Robots with "soul" | Guy Hoffman

譯者: Xuwen Zhu 審譯者: Willy Feng

My job is to design, build and study robots that communicate with people.

我的工作是設計、建造和研究

那些能夠與人交流的機器人。

But this story doesn't start with robotics at all, it starts with animation.

不過這個故事不是從機器人說起，

而是要從動畫說起。

When I first saw Pixar's "Luxo Jr.,"

當我第一次看到皮克斯的 《頑皮跳跳燈》電影時，

I was amazed by how much emotion they could put

我驚呆了，

into something as trivial as a desk lamp.

一個如此微不足道的檯燈

竟能表現如此多的感情。

I mean, look at them -- at the end of this movie,

你看看他們啊！電影結尾的時候，

you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.

你真的開始喜歡上這兩件小小的家具了。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

And I said, I have to learn how to do this.

我對自己說，我要學會做這樣的東西。

所以我在職涯上做了一個很差的決定，

So I made a really bad career decision.

(Laughter)

And that's what my mom was like when I did it.

我做出這個決定的時候，我媽媽就是這樣的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I left a very cozy tech job in Israel at a nice software company

我辭去了在以色列一個軟體公司的

一份舒服的技術工作，而搬到了紐約

and I moved to New York to study animation.

去學習動畫。

And there I lived

在那裡

in a collapsing apartment building in Harlem with roommates.

我和我的室友住在哈林區 一棟即將坍塌的公寓樓裡。

I'm not using this phrase metaphorically --

這並不是比喻，

the ceiling actually collapsed one day in our living room.

有一天我們客廳的天花板

真的塌下來了，

Whenever they did news stories about building violations in New York,

每次新聞報導紐約的違章建築時，

他們都會跑到我們的大樓下進行採訪。

they would put the report in front of our building,

就好像讓你看看現場有多糟糕一樣。

as kind of, like, a backdrop to show how bad things are.

Anyway, during the day, I went to school

言歸正傳，我白天上學，

and at night I would sit and draw frame by frame of pencil animation.

晚上我不停地一幅一幅地用鉛筆畫著畫。

And I learned two surprising lessons.

我學到了兩個令人驚訝的事情 --

One of them was that when you want to arouse emotions,

其中一個是：

當你想要喚起某些情感時，

it doesn't matter so much how something looks;

外觀並不算太重要，

關鍵是動作 -- 物體運動的時機。

it's all in the motion, in the timing of how the thing moves.

關鍵是動作 -- 物體運動的時機。

And the second was something one of our teachers told us.

第二個是一位老師告訴我們的。

他製作了電影《冰原歷險記》的黃鼠狼。

He actually did the weasel in "Ice Age."

And he said, "As an animator, you're not a director -- you're an actor."

他說：

“作為一個動畫製作者， 你不是一個導演，而是一個演員。”

So, if you want to find the right motion for a character,

所以如果你要為一個角色 找到正確的肢體語言，

don't think about it -- go use your body to find it.

不要想，用你的身體找到它，

Stand in front of a mirror, act it out in front of a camera --

站在鏡子面前，在攝影機前，演出來，

做出你需要做的。

whatever you need -- and then put it back in your character.

然後再把這個動作放在你的角色上。

A year later I found myself at MIT in the Robotic Life Group.

一年以後，我去了麻省理工學的

機器人生命小組，

It was one of the first groups researching the relationships

這是最早開始研究人類和 機器人關係的小組之一。

between humans and robots.

我依然有個夢想

And I still had this dream to make an actual, physical Luxo Jr. lamp.

做出真正的、真實的頑皮跳跳燈。

But I found that robots didn't move at all in this engaging way

但是我發現機器人

完全不按照動畫課程中那種

引人入勝的方式移動。

that I was used to from my animation studies.

相反的，他們都 --

Instead, they were all -- how should I put it --

該怎麼說呢？他們都有點兒機器人。

they were all kind of robotic.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I thought, what if I took whatever I learned in animation school,

我就想，如果我可以把 我在動畫學校學到的東西

and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.

應用在設計我的機器人檯燈會怎樣？

So I went and designed frame by frame

因此我一幅一幅的設計，

to try to make this robot as graceful and engaging as possible.

