Chris McKnett: The investment logic for sustainability

156,241 views ・ 2014-02-12

TED


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譯者: lin piao 審譯者: Dong Mao
00:12
The world is changing
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世界正在變化
00:14
in some really profound ways,
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一些深刻的變化
00:16
and I worry that investors
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我擔心的是投資者
00:18
aren't paying enough attention
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沒有注意到
00:20
to some of the biggest drivers of change,
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世界變化的一些最強勁驅動力
00:22
especially when it comes to sustainability.
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特別是永續發展
00:26
And by sustainability, I mean the really juicy things,
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提到永續,我想真正有吸引力的是
00:29
like environmental and social issues
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環境和社會話題
00:31
and corporate governance.
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以及政府間的合作這樣的問題
00:34
I think it's reckless to ignore these things,
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我想忽視這些問題是草率的做法
00:36
because doing so can jeopardize
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因為忽視這些就會危害
00:37
future long-term returns.
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未來長期的收益
00:40
And here's something that may surprise you:
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有些事情會讓你吃驚:
00:42
the balance of power to really influence sustainability
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真正影響永續的權力平衡
00:47
rests with institutional investors,
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在於機構性投資者
00:49
the large investors like pension funds,
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大投資家喜歡養老基金
00:52
foundations and endowments.
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基金會和捐贈基金
00:55
I believe that sustainable investing
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我相信永續性投資
00:57
is less complicated than you think,
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並沒有你想得那麼複雜
00:59
better-performing than you believe,
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比你相信的要更容易操作
01:01
and more important than we can imagine.
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也比我們想像得要更重要
01:04
Let me remind you what we already know.
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我來提醒一下大家 那些我們已經知道的東西
01:07
We have a population that's both growing and aging;
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我們有一個不斷增長和老化的人口數量
01:11
we have seven billion souls today
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現在世界上有 70 億人口
01:13
heading to 10 billion
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本世紀末將
01:14
at the end of the century;
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達到 100 億
01:16
we consume natural resources
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我們消耗天然資源
01:18
faster than they can be replenished;
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其速度比自然資源的補充要快
01:21
and the emissions that are mainly responsible
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引起氣候變化的二氧化碳排放量
01:24
for climate change just keep increasing.
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在持續增加
01:28
Now clearly, these are environmental and social issues,
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現在很明顯 這些都是環境和社會問題
01:33
but that's not all.
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但那還不是全部
01:35
They're economic issues,
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這還是經濟問題
01:37
and that makes them relevant
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所以這些問題也
01:38
to risk and return.
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於風險和回報有關
01:42
And they are really complex
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它們真的很複雜
01:44
and they can seem really far off,
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看起來也真的很遙遠
01:45
that the temptation may be to do this:
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所以沒甚麼吸引力讓人們去做:
01:49
bury our heads in the sand and not think about it.
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把我們頭埋在沙子裡,不想這件事
01:52
Resist this, if you can. Don't do this at home.
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如果可能,不要這麼做 不要在家裡做這個
01:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:57
But it makes me wonder
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不過這禁不住讓我想
01:58
if the investment rules of today
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今天的投資原理
02:00
are fit for purpose tomorrow.
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是否適合將來的目標
02:03
We know that investors,
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我們知道投資者
02:05
when they look at a company and decide whether to invest,
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如果他們想知道一家公司是否值得投資
02:08
they look at financial data,
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他們就去看財務資料
02:10
metrics like sales growth, cash flow, market share,
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如銷售增長、 現金流量、 市場份額
02:14
valuation -- you know, the really sexy stuff.
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市場估價這些指標 — — 你知道這些是很誘人的東西
02:19
And these things are fundamental, of course,
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這些東西是當然是最基本的
02:22
but they're not enough.
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但這還不夠
02:23
Investors should also look at performance metrics
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投資者還應看看性能指標
02:26
in what we call ESG:
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我們稱之為 ESG:
02:28
environment, social and governance.
