Chris McKnett: The investment logic for sustainability

156,395 views ・ 2014-02-12

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Rong Han 校对人员: Li Li
00:12
The world is changing
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这世界正在发生
00:14
in some really profound ways,
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某些翻天覆地的变化,
00:16
and I worry that investors
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而我担心的是投资者们
00:18
aren't paying enough attention
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并没有充分注意到
00:20
to some of the biggest drivers of change,
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那些引起这些变化的最主要的驱动因素,
00:22
especially when it comes to sustainability.
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尤其是在可持续性发展方面。
00:26
And by sustainability, I mean the really juicy things,
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说到可持续发展, 我指的是那些最有意思的东西,
00:29
like environmental and social issues
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例如环境问题和社会问题,
00:31
and corporate governance.
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还有公司的管理。
00:34
I think it's reckless to ignore these things,
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我觉得这些问题是不容忽视的,
00:36
because doing so can jeopardize
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因为忽视它们很可能会危害到
00:37
future long-term returns.
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未来的长期回报。
00:40
And here's something that may surprise you:
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下面我要说的可能会让你感到惊讶:
00:42
the balance of power to really influence sustainability
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最能影响可持续性的权力平衡
00:47
rests with institutional investors,
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掌握在机构投资者的手中,
00:49
the large investors like pension funds,
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那些大型投资者,比如养老基金,
00:52
foundations and endowments.
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基金会和捐赠基金。
00:55
I believe that sustainable investing
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我相信可持续性的投资
00:57
is less complicated than you think,
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没有你想的那么复杂,
00:59
better-performing than you believe,
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比你预计的回报率还高,
01:01
and more important than we can imagine.
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也比我们想像得更重要。
01:04
Let me remind you what we already know.
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先来回顾一下我们已知的一些事情:
01:07
We have a population that's both growing and aging;
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世界人口正在不断增长和老龄化,
01:11
we have seven billion souls today
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现在有 70 亿人,
01:13
heading to 10 billion
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到了21世纪末
01:14
at the end of the century;
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将逼近100亿;
01:16
we consume natural resources
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我们消耗天然资源的速度
01:18
faster than they can be replenished;
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快于它们能重新生成的速度;
01:21
and the emissions that are mainly responsible
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而废气排放总在不断地增加,
01:24
for climate change just keep increasing.
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这是造成气候变化的主要原因。
01:28
Now clearly, these are environmental and social issues,
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显然,这里有环境问题和社会问题,
01:33
but that's not all.
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但这还不是全部,
01:35
They're economic issues,
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这里还有经济问题,
01:37
and that makes them relevant
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所以就与
01:38
to risk and return.
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风险和投资回报息息相关。
01:42
And they are really complex
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这些问题确实相当复杂,
01:44
and they can seem really far off,
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又似乎离我们很遥远,
01:45
that the temptation may be to do this:
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这就诱使我们这样做:
01:49
bury our heads in the sand and not think about it.
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把头埋进沙子里而不去想这件事。
01:52
Resist this, if you can. Don't do this at home.
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千万不要在家里做这个。
01:55
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:57
But it makes me wonder
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01:58
if the investment rules of today
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当前的投资规则是否
02:00
are fit for purpose tomorrow.
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真的适用于将来。
02:03
We know that investors,
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我们知道当投资者们
02:05
when they look at a company and decide whether to invest,
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观察一家公司并决定是否进行投资时,
02:08
they look at financial data,
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他们会关注那些财务数据,
02:10
metrics like sales growth, cash flow, market share,
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例如销售增长、 现金流量、
市场份额以及资产估值等指标,
02:14
valuation -- you know, the really sexy stuff.
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就是那些很“性感”的东西。
02:19
And these things are fundamental, of course,
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这些东西当然是最基本的,
02:22
but they're not enough.
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但还不够,
02:23
Investors should also look at performance metrics
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投资者们还应关注另一方面的绩效指标,
02:26
in what we call ESG:
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就是我们称为ESG的方面:
02:28
environment, social and governance.