試圖讓這個機器人

盡量優雅且有吸引力。

And here when you see the robot interacting with me on a desktop --

這裡你可以看到這個桌子上的機器人

在跟我互動，

and I'm actually redesigning the robot,

我其實是在重新設計這個機器人，

so, unbeknownst to itself,

而這個機器人完全不知道，

it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.

它幫我，其實是在自掘墳墓呢。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure giving me light,

比起把它做成一個照明的機械，

比起把它做成一個照明的機械，

and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice

我更想要一個能幫忙的、安靜的學徒，

that's always there when you need it and doesn't really interfere.

隨時滿足你的需求卻不打擾你。

And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery that I can't find,

比如，當我要找一個我怎麼也

找不到的電池時，

in a subtle way, it'll show me where the battery is.

它可以巧妙地提醒我電池在哪裡。

So you can see my confusion here.

你看到我的困惑了嗎？

I'm not an actor.

我不是一個演員。

And I want you to notice how the same mechanical structure

我希望你們注意到，

同一個機械如何在前一刻

can, at one point, just by the way it moves,

非常溫柔，充滿關懷，

seem gentle and caring and in the other case,

seem violent and confrontational.

下一刻又顯得非常暴力，有進攻性。

And it's the same structure, just the motion is different.

一模一樣的結構，改變的僅僅是動作。

Actor: "You want to know something? Well, you want to know something?

演員：”你想知道嗎？你真的想知道嗎？

He was already dead!

他已經死了！

Just laying there, eyes glazed over!"

他就躺在那裡，目光呆滯！ “

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But, moving in a graceful way is just one building block

但是，以一種優雅的方式移動只是這整個

of this whole structure called human-robot interaction.

人類機器人互動結構的一塊基石。

I was, at the time, doing my PhD, I was working on human-robot teamwork,

那時候我正在攻讀博士學位，

我在一個研究人類機器人的團隊，

也就是人類和機器人一起合作。

teams of humans and robots working together.

I was studying the engineering,

我在學習團隊合作的工程學，

the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork,

心理學和哲學。

and at the same time,

同時，我意識到我自己

I found myself in my own kind of teamwork situation,

和我的一個好朋友，他今天也在這裡，

碰到了一個團隊合作的情境。

with a good friend of mine, who's actually here.

在那個情境中，我們很容易想像

And in that situation, we can easily imagine robots

in the near future being there with us.

不久的將來機器人會和我們在一起。

It was after a Passover Seder.

那是在一個逾越節家宴結束後，

We were folding up a lot of folding chairs,

我們要收起大量的折疊椅，

and I was amazed at how quickly we found our own rhythm.

我對於我們迅速找到了 各自的節奏感到驚訝。

每個人都做了自己的那部分，

Everybody did their own part, we didn't have to divide our tasks.

無需分工，

We didn't have to communicate verbally about this --

無需特意口頭溝通。

it all just happened.

就這樣發生了。

And I thought, humans and robots don't look at all like this.

於是我想，

人類和機器人的互動卻完全不是這樣。

When humans and robots interact, it's much more like a chess game:

當人類和機器人互動的時候，

就好像他們在下棋。

人類走一步，

the human does a thing, the robot analyzes whatever the human did,

機器人對此分析一下，

然後機器人決定接下來怎麼做，

the robot decides what to do next, plans it and does it.

計劃好，走下一步。

Then the human waits, until it's their turn again.

這時候人類就等著， 直到再次輪到他們玩為止。

所以，人類和機器人的互動更像下棋，

So it's much more like a chess game, and that makes sense,

這很好理解，因為

because chess is great for mathematicians and computer scientists.

對數學家和電腦科學家來說，

它們都是關於資料分析、

It's all about information, analysis, decision-making and planning.

決策和計劃。

But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player,

但比起下棋，我更希望我的機器人

and more like a doer

是一個行動者，

that just clicks and works together.

可以和人類有默契地一起工作。

So I made my second horrible career choice:

於是我在我的職涯上 做了第二個糟糕的決定：

I decided to study acting for a semester.

我決定學習一學期的表演課程。

I took off from the PhD, I went to acting classes.

我放下了我的博士課程，去上了表演課。

I actually participated in a play --

我還參與了一個戲劇，

I hope there’s no video of that around still.

希望現在已經找不到那段影片了。

(Laughter)

And I got every book I could find about acting,

我看遍每一本關於表演的書，

including one from the 19th century that I got from the library.