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環境 (E)、 社會 (S) 和治理 (G)
02:31
Environment includes energy consumption,
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環境包括能源消耗
02:35
water availability, waste and pollution,
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水的供應、廢品和污染
02:41
just making efficient uses of resources.
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更有效地利用資源
02:44
Social includes human capital,
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社會包括人力資本
02:47
things like employee engagement
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像員工敬業程度
02:48
and innovation capacity,
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和創新能力這些方面
02:51
as well as supply chain management
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以及供應鏈的管理
02:54
and labor rights and human rights.
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勞動權利和人權
02:58
And governance relates to the oversight
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以及有董事會和投資者對公司
03:00
of companies by their boards and investors.
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進行大方向的管理
03:03
See, I told you this is the really juicy stuff.
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看,我說了這些是很吸引人的東西
03:06
But ESG is the measure of sustainability,
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但 ESG 是來衡量永續的
03:11
and sustainable investing incorporates ESG factors
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將永續投資於 ESG 因素相結合
03:15
with financial factors into the investment process.
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與投資過程中的金融因素相結合
03:19
It means limiting future risk
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它意味著減少未來風險
03:21
by minimizing harm to people and planet,
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通過對人類和地球危害的最小化
03:25
and it means providing capital to users
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這就意味著给用户提供資本
03:28
who deploy it towards productive
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讓他們帶來有效益和
03:30
and sustainable outcomes.
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可永續的成果
03:33
So if sustainability matters financially today,
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如果今天永續影響著財政
03:36
and all signs indicate more tomorrow,
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這就表明更多的可能性
03:39
is the private sector paying attention?
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私營企业在關注嗎?
03:42
Well, the really cool thing is that most CEOs are.
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嗯,很酷的是大多數 CEO 都關注這件事
03:48
They started to see sustainability
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他們開始考慮永續
03:50
not just as important but crucial to business success.
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因為它不僅重要 而且是企業成功的關鍵
03:54
About 80 percent of global CEOs
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大約 80% 的全球 CEO
03:56
see sustainability as the root to growth in innovation
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把永續看成是投資收益的根本
04:01
and leading to competitive advantage
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可以在各自行業體現競爭的優勢
04:03
in their industries.
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可以在各自行業體現競爭的優勢
04:05
But 93 percent see ESG as the future,
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他們中 93% 把 ESG 看做是未來的方向
04:08
or as important to the future of their business.
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或對他們生意的未來非常重要的部份
04:11
So the views of CEOs are clear.
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所以這些 CEO 的認識是很清晰的
04:14
There's tremendous opportunity in sustainability.
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在永續事業上有巨大的潛在機遇
04:17
So how are companies actually leveraging ESG
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那麼這些公司實際上如何利用 ESG
04:21
to drive hard business results?
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努力帶來他們生意上的成果呢?
04:24
One example is near and dear to our hearts.
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有一個例子離我們的心很近很親切
04:26
In 2012, State Street migrated 54 applications
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在 2012 年道富銀行把 54 個應用程式
04:30
to the cloud environment,
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移入到雲環境中
04:31
and we retired another 85.
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我們撤回了另外 85 個
04:34
We virtualized our operating system environments,
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我們虛擬了我們的系統運行環境
04:36
and we completed numerous automation projects.
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我們完成了許多自動化專案
04:40
Now these initiatives create a more mobile workplace,
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現在這些倡議創造了 更多的移動工作場所
04:42
and they reduce our real estate footprint,
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它們減少了我們的辦公場所
04:45
and they yield savings of 23 million dollars
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每年的運營成本一共
04:48
in operating costs annually,
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可以節省 2300 萬美元
04:51
and avoid the emissions
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還可以避免廢氣排放
04:53
of a 100,000 metric tons of carbon.
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那 100 萬噸的二氧化碳量
04:57
That's the equivalent of taking 21,000 cars
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就相當於讓 21,000 輛汽車
05:00
off the road.
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離開公路
05:02
So awesome, right?
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很棒,對吧?
05:05
Another example is Pentair.