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(E)环境、 (S)社会和(G)管理
02:31
Environment includes energy consumption,
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环境包括能源消耗、
02:35
water availability, waste and pollution,
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水的供应、
垃圾和污染,
02:41
just making efficient uses of resources.
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指的是对资源的有效使用。
02:44
Social includes human capital,
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社会包括人力资本,
02:47
things like employee engagement
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比如员工的积极性
02:48
and innovation capacity,
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和创新能力,
02:51
as well as supply chain management
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以及供应链管理,
02:54
and labor rights and human rights.
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劳动权和人权。
02:58
And governance relates to the oversight
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而管理则代表
03:00
of companies by their boards and investors.
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董事会和投资人对公司的监督。
03:03
See, I told you this is the really juicy stuff.
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瞧,我说过这是真正有意思的东西。
03:06
But ESG is the measure of sustainability,
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ESG 是用来衡量可持续性的,
03:11
and sustainable investing incorporates ESG factors
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而可持续性投资应当把ESG因素
03:15
with financial factors into the investment process.
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与金融因素融合到投资过程中去。
03:19
It means limiting future risk
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这意味着要通过降低对人和地球的危害,
03:21
by minimizing harm to people and planet,
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来降低未来的风险。
03:25
and it means providing capital to users
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这也意味着向用户提供资本
03:28
who deploy it towards productive
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使他们用于有益
03:30
and sustainable outcomes.
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而且具有可持续性的成果。
03:33
So if sustainability matters financially today,
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如果可持续性影响着今天的财政,
03:36
and all signs indicate more tomorrow,
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而所有的迹象都表明 将来这种影响会更大,
03:39
is the private sector paying attention?
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那私营部门注意到了吗?
03:42
Well, the really cool thing is that most CEOs are.
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很酷的是大多数 CEO 都注意到了。
03:48
They started to see sustainability
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他们开始看到可持续性
03:50
not just as important but crucial to business success.
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不仅重要而且是业务成功的关键。
03:54
About 80 percent of global CEOs
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全球大约 80%的CEO
03:56
see sustainability as the root to growth in innovation
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意识到可持续性是创新发展的根本,
04:01
and leading to competitive advantage
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而且能使他们在同行业中具有竞争优势。
04:03
in their industries.
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04:05
But 93 percent see ESG as the future,
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93%认为ESG是未来的发展趋势,
04:08
or as important to the future of their business.
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或者对未来业务发展很重要。
04:11
So the views of CEOs are clear.
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所以CEO们的意见很明确了,
04:14
There's tremendous opportunity in sustainability.
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就是在可持续发展方面有巨大的机会。
04:17
So how are companies actually leveraging ESG
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那公司实际上要如何利用 ESG
04:21
to drive hard business results?
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来提高经营效益呢?
04:24
One example is near and dear to our hearts.
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举一个和我们最接近的例子。
04:26
In 2012, State Street migrated 54 applications
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2012 年,道富集团将54个应用程序
04:30
to the cloud environment,
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迁移到云环境中,
04:31
and we retired another 85.
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另外还取消了85个。
04:34
We virtualized our operating system environments,
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我们将操作系统环境虚拟化,
04:36
and we completed numerous automation projects.
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并且完成了许多自动化项目。
04:40
Now these initiatives create a more mobile workplace,
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现在这些做法创建了更灵活的工作场所,
04:42
and they reduce our real estate footprint,
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减少了办公用地,
04:45
and they yield savings of 23 million dollars
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每年节约了2300 万美金的营运成本,
04:48
in operating costs annually,
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04:51
and avoid the emissions
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减少了100 万吨碳的废气排放,
04:53
of a 100,000 metric tons of carbon.
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04:57
That's the equivalent of taking 21,000 cars
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相当于路上少跑了21,000辆汽车。
05:00
off the road.
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05:02
So awesome, right?
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很棒,对吧?
05:05
Another example is Pentair.