其中包括一本從圖書館裡借來的

19世紀的書。

And I was really amazed, because my name was the second name on the list --

我震驚地發現我的名字是 借閱者名單上的第二個，

the previous name was in 1889.

先前的一個名字是1889年。 （笑聲）

(Laughter)

And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years

這本書已經躺了100年了，

to be rediscovered for robotics.

只為了藉機器人之名被重新發現。

And this book shows actors

這本書教演員

how to move every muscle in the body

如何調動他們身體上的每塊肌肉

to match every kind of emotion that they want to express.

來表達他們想要表達的情感。

But the real revelation was when I learned about method acting.

真正讓我受到啟示的是

方法演技。

It became very popular in the 20th century.

它在20世紀的時候非常流行。

And method acting said

方法演技指出，你不需要 安排你的每一塊肌肉，

you don't have to plan every muscle in your body;

相反，你可以用你的身體找到對的動作。

instead, you have to use your body to find the right movement.

你應該運用你的感覺記憶，

You have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions

去重新建構情感，

and kind of think with your body to find the right expression --

用你的身體找到對的表情。

improvise, play off your scene partner.

即興發揮，根據你的場景搭配。

And this came at the same time

這個時候我也正讀到

as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology,

認知心理學中的體現認知，

called embodied cognition, which also talks about the same ideas.

這也談到同樣的觀點 --

We use our bodies to think;

我們用我們的身體思考，

我們並不是用大腦思考，用身體表現，

we don't just think with our brains and use our bodies to move,

but our bodies feed back into our brain

而是我們的身體反饋給大腦

to generate the way that we behave.

並做出相對應的動作，

這對我好像一道靈光，

And it was like a lightning bolt.

I went back to my office,

我馬上回了我的辦公室。

I wrote this paper, which I never really published,

我寫了一篇論文，從來也沒發表過，

called "Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence."

叫做《人工智慧的表演課》。

And I even took another month

我甚至花了一個月的時間

to do what was then the first theater play

去做當時第一部由人類和機器人

with a human and a robot acting together.

一起主演的戲劇。

That's what you saw before with the actors.

你之前看到的演員和 機器人的表演就是這部戲劇。

And I thought:

當時我就想：

How can we make an artificial intelligence model --

我們怎樣可以做出一個人工智慧 --

a computer, computational model --

電腦、程式模型 --

that will model some of these ideas of improvisation,

能夠即興發揮、

會冒險、會投機

of taking risks, of taking chances,

甚至會犯錯。

even of making mistakes?

Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.

它可能會是更好的機器人隊友。

So I worked for quite a long time on these models

因此我花了很多時間去研究這些模型，

and I implemented them on a number of robots.

我試用在幾個機器人身上。

Here you can see a very early example

這裡你可以看到一個早期的例子，

with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence

這個機器人試圖運用體現人工智慧

盡量地模仿我的動作，

to try to match my movements as closely as possible.

It's sort of like a game.

就好像遊戲一樣。

Let's look at it.

我們來看一下。

You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.

你可以看到我可以糊弄它。

And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do

有點像你看到的演員們

互相模仿對方

when they try to mirror each other

to find the right synchrony between them.

只為了找到他們之間的默契。

And then, I did another experiment,

然後，我又做了另外一個實驗，

and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp,

我從大街上拉人來使用這個機器人檯燈，

and try out this idea of embodied artificial intelligence.

試驗體現人工智慧。

So, I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot.

其實，同樣的機器人我用了兩種大腦，

The robot is the same lamp that you saw,

機器人就是你看到的這個檯燈，

我給了它兩種大腦。

and I put two brains in it.

For one half of the people,

對一半的人，

I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional,

我放入了一個傳統的、

calculated robotic brain.

機械計算的大腦。

It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.

它會等待，會分析，會計劃，

Let's call it the calculated brain.

我們暫且稱它為“會計算的大腦”。

給另一半人則是那個 舞台演員、愛冒險的大腦，

The other got more the stage actor, risk-taker brain.

Let's call it the adventurous brain.

我們暫且稱它為“愛冒險的大腦”，

It sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to know.

有的時候它在並不知道 所有事情的情況下行動，

It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.

有的時候它會犯錯然後去糾正。

And I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes,

我讓他們完成一項無比乏味的任務，

這個任務要花近20分鐘，

and they had to work together,

他們必須一起合作完成，

somehow simulating, like, a factory job

有點類似在工廠工作，

of repetitively doing the same thing.

