,

音乐家也用他们的身体交流，

with other band members, with the audience,

和他们的乐队成员，和观众，

they use their bodies to express the music.

他们用他们的身体来表现音乐。

And I thought, we already have a robot musician on stage,

于是我想，我们已经有一个在舞台上的机器人音乐家，

为什么不把它打造成一个真正的音乐家呢？

why not make it be a full-fledged musician?

And I started designing a socially expressive head

于是我开始为机器人设计一个

for the robot.

可以表现情感的头部。

The head doesn’t actually touch the marimba,

头部并不会碰到马林巴，

it just expresses what the music is like.

它只是用来表现音乐是什么样的。

These are some napkin sketches from a bar in Atlanta

这草图的纸巾来自亚特兰大某处一个酒吧，

that was dangerously located exactly halfway

而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）

between my lab and my home.

而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）

So I spent, I would say, on average, three to four hours a day there.

我大概平均

每天有3到4个小时的时间在那里，

I think.

“大概”…（笑声）

(Laughter)

And I went back to my animation tools and tried to figure out

我重新拾起了我的动画工具，试图想象

not just what a robotic musician would look like,

不仅仅一个机器人音乐家的样子，

特别是一个机器人音乐家会如何移动它的身体，

but especially what a robotic musician would move like,

to sort of show that it doesn't like what the other person is playing --

来告诉人们它不喜欢其他人的演奏，

and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling at the moment.

还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。

还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。

So we ended up actually getting the money to build this robot, which was nice.

幸运的是，我们最终还获得了一笔 造这样一个机器人的资金。

I'm going to show you now the same kind of performance,

接下来我给大家看一下同样的表演

换成一个情感表现头的效果。

this time with a socially expressive head.

And notice one thing --

注意一点：

how the robot is really showing us

请观察这个机器人如何

the beat it's picking up from the human,

根据人类的演奏即兴发挥，

while also giving the human a sense that the robot knows what it's doing.

也让人类知道，这个机器人知道它在做什么。

And also how it changes the way it moves

还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。

as soon as it starts its own solo.

还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。

(Music)

（音乐）

Now it's looking at me, showing that it's listening.

这会儿它正看着我确保我在听。

(Music)

（音乐）

我们再看一下这段的最后一部分，

Now look at the final chord of the piece again.

And this time the robot communicates with its body

现在机器人正在用它的身体进行沟通，

when it's busy doing its own thing,

当它正忙于做它自己的事情时，

and when it's ready to coordinate the final chord with me.

忙于准备

跟我一起演奏最后的旋律。

(Music)

（音乐）

(Music ending)

(Final chord)

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thanks.

谢谢。我希望你能看到

I hope you see

how much this part of the body that doesn't touch the instrument

它的头部不碰到乐器

其实有助于音乐表演！

actually helps with the musical performance.

And at some point -- we are in Atlanta,

既然我们在亚特兰大， 就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。

so obviously some rapper will come into our lab at some point --

既然我们在亚特兰大， 就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。

and we had this rapper come in and do a little jam with the robot.

这个说唱歌手来了之后，

我们让他和这个机器人一起表演。

Here you can see the robot basically responding to the beat.

这里你可以看到这个机器人

对节奏的回应，

Notice two things:

请注意两点。第一，当这个机器人在摇头晃脑的时候，

one, how irresistible it is to join the robot while it's moving its head.

你是不是也很想加入其中，

You kind of want to move your own head when it does it.

和它一起晃动你的头部？

And second, even though the rapper is really focused on his iPhone,

第二，虽然这个说唱歌手非常专注于它的苹果手机，

as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.

当机器人转向它的时候，他也马上转回来。

So even though it's just in the periphery of his vision,

虽然仅仅是在他的视线边缘——

他的眼角的余光里，它仍然非常强大。

in the corner of his eye, it's very powerful.

这就是为什么我们不能忽视

And the reason is that we can't ignore

我们周边物体的移动。

physical things moving in our environment.

我们天生会这样做。

We are wired for that.

So if you have a problem --

所以，如果你的搭档

maybe your partner is looking at their iPhone or smartphone too much --

很喜欢看它的苹果手机或智能手机，

you might want to have a robot there to get their attention.

也许你需要一个机器人

来获得他们的注意力。（笑声）

(Laughter)

（音乐）

(Music)

(Music ends)

(Applause)

（掌声）

最后再为大家介绍一下

Just to introduce the last robot that we've worked on,

我们最近在打造的一个机器人。

it came out of something surprising that we found:

说来也奇怪，我们发现

Some point people didn't care about the robot being intelligent,

到了某个阶段，人们不再对那些聪明的、

会即兴表演、会聆听、

able to improvise and listen,

and do all these embodied intelligence things that I spent years developing.

会做那些我花了多年研究的身体智能表演的 机器人感兴趣了。

They really liked that the robot was enjoying the music.

他们真的很喜欢那个会享受音乐的机器人。（笑声）

(Laughter)

And they didn't say the robot was moving to the music,

他们没有说这个机器人是随着音乐扭动身体，

而是说这个机器人在享受音乐。

they said "enjoying" the music.

And we thought, why don't we take this idea,

于是我们想，为什么不借用这个想法呢，

and I designed a new piece of furniture.

因此我设计了一件新的小家具。

This time it wasn't a desk lamp, it was a speaker dock,

这次不是一个台灯，而是一个扬声器底座，

就是你可以把你的智能手机放上去的那种。

one of those things you plug your smartphone in.

And I thought,

于是我想，如果这个扬声器底座

what would happen if your speaker dock didn't just play the music for you,

不仅可以为你放音乐，

but would actually enjoy it, too?

还可以享受音乐，会怎样？（笑声）

And so again, here are some animation tests from an early stage.

这是早期的一些动画尝试。

这是早期的一些动画尝试。

(Laughter)

And this is what the final product looked like.

这是最终的成品的样子。

(Music)

饶舌音乐

(Music ends)

So, a lot of bobbing heads.

不停的点头……

(Applause)

（掌声）

A lot of bobbing heads in the audience,

观众那里也有很多人在不停点头，

so we can still see robots influence people.

因此我们可以看到机器人可以影响人。

And it's not just fun and games.

当然这一切不仅仅只是娱乐和游戏。

I think one of the reasons I care so much

我觉得自己非常热衷研究

about robots that use their body to communicate

那些可以用身体沟通、

and use their body to move is --

用身体移动的机器人的一个原因是——

I'm going to let you in on a little secret we roboticists are hiding --

我告诉你一个只有我们机器人专家知道的秘密——

is that every one of you is going to be living with a robot

我们每一个人在生命的某个阶段

at some point in your life.

都会需要机器人，

Somewhere in your future, there will be a robot in your life.

你未来的某个阶段会有个机器人。

如果不是你的未来，那么你的孩子的未来。

If not in yours, your children's lives.

我希望这些机器人

And I want these robots to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful

比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。

比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。

than currently they seem to be.

And for that I think maybe robots need to be less like chess players

因此，我觉得机器人

不应该是像一个象棋玩家，

and more like stage actors and more like musicians.

而应该更像一个舞台演员或者音乐家。

Maybe they should be able to take chances and improvise.

它们应该可以冒险，会即兴表演，

Maybe they should be able to anticipate what you're about to do.

甚至会预料到你接下来会做什么。

Maybe they even need to be able to make mistakes and correct them,

它们也应该可以犯错

并且改正，

因为到头来，我们只是人类。

because in the end, we are human.

And maybe as humans, robots that are a little less than perfect

也许对人类而言，不完美的机器人

are just perfect for us.

才是完美的。

Thank you.

谢谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）