A smart new business loan for people with no credit | Shivani Siroya

175,822 views ・ 2016-05-18

TED


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翻译人员: Yolanda Wei 校对人员: Gu Yu
00:12
How much do you need to know about a person
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你需要多了解一个人
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable making a loan?
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才能放心地借钱给他?
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
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假设你想借出1000美金
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
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给那个和你坐着隔着两行的人
00:23
What would you need to know about that person
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你需要知道这个人的哪些信息
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
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你才能感到放心呢?
00:27
My mom came to the US from India in her late thirties.
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我妈妈在她三十多岁 的时候从印度来到美国
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
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她是布鲁克林的一名医生
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors come to see her for health services,
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她也经常为她的朋友 和邻居提供健康服务
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
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不管他们能不能立刻付款
00:39
I remember running into her patients with her at the grocery store
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我记得有一次 和她在食品杂货店或者是在人行道上
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
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遇到她的病人
00:44
and sometimes they would come and pay her right on the spot
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有时他们会立刻向她付款
00:47
for previous appointments.
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而且预约
00:48
She would thank them,
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她会向他们表示感谢
00:49
and ask them about their families and their health.
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还问他们家庭和健康的情况
00:53
She gave them credit because she trusted them.
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她借钱给他们是因为她相信他们
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
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我们中的大多数就像我的妈妈
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
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我们会借钱给我们认识的人
01:02
or that we live next to.
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或是住在我们附近的人
01:04
But most of us are probably not going to lend to a stranger
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但是我们中的多数人 不会借钱给陌生人
01:07
unless we know a little something about them.
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除非我们对他们有一定的了解
01:11
Banks, credit card companies and other financial institutions
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银行、信用卡公司和其它金融机构
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
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不是在个人的层面了解我们
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
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但他们有信任我们的一套方法
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
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就是通过我们的信用评分
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
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我们的信用评分
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis of our public consumer credit data.
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从对我们的消费者信贷资料 的整合和分析中产生
01:29
And because of them, we have pretty much easy access
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而且因为它,我们能更容易
01:32
to all of the goods and services that we need,
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获得我们需要的商品和服务
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
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从用电到买房
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
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到承担风险去开办公司
01:41
But ...
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但是
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people around the world
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世界上有25亿的人
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
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没有信用评分
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
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这就相当于世界人口的1/3
01:52
They don't have a score
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他们没有评分
01:54
because there are no formal public records on them --
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是因为他们没有正式的公共记录
01:57
no bank accounts,
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——没有银行账号
01:58
no credit histories
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没有信用记录
02:00
and no social security numbers.
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没有社保账号
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
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而且因为他们没有信用评分
02:04
they don't have access to the credit or financial products
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他们不能获得
02:08
that can improve their lives.
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可以提高他们生活品质 的贷款和金融产品
02:11
They are not trusted.
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他们不被信任
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
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所以我们想要探索方法去建立信用
02:18
and to open up financial access for these 2.5 billion.
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让这25亿人获得各种金融产品
02:22
So we created a mobile application
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所以我们创造了一个手机应用
02:25
that builds credit scores for them using mobile data.
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可以帮他们通过移动数据 建立信用评分
02:30
There are currently over one billion smartphones in emerging markets.
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目前在新兴市场上有 超过10亿的智能手机
02:34
And people are using them the same way that we do.
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人们和我们一样在使用他们
02:38
They're texting their friends, they're looking up directions,
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他们也给朋友发短信 也看地图查方向
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
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他们也浏览互联网
02:42
and they're even making financial transactions.
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他们甚至进行金融转账
02:45
Over time, this data is getting captured on our phones,
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长久以来, 这些数据都存在我们的手机里
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture of a person's life.
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它能提供关于一个人生活的全面的图景
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
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我们的顾客允许我们获得这些信息
02:55
and we capture it through our mobile application.
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我们通过手机应用获得它
02:58
It helps us understand the creditworthiness
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它帮助我们了解
03:01
of people like Jenipher, a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
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像肯尼亚内罗毕的小生意人— 詹妮弗的信誉度
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades has been running a food stall
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詹妮弗现在65岁
03:11
in the central business district.
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经营一个 在中心商业区的食品摊位数十年
03:13
She has three sons who she put through vocational school,
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她把她的三个儿子都送到了职业学校
03:17
and she's also the leader of her local chama,
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她也是当地协会和节能团队
03:19
or savings group.
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的负责人
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
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詹妮弗的食品摊位生意红火
03:23
She makes just enough every day to cover her expenses.
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她每天能赚足够一天开销的钱
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
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但是她没有经济的保障