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另一个例子是滨特尔。
05:07
Pentair is a U.S. industrial conglomerate,
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滨特尔是美国的工业集团。
05:10
and about a decade ago,
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大约 10 年前,
05:11
they sold their core power tools business
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他们卖掉了他们的核心电动工具业务,
05:14
and reinvested those proceeds in a water business.
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并把这些收益重新投资在
水业务上。
05:18
That's a really big bet. Why did they do that?
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这是一个很大的赌注。他们为什么做呢?
05:22
Well, with apologies to the Home Improvement fans,
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虽然很多人热衷于自己动手装修房子,
05:25
there's more growth in water than in power tools,
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但是水业务比电动工具增长得更多。
05:28
and this company has their sights set
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这家公司将他们的目光
05:30
on what they call "the new New World."
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放在了他们所说的"新新世界"上,
05:32
That's four billion middle class people
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就是有40 亿的中产阶层人士
05:34
demanding food, energy and water.
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需要粮食、 能源和水。
05:40
Now, you may be asking yourself,
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现在你可能会想,
05:43
are these just isolated cases?
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这些只是个别的例子吗?
05:44
I mean, come on, really?
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真是这样的吗?
05:46
Do companies that take sustainability into account
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那些考虑到可持续发展的公司,
05:48
really do well financially?
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真的在财政效益上也发展良好吗?
05:51
The answer that may surprise you is yes.
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可能会让你惊讶的是,答案是肯定的。
05:53
The data shows that stocks with better ESG performance
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数据显示 那些 ESG方面表现良好的公司的股票
05:57
perform just as well as others.
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和其他公司的表现一样好。
06:00
In blue, we see the MSCI World.
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蓝色代表的是全世界的MSCI,
06:02
It's an index of large companies
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它是世界各地发达市场中
06:04
from developed markets across the world.
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大公司的一项索引。
06:06
And in gold, we see a subset of companies
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而金色代表那些
06:09
rated as having the best ESG performance.
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具有ESG方面表现最佳的公司。
06:12
Over three plus years, no performance tradeoff.
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在三年多的时间里, 经济效益方面没有受损。
06:16
So that's okay, right? We want more. I want more.
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这已经很好了吧? 但我们想要更好,我想要更好。
06:20
In some cases, there may be outperformance
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在某些情况下,
06:23
from ESG.
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ESG可能会带来额外的收益。
06:25
In blue, we see the performance
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蓝色代表全球500家最大的公司 的经济效益,
06:28
of the 500 largest global companies,
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06:30
and in gold, we see a subset of companies
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06:33
with best practice in climate change strategy
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在气候变化战略
06:36
and risk management.
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和风险管理方面表现最好的公司。
06:38
Now over almost eight years,
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经过近八年的时间,
06:39
they've outperformed by about two thirds.
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他们的经济效益已经超出大约三分之二。
06:42
So yes, this is correlation. It's not causation.
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虽然这里显示的是相关性 而不是因果关系,
06:46
But it does illustrate that environmental leadership
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但它确实说明注重环境问题
06:48
is compatible with good returns.
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和高效益并不矛盾。
06:52
So if the returns are the same or better
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如果效益相同或更好,
06:56
and the planet benefits, wouldn't this be the norm?
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而我们的星球还能受益,
难道这不应该成为常规吗?
06:59
Are investors, particularly institutional investors,
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那么投资者们,尤其是机构投资者们,
07:02
engaged?
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参与进来了吗?
07:04
Well, some are,
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有些已经参与进来了,
07:05
and a few are really at the vanguard.
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有几个还是先锋。
07:09
Hesta.
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Hesta。
07:10
Hesta is a retirement fund for health
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Hesta 是澳大利亚的一家退休基金,
07:12
and community services employees in Australia,
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服务于医疗和社区服务人员。
07:15
with assets of 22 billion [dollars].
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他们的资产为220亿【美元】。
07:17
They believe that ESG has the potential
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他们相信ESG有潜力
07:19
to impact risks and returns,
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影响风险和回报,
07:21
so incorporating it into the investment process
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所以他们把将ESG 纳入投资过程
07:24
is core to their duty
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作为他们的核心职责,
07:27
to act in the best interest of fund members,
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以达到为基金成员谋取最佳利益的目的。
07:29
core to their duty.