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另一個例子是 Pentair
05:07
Pentair is a U.S. industrial conglomerate,
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Pentair 是美國的一個工業集團
05:10
and about a decade ago,
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大約 10 年前
05:11
they sold their core power tools business
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他們賣掉了他們核心的電動工具業務
05:14
and reinvested those proceeds in a water business.
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把收益投入到跟水有關的業務
05:18
That's a really big bet. Why did they do that?
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那可是一個很大的賭注 他們為什麼那麼做?
05:22
Well, with apologies to the Home Improvement fans,
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嗯,跟家居裝修迷們道個歉
05:25
there's more growth in water than in power tools,
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水資源的利潤增長要比電動工具快
05:28
and this company has their sights set
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這家公司很有眼光
05:30
on what they call "the new New World."
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在他們所說的"新新世界"上
05:32
That's four billion middle class people
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因為 40 億的中產階層
05:34
demanding food, energy and water.
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對糧食、能源和水質量有要求
05:40
Now, you may be asking yourself,
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現在你可能會問自己
05:43
are these just isolated cases?
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這些只是個別的例子?
05:44
I mean, come on, really?
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我的意思是 拜託,真的嗎?
05:46
Do companies that take sustainability into account
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那些考慮永續的公司
05:48
really do well financially?
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真的有很好的效益嗎?
05:51
The answer that may surprise you is yes.
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答案可能會令你吃驚 是肯定的
05:53
The data shows that stocks with better ESG performance
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資料顯示,具有好 ESG 性能的股票
05:57
perform just as well as others.
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和其他的股票沒有差別
06:00
In blue, we see the MSCI World.
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藍色線條 我們看到的是 MSCI 的情況
06:02
It's an index of large companies
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它是大公司
06:04
from developed markets across the world.
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來自世界各地成熟的 股票市場的一個參數
06:06
And in gold, we see a subset of companies
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金色線條,我們看到的是
06:09
rated as having the best ESG performance.
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具有最好 ESG 性能的一個子參數
06:12
Over three plus years, no performance tradeoff.
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三年多裡,沒有性能上的失衡
06:16
So that's okay, right? We want more. I want more.
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那已經夠好了,對吧? 我們要的更多,我要的更多
06:20
In some cases, there may be outperformance
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在某些情況下 ESG 可能有
06:23
from ESG.
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超常的表現
06:25
In blue, we see the performance
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藍色線條 我們看到的是
06:28
of the 500 largest global companies,
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500 個全球最大的公司的性能指標
06:30
and in gold, we see a subset of companies
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而黃金線條,我們看到公司的
06:33
with best practice in climate change strategy
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執行氣候變化政策
06:36
and risk management.
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和風險管理最好的一個子參數
06:38
Now over almost eight years,
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現在已經八年過去了
06:39
they've outperformed by about two thirds.
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他們已經優於三分之二左右
06:42
So yes, this is correlation. It's not causation.
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是的,這是相關性 並不是因果關係
06:46
But it does illustrate that environmental leadership
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但它確實說明這樣的環境領導力
06:48
is compatible with good returns.
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有相當好的收益
06:52
So if the returns are the same or better
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所以如果收益相同或更好
06:56
and the planet benefits, wouldn't this be the norm?
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而且給地球帶來好處 為甚麼不把這個當成標準呢?
06:59
Are investors, particularly institutional investors,
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投資者們,尤其是機構投資者
07:02
engaged?
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參與進來了嗎?
07:04
Well, some are,
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嗯,有些吧
07:05
and a few are really at the vanguard.
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有幾個真的是先鋒
07:09
Hesta.
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比如 Hesta
07:10
Hesta is a retirement fund for health
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Hesta 是一個
07:12
and community services employees in Australia,
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澳大利亞的醫療和 社區服務僱員的退休基金
07:15
with assets of 22 billion [dollars].
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有 220 億 [美元]的資產
07:17
They believe that ESG has the potential
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他們相信 ESG 所具有的潛力
07:19
to impact risks and returns,
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去影響風險和收益
07:21
so incorporating it into the investment process
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所以將其納入投資中
07:24
is core to their duty
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是他們職責的核心
07:27
to act in the best interest of fund members,
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基金成員的最佳利益行事
07:29
core to their duty.