機械地重複一件事情。

What I found is that people actually loved the adventurous robot.

我發現人們非常喜歡

那個“愛冒險的機器人”。

They thought it was more intelligent,

他們覺得它非常聰明，

more committed, a better member of the team,

更投入，是一個很好的團隊成員，

contributed to the success of the team more.

一起幫助團隊成功。

They even called it "he" and "she,"

他們甚至稱它為“他”和“她”，

而另外那些人稱那個 “會計算的機器人”為“它”，

whereas people with the calculated brain

called it "it," and nobody ever called it "he" or "she."

沒有人稱它為“他”或“她”。

When they talked about it after the task, with the adventurous brain,

任務完成後，

那些與“會冒險的大腦”互動的人說：

they said, "By the end, we were good friends and high-fived mentally."

“最後，我們成了好朋友， 還在心靈上擊掌了。”

Whatever that means.

不管那是啥意思

(Laughter)

（笑聲） 聽上去很痛的樣子

Sounds painful.

然而，那些與“會計算的大腦”互動的人

Whereas the people with the calculated brain

said it was just like a lazy apprentice.

則說“它就像一個懶徒弟，

It only did what it was supposed to do and nothing more,

只會做最基本的。 “

which is almost what people expect robots to do,

這基本上和同人對機器人期待一樣，

so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots

所以我有些驚訝，比起那些機器人專家，

人們居然對機器人有更高的期望。

than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be doing.

但從另一個角度，我想該是時候了 --

And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time --

就像方法演技改變了

just like method acting changed the way people thought

19世紀人們思考表演的方式一樣，

about acting in the 19th century,

from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving,

改變這種通過精確計算的

行為方式，

to a more intuitive, risk-taking, embodied way of behaving --

而轉向一種更直覺的、冒險的、 用身體表​​現的行為方式。

maybe it's time for robots to have the same kind of revolution.

也許應該是

機器人革命的時刻了。

A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta,

幾年後，

我在亞特蘭大的喬治理工大學做研究，

and I was working in a group dealing with robotic musicians.

我在一個研究機器人音樂家的

小組工作。

我想，音樂是正好是

And I thought, music: that's the perfect place

to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisation --

研究團隊合作、協調、

時機和即興表演的領域，

我們有這個玩馬林巴的機器人。

and we just got this robot playing marimba.

And the marimba, for everybody like me,

和我一樣對樂器不在行的朋友，馬林巴是

it was this huge, wooden xylophone.

一個巨大的木琴。

And when I was looking at this,

當我看著這個，

I looked at other works in human-robot improvisation --

又看了那些人類和機器人的即興互動，

yes, there are other works in human-robot improvisation --

沒錯，還有人和機器人的即興互動

and they were also a little bit like a chess game.

也都差不多像是一個下棋的互動。

The human would play,

人類走一步，

the robot analyzed what was played,

機器人對此分析，

然後決定下一步。

and would improvise their own part.

So, this is what musicians called a call-and-response interaction,

音樂家們稱其為

呼叫和應答互動，

and it also fits very well robots and artificial intelligence.

這對機器人和人工智慧很合適。

But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play

但是我想，如果我可以運用

戲劇表演和團隊合作中的研究發現，

and in the teamwork studies,

maybe I can make the robots jam together like a band.

也許我可以讓這些機器人

組成一個樂隊，

Everybody's riffing off each other, nobody is stopping for a moment.

每個人都在即興發揮， 沒有人需要停下來。

And so I tried to do the same things, this time with music,

於是這次我嘗試用音樂做試驗，

機器人並不知道

where the robot doesn't really know what it's about to play,

它會演奏什麼，

it just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play,

它就這樣移動它的身體，

找機會演奏，

and does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught me.

做出我在17歲時爵士老師教我的事情。

She said, when you improvise,

她說，當你在即興表演時，

sometimes you don't know what you're doing, and you still do it.

有時你並不知道你在做什麼，

但是你還是繼續做。

於是我嘗試做一個不知道自己在做什麼

So I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually know what it's doing,

卻仍然繼續做的機器人。

讓我們來看一下這個表演的一個小片段。

but is still doing it.

So let's look at a few seconds from this performance,

機器人聽音樂家演奏

where the robot listens to the human musician

然後即興發揮。

and improvises.