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他们的核心职责!
07:30
You gotta love the Aussies, right?
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澳大利亚人是不是很可爱?
07:34
CalPERS is another example.
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CalPERS 是另一个例子。
07:37
CalPERS is the pension fund
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CalPERS 是加州公务员的养老基金,
07:39
for public employees in California,
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07:41
and with assets of 244 billion [dollars],
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资产达2440亿【美元】,
07:44
they are the second largest in the U.S.
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排在美国第二大,
07:46
and the sixth largest in the world.
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世界第六大。
07:48
Now, they're moving toward 100 percent
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现在,他们正朝着 100%
07:50
sustainable investment
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可持续性投资的方向转变,
07:52
by systematically integrated ESG
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他们要通过系统地将ESG
07:54
across the entire fund.
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整合到整个基金中来实现。
07:56
Why? They believe it's critical
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为什么呢?他们相信
08:00
to superior long-term returns, full stop.
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这是获得长期高效益的关键。就这样。
08:04
In their own words, "long-term value creation
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用他们自己的话来说: "创造长期的价值,
08:07
requires the effective management
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需要有效地管理
08:09
of three forms of capital:
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三种形式的资本:
08:11
financial, human, and physical.
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财务、 人力和物理。
08:16
This is why we are concerned with ESG."
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这就是我们为什么关心ESG。“
08:20
Now, I do speak to a lot of investors
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我跟很多投资者交谈过,
08:22
as part of my job,
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因为这是我工作的一部分。
08:24
and not all of them see it this way.
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并不是所有人都这样看问题。
08:26
Often I hear, "We are required to maximize returns,
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我经常听到的是, "我们需要将回报最大化,
08:30
so we don't do that here,"
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所以我们这儿不做这些。"
08:32
or, "We don't want to use the portfolio
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或者,"我们不想用公司的投资组合
08:34
to make policy statements."
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做政策方面的声明"。
08:37
The one that just really gets under my skin is,
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最让我受不了的是,
08:39
"If you want to do something about that,
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"如果你想在这方面做点儿什么,
08:42
just make money, give the profits to charities."
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就去赚钱,然后把收益捐给慈善机构。”
08:45
It's eyes rolling, eyes rolling.
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气得我直翻白眼。
08:49
I mean, let me clarify something right here.
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让我来澄清一下我的意思。
08:53
Companies and investors are not
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公司和投资者都不能
08:55
singularly responsible for the fate of the planet.
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靠他们单独的力量来负责地球的命运。
08:58
They don't have indefinite social obligations,
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他们没有无限的社会义务,
09:01
and prudent investing and finance theory
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而且审慎的投资和金融理论
09:03
aren't subordinate to sustainability.
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并不是要让位给可持续性,
09:05
They're compatible.
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他们是相容的。
09:07
So I'm not talking about tradeoffs here.
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所以我不是说要作某种牺牲。
09:12
But institutional investors
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但机构投资者
09:13
are the x-factor in sustainability.
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是可持续发展中最重要的因素。
09:17
Why do they hold the key?
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他们为什么这么关键呢?
09:19
The answer, quite simply, is, they have the money.
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答案很简单,就是他们有钱。
09:22
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:25
A lot of it.
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很多钱。
09:28
I mean, a really lot of it.
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真的很多。
09:29
The global stock market is worth 55 trillion dollars.
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全球证券市场价值 55万亿美元,
09:32
The global bond market, 78 trillion.
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全球债券市场,78万亿。
09:35
That's 133 trillion combined.
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这合起来就是133万亿,
09:40
That's eight and a half times the GDP of the U.S.
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是美国GDP的八倍半,
09:43
That's the world's largest economy.
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这是世界最大的经济体。
09:45
That's some serious freaking firepower.