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他們的職責的核心
07:30
You gotta love the Aussies, right?
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現在你喜歡上 Aussies 了,對吧?
07:34
CalPERS is another example.
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CalPERS 是另一個例子
07:37
CalPERS is the pension fund
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CalPERS 是一個
07:39
for public employees in California,
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加州公務員的養恤基金
07:41
and with assets of 244 billion [dollars],
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有 2440 億[美元]的資產
07:44
they are the second largest in the U.S.
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他們的資產在美國第二大
07:46
and the sixth largest in the world.
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世界第六大
07:48
Now, they're moving toward 100 percent
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現在他們 100% 地轉向
07:50
sustainable investment
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永續投資
07:52
by systematically integrated ESG
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通過系統地把 ESG
07:54
across the entire fund.
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整合到整個基金
07:56
Why? They believe it's critical
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為什麼呢?他們相信這是關鍵
08:00
to superior long-term returns, full stop.
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超級的長期回報,就是這樣
08:04
In their own words, "long-term value creation
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用他們自己的話來說 “長期價值的創造
08:07
requires the effective management
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需要有效的管理
08:09
of three forms of capital:
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三種形式的資本:
08:11
financial, human, and physical.
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財力、 人力和物力
08:16
This is why we are concerned with ESG."
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這是我們為什麼關心 ESG”
08:20
Now, I do speak to a lot of investors
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我和很多投資者交流過
08:22
as part of my job,
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這成為我工作的一部分
08:24
and not all of them see it this way.
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但不是所有的人這麼看
08:26
Often I hear, "We are required to maximize returns,
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經常聽到 “我們都需要最大限度的收益
08:30
so we don't do that here,"
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所以我們這裡不這麼做”
08:32
or, "We don't want to use the portfolio
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或者,“我們不想使用這個方法
08:34
to make policy statements."
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作為我們的營業政策”
08:37
The one that just really gets under my skin is,
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做讓我反感的一個是
08:39
"If you want to do something about that,
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“如果你想要做甚麼的話
08:42
just make money, give the profits to charities."
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就去努力賺錢,然後 把所有收益都捐給慈善機構”
08:45
It's eyes rolling, eyes rolling.
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我只能翻白眼了
08:49
I mean, let me clarify something right here.
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我的意思是,讓我澄清一下
08:53
Companies and investors are not
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公司和投資者都不是
08:55
singularly responsible for the fate of the planet.
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唯一對地球的命運負責的人
08:58
They don't have indefinite social obligations,
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他們沒有無限期的社會義務
09:01
and prudent investing and finance theory
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和審慎的投資和金融理論
09:03
aren't subordinate to sustainability.
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他們不從屬輿永續
09:05
They're compatible.
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他們是和永續相容的
09:07
So I'm not talking about tradeoffs here.
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所以我不是在這裡 談論他們該如何讓步的
09:12
But institutional investors
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但機構投資者
09:13
are the x-factor in sustainability.
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是在永續發展中的重要因素
09:17
Why do they hold the key?
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他們為什麼掌握著這個權利?
09:19
The answer, quite simply, is, they have the money.
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答案很簡單 是的,他們有很多錢
09:22
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:25
A lot of it.
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很多很多錢
09:28
I mean, a really lot of it.
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真的很多啊
09:29
The global stock market is worth 55 trillion dollars.
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全球證券市場是價值 55 兆美元
09:32
The global bond market, 78 trillion.
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全球債券市場價值 78 兆美元
09:35
That's 133 trillion combined.
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這加起來133 兆美元
09:40
That's eight and a half times the GDP of the U.S.
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是美國 GDP 的八倍半
09:43
That's the world's largest economy.
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這是世界最大的經濟體
09:45
That's some serious freaking firepower.