And then, look how the human musician also responds

接著，看音樂家如何

回應機器人的行為，

to what the robot is doing

and picking up from its behavior,

接續機器人的演奏，

and at some point can even be surprised by what the robot came up with.

有時甚至被機器人的表現驚訝。

(Music)

（音樂）

(Music ends)

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Being a musician is not just about making notes,

做一個音樂家不僅僅是演出音符，

otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.

否則沒有人會去看現場表演了。

Musicians also communicate with their bodies,

音樂家也用他們的身體交流，

with other band members, with the audience,

和他們的樂隊成員，和觀眾，

they use their bodies to express the music.

他們用他們的身體來表現音樂。

And I thought, we already have a robot musician on stage,

於是我想，我們已經有一個 在舞台上的機器人音樂家，

為什麼不把它打造成 一個真正的音樂家呢？

why not make it be a full-fledged musician?

And I started designing a socially expressive head

於是我開始為機器人設計一個

for the robot.

可以表現情感的頭部。

The head doesn’t actually touch the marimba,

頭部並不會碰到馬林巴，

it just expresses what the music is like.

它只是用來表現音樂是什麼樣的。

These are some napkin sketches from a bar in Atlanta

這草圖的紙巾來自亞特蘭大某處一個酒吧，

that was dangerously located exactly halfway

很可怕的是，酒吧就正好位落在

between my lab and my home.

實驗室和我家的正中間。 （笑聲）

So I spent, I would say, on average, three to four hours a day there.

所以我大概平均

每天有3到4個小時的時間在那裡，

I think.

我覺得（笑聲）

(Laughter)

And I went back to my animation tools and tried to figure out

我重新拾起了我的動畫工具，試圖想像

not just what a robotic musician would look like,

不僅僅一個機器人音樂家的樣子，

而是一個機器人音樂家 會如何移動它的身體，

but especially what a robotic musician would move like,

to sort of show that it doesn't like what the other person is playing --

來告訴人們它不喜歡其他人的演奏，

and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling at the moment.

還有它自己當下感覺到的節奏。

還有它自己當下感覺到的節奏。

So we ended up actually getting the money to build this robot, which was nice.

幸運的是，我們還獲得了 一筆打造機器人的資金。

I'm going to show you now the same kind of performance,

接下來我給大家看一下同樣的表演

換成一個有情感表現的頭。

this time with a socially expressive head.

And notice one thing --

請注意一點：

how the robot is really showing us

這個機器人如何

the beat it's picking up from the human,

它從人類的節奏顯示出律動

while also giving the human a sense that the robot knows what it's doing.

我們也讓人感覺到 這個機器人知道它在做什麼。

And also how it changes the way it moves

還有當它的獨奏開始時，

as soon as it starts its own solo.

它是如何做出回應的。

(Music)

（音樂）

Now it's looking at me, showing that it's listening.

它正看著我確保我有在聽。

(Music)

（音樂）

我們看一下這段的最後一個和絃，

Now look at the final chord of the piece again.

And this time the robot communicates with its body

當機器人正忙於做它自己的事情時

when it's busy doing its own thing,

它用它的身體進行溝通

and when it's ready to coordinate the final chord with me.

當準備好的時候

它跟我一起演奏最後的旋律。

(Music)

（音樂）

(Music ending)

(Final chord)

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thanks.

謝謝。我希望你能看到

I hope you see

how much this part of the body that doesn't touch the instrument

它的頭部雖然不碰到樂器

其實有助於音樂表演

actually helps with the musical performance.

And at some point -- we are in Atlanta,

既然我們在亞特蘭大，

so obviously some rapper will come into our lab at some point --

就不會說沒有饒舌歌手參與我們的實驗。

and we had this rapper come in and do a little jam with the robot.

這個饒舌歌手來了之後，

我們讓他和這個機器人一起表演。

Here you can see the robot basically responding to the beat.

這裡你可以看到這個機器人

對節奏的回應，

Notice two things:

請注意兩點。第一，當這個機器人在搖頭晃腦的時候，

one, how irresistible it is to join the robot while it's moving its head.

你是不是也很想加入其中，

You kind of want to move your own head when it does it.

和它一起晃動你的頭部

And second, even though the rapper is really focused on his iPhone,

第二，雖然這個饒舌歌手 非常專注於它的 iPhone，

as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.