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这真是一些强大到变态的经济火力。
09:49
So we can reconsider
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所以我们可以重新考虑
09:51
some of these pressing challenges,
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一些比较紧迫的问题,
09:53
like fresh water, clean air,
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比如说新鲜的水、 清洁的空气、
09:56
feeding 10 billion mouths,
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喂饱100 亿张嘴,
09:58
if institutional investors
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如果机构投资者
09:59
integrated ESG into investment.
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能把ESG 综合到投资中去的话。
10:02
What if they used that firepower
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他们能不能利用那些火力,
10:04
to allocate more of their capital
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将更多的资本分配到
10:06
to companies working the hardest
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那些最努力解决这些问题的公司,
10:07
at solving these challenges
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10:09
or at least not exacerbating them?
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或至少是没有使这些问题加重的公司?
10:12
What if we work and save and invest,
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如果我们工作,攒钱,投资,
10:17
only to find that the world we retire into
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而到头来退休的时候却发现那时的世界
10:20
is more stressed and less secure than it is now?
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比现在压力更大,更不安全呢?
10:24
What if there isn't enough clean air and fresh water?
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如果那时没有足够的清洁空气 和新鲜水呢?
10:29
Now a fair question might be,
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有一个可能的问题,
10:31
what if all this sustainability risk stuff
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这些所谓可持续性的风险的东西
10:33
is exaggerated, overstated, it's not urgent,
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是不是被过分夸大了?
它也许本来不是紧迫的问题,
10:37
something for virtuous consumers
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而只是供那些善良的消费者 做生活方式上的选择的?
10:40
or lifestyle choice?
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10:42
Well, President John F. Kennedy said something
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肯尼迪总统说过一句话,
10:44
about this that is just spot on:
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用在这里最合适不过:
10:48
"There are risks and costs to a program of action,
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"采取行动就会有风险和成本,
10:52
but they are far less than the long-range risks
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但长远来说要远远低于
10:54
and costs of comfortable inaction."
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为了舒适而不行动的风险和成本。“
10:59
I can appreciate that there is estimation risk in this,
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我知道这里面有估计的风险,
11:02
but since this is based on widespread scientific consensus,
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但是因为这些估计基于广泛的科学共识,
11:06
the odds that it's not completely wrong
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它并不完全错的几率,
11:09
are better than the odds
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比我们遇上房子着火
11:10
that our house will burn down
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11:12
or we'll get in a car accident.
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或者车祸的几率要小。
11:14
Well, maybe not if you live in Boston. (Laughter)
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当然,除非你住在波士顿。(笑声)
11:18
But my point is that we buy insurance
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但我想说的是,我们买保险
11:21
to protect ourselves financially
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来保护自己的财产,
11:23
in case those things happen, right?
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以防那些事情发生,对吧?
11:26
So by investing sustainably
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而通过可持续性投资,
11:28
we're doing two things.
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我们可以达到两个目的。
11:30
We're creating insurance,
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我们创造了一个保险,
11:32
reducing the risk to our planet and to our economy,
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降低对我们的星球和经济的风险。
11:36
and at the same time, in the short term,
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同时,在短期内,
11:38
we're not sacrificing performance.
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我们也不牺牲效益。
11:41
[Man in comic: "What if it's a big hoax and we create a better world for nothing?"]
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【漫画中的人:"如果这是一个大骗局,
我们除了创造出一个更美好的世界, 什么也没得到呢?"】
你喜欢它吧?我也喜欢。
11:46
Good, you like it. I like it too.
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11:48
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
11:49
I like it because it pokes fun
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我喜欢它是因为它把
11:51
at both sides of the climate change issue.
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气候变化问题争论的双方都拿来开玩笑。
11:54
I bet you can't guess which side I'm on.
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我打赌你猜不出我站在哪一边。
11:57
But what I really like about it
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但我真正喜欢它的原因
11:59
is that it reminds me of something Mark Twain said,
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是它让我想起马克 · 吐温说的话,
12:02
which is, "Plan for the future,
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"好好计划未来,
12:04
because that's where you're going to spend
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因为那是你要度过余生的地方。"
12:06
the rest of your life."
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12:08
Thank you.
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谢谢。
(掌声)
12:10
(Applause)
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