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這就是一些重火力
09:49
So we can reconsider
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所以我們需要重新考慮
09:51
some of these pressing challenges,
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這些緊迫的挑戰
09:53
like fresh water, clean air,
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像新鮮的水源,清潔的空氣
09:56
feeding 10 billion mouths,
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供 100 億人享用
09:58
if institutional investors
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如果機構投資者
09:59
integrated ESG into investment.
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把 ESG 整合到投資裡面
10:02
What if they used that firepower
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如果他們用那火力
10:04
to allocate more of their capital
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去分配更多他們的資本
10:06
to companies working the hardest
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到刻苦工作
10:07
at solving these challenges
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去解決這些挑戰的公司
10:09
or at least not exacerbating them?
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或至少不加重他們的負擔呢?
10:12
What if we work and save and invest,
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如果我們工作、儲蓄和投資
10:17
only to find that the world we retire into
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僅僅是為了我們退休的地方
10:20
is more stressed and less secure than it is now?
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比現在更艱難、更沒安全感?
10:24
What if there isn't enough clean air and fresh water?
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如果沒有足夠的、清潔的 空氣和新鮮的水怎麼辦?
10:29
Now a fair question might be,
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現在的一個問題是
10:31
what if all this sustainability risk stuff
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如果威脅永續發展的這些事情
10:33
is exaggerated, overstated, it's not urgent,
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是被誇大,強調了,並不是緊急的
10:37
something for virtuous consumers
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良性消費者那些事
10:40
or lifestyle choice?
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或是生活方式的選擇呢?
10:42
Well, President John F. Kennedy said something
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嗯約翰 · 甘迺迪總統說
10:44
about this that is just spot on:
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下面的話可以用在這裡:
10:48
"There are risks and costs to a program of action,
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“一些行動是需要風險和代價的
10:52
but they are far less than the long-range risks
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但是他們不如為了舒適的不作為
10:54
and costs of comfortable inaction."
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更具有風險和需要代價。”
10:59
I can appreciate that there is estimation risk in this,
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我可以理解在永續發展中會有一些風險
11:02
but since this is based on widespread scientific consensus,
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但因為這是基於廣泛的科學共識之上的
11:06
the odds that it's not completely wrong
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它就不是完全錯誤的
11:09
are better than the odds
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它出錯的幾率
11:10
that our house will burn down
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比我們房子被燒幾率小
11:12
or we'll get in a car accident.
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或者比我們遭遇車禍的幾率小
11:14
Well, maybe not if you live in Boston. (Laughter)
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如果你不是生活在波士頓的話(笑聲)
11:18
But my point is that we buy insurance
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我想說的是我們買保險
11:21
to protect ourselves financially
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來保護我們的財政
11:23
in case those things happen, right?
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以防那些事情發生,對吧?
11:26
So by investing sustainably
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通過給永續投資
11:28
we're doing two things.
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我們在做兩件事
11:30
We're creating insurance,
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我們要創建保險
11:32
reducing the risk to our planet and to our economy,
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為我們的星球,我們的經濟降低風險
11:36
and at the same time, in the short term,
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同時在短期內
11:38
we're not sacrificing performance.
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我們不至於犧牲它的性能
11:41
[Man in comic: "What if it's a big hoax and we create a better world for nothing?"]
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[漫畫的人:"如果它是一個大騙局,我們創造了更好的世界卻沒有回報怎麼辦?"]
11:46
Good, you like it. I like it too.
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好的,你們喜歡它,我也喜歡它
11:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:49
I like it because it pokes fun
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我喜歡它,因為它諷刺
11:51
at both sides of the climate change issue.
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在氣候變化問題的雙方
11:54
I bet you can't guess which side I'm on.
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我打賭你不能猜我在哪一邊
11:57
But what I really like about it
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但我真的很喜歡它
11:59
is that it reminds me of something Mark Twain said,
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是它讓我想起馬克 · 吐溫說
12:02
which is, "Plan for the future,
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就是“要為未來做計劃
12:04
because that's where you're going to spend
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因為那是你
12:06
the rest of your life."
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要渡過餘生的地方。”
12:08
Thank you.
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謝謝
12:10
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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