當機器人轉向它的時候，他也馬上轉回來。

So even though it's just in the periphery of his vision,

雖然僅僅是在他的視線邊緣

他的眼角的餘光裡，仍然非常有影響力。

in the corner of his eye, it's very powerful.

這是因為我們無法忽視

And the reason is that we can't ignore

我們周邊物體的移動。

physical things moving in our environment.

我們天生會這樣做。

We are wired for that.

So if you have a problem --

所以，如果你不喜歡你的另一半

maybe your partner is looking at their iPhone or smartphone too much --

太過專注於他的 iPhone 或智慧手機，

you might want to have a robot there to get their attention.

也許你需要一個機器人

來獲得他們的注意力。 （笑聲）

(Laughter)

（音樂）

(Music)

(Music ends)

(Applause)

（掌聲）

最後再為大家介紹一下

Just to introduce the last robot that we've worked on,

我們最近在打造的一個機器人。

it came out of something surprising that we found:

說來也奇怪，我們發現

Some point people didn't care about the robot being intelligent,

到了某個階段，人們不再對那些聰明的、

會即興表演、會聆聽、

able to improvise and listen,

and do all these embodied intelligence things that I spent years developing.

會做那些我花了多年研究的 身體智慧表演的機器人 感興趣了。

They really liked that the robot was enjoying the music.

他們真的很喜歡那個會享受音樂的機器人。 （笑聲）

(Laughter)

And they didn't say the robot was moving to the music,

他們沒有說這個機器人 是隨著音樂扭動身體，

而是說這個機器人在享受音樂。

they said "enjoying" the music.

And we thought, why don't we take this idea,

於是我們想，為什麼不借用這個想法呢，

and I designed a new piece of furniture.

因此我設計了一件新的小家具。

This time it wasn't a desk lamp, it was a speaker dock,

這次不是一個檯燈，而是一個揚聲器底座，

就是你可以把你的智慧手機放上去的那種。

one of those things you plug your smartphone in.

And I thought,

於是我想，如果這個揚聲器底座

what would happen if your speaker dock didn't just play the music for you,

不僅可以為你放音樂，

but would actually enjoy it, too?

還可以享受音樂，會怎樣？ （笑聲）

And so again, here are some animation tests from an early stage.

這是一些早期的的

動畫嘗試。（笑聲)

(Laughter)

And this is what the final product looked like.

這是最終的成品的樣子。

(Music)

（饒舌音樂 "Drop It Like It's Hot"）

(Music ends)

So, a lot of bobbing heads.

不停的點頭

(Applause)

（掌聲）

A lot of bobbing heads in the audience,

有很多觀眾也在不停點頭，

so we can still see robots influence people.

因此我們可以看到機器人可以影響人。

And it's not just fun and games.

當然這一切不僅僅只是娛樂和遊戲。

I think one of the reasons I care so much

我覺得自己非常熱衷研究

about robots that use their body to communicate

那些可以用身體溝通、

and use their body to move is --

用身體移動的機器人，原因是 --

I'm going to let you in on a little secret we roboticists are hiding --

我告訴你一個只有我們 機器人專家才知道的秘密 --

is that every one of you is going to be living with a robot

我們每一個人都會在生命的某個階段

at some point in your life.

需要機器人，

Somewhere in your future, there will be a robot in your life.

你未來的某個階段會有個機器人。

如果不是你的未來， 那就是你孩子的未來。

If not in yours, your children's lives.

我希望這些機器人

And I want these robots to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful

比現在可以更流暢、更吸引人、更優雅。

比現在可以更流暢、更吸引人、更優雅。

than currently they seem to be.

And for that I think maybe robots need to be less like chess players

因此，我覺得機器人

不應該是像一個下棋玩家，

and more like stage actors and more like musicians.

而應該更像一個舞台演員或者音樂家。

Maybe they should be able to take chances and improvise.

它們應該可以冒險，會即興表演，

Maybe they should be able to anticipate what you're about to do.

甚至會預料到你接下來會做什麼。

Maybe they even need to be able to make mistakes and correct them,

它們也應該可以犯錯

並且改正，

因為到頭來，我們只是人類。

because in the end, we are human.

And maybe as humans, robots that are a little less than perfect

也許對人類而言，不完美的機器人

are just perfect for us.

才是完美的。

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）