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
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任何紧急情况的发生 都会让她陷入债务
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
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而且她没有可以自由支配的收入
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
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去提高她的家庭的生活水平
03:37
for emergencies,
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应对紧急状况
03:38
or for investing into growing her business.
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或者投资去扩展她的生意
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit, her options are limited.
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假如詹妮弗想要贷款 她的选择也很有限
03:45
She could get a microloan,
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她可以申请微贷款
03:47
but she'd have to form a group that could help vouch for her credibility.
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但是她一定要组织一个团队 来帮助保证她的可信度
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes would be way too small
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而且即使如此, 她能贷款的额度也非常小
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
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以至于不能真正改善她的生意
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
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——只有平均150美元
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
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高利贷总是一个选择
04:02
but with interest rates that are well above 300 percent,
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但是他们的利息率在300%以上
04:06
they're financially risky.
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这是经济上的冒险
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have collateral or a credit history,
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而且因为詹妮弗 没有抵押或者信用记录
04:12
she can't walk into a bank and ask for a business loan.
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她不能到银行去申请商业贷款
04:16
But one day,
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但是一天
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her to download our application
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詹妮弗的儿子说服她 下载了我们的应用
04:21
and apply for a loan.
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并申请了一笔贷款
04:23
Jenipher answered a few questions on her phone
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詹妮弗用她的手机回答了几个问题
04:25
and she gave us access to a few key data points on her device.
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并给了我们使用她手机上 几个关键数据的权限
04:30
And here's what we saw.
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这就是我们看到的
04:32
So, bad news first.
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那么,先说坏消息
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance and no previous loan history.
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詹妮弗储蓄余额低 之前也没有贷款历史
04:40
These are factors
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他们是
04:41
that would have thrown up a red flag to a traditional bank.
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传统银行拒绝贷款的原因
04:44
But there were other points in her history that showed us
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但是她的历史中有几点
04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
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向我们更全面地展示了她的潜能
04:51
So for one,
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第一点
04:52
we saw that she made regular phone calls to her family in Uganda.
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我们看到她定期 给乌干达的家人打电话
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
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数据显示
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
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那些经常和亲密的联系人联系的人
05:02
among people who consistently communicate with a few close contacts.
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偿还贷款的可能性要高4%
05:08
We could also see
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我们同时也能看到
05:09
that though she traveled around a lot throughout the day,
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虽然她一天会去到很多地方
05:12
she actually had pretty regular travel patterns,
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她实际上有相对固定的路线
05:15
and she was either at home or at her food stall.
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不是在家里就是在食品摊位
05:19
And the data shows a six percent increase in repayment
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数据显示
05:23
among customers who are consistent
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生活路线规律的人
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
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偿还贷款的可能性要高6%
05:29
We could also see that she communicated a lot
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我们也能看到
05:31
with many different people throughout the day
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她一天和很多不同的人交流
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
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也就是她有很强的支持网络
05:37
Our data shows
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我们的数据显示
05:38
that people who communicate with more than 58 different contacts
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和超过58个不同的人联系的人
05:43
tend to be more likely to be good borrowers.
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更容易是及时还款的贷款者
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
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在詹妮弗的情况中
05:47
she communicated with 89 different individuals,
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她和89个不同的联系人交流
05:51
which showed a nine percent increase in her repayment.
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她的偿还可能性又提高了9%
05:55
These are just some of the thousands of different data points
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这只是上千个我们用来
05:59
that we look at to understand a person's creditworthiness.
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了解一个人的信誉度的 不同数据中的一部分
06:03
And after analyzing all of these different data points,
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在分析所有的数据之后
06:06
we took the first risk
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我们走出了第一步
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
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向詹妮弗提供了贷款
06:11
This is data that would not be found on a paper trail
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这些数据不会体现在书面记录
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
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或者其他形式的经济记录中
06:17
But it proves trust.
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但它证明了信任
06:20
By looking beyond income,
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通过看收入以外的方面
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
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我们发现在新兴市场中的人们
06:24
that may seem risky and unpredictable on the surface
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表面上看来有风险、不可预测
06:28
are actually willing and have the capacity to repay.
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但实际上愿意而且有能力去偿还贷款
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver over 200,000 loans in Kenya
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我们的信用评分帮助我们 仅仅在去年一年
06:38
in just the past year.
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在肯尼亚借出超过二十万笔贷款
06:40
And our repayment rates are above 90 percent --
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我们的偿还贷款的比率在90%以上
06:43
which, by the way, is in line with traditional bank repayment rates.
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——也就是传统银行的偿还率
06:49
With something as simple as a credit score,
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通过一些像信用评分一样简单的东西
06:52
we're giving people the power to build their own futures.
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我们给人们建设自己未来的能力
06:56
Our customers have used their loans for family expenses,
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我们的顾客用贷款支付家庭开支、
06:59
emergencies, travel
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紧急情况、旅游、
07:01
and for investing back into growing their businesses.
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投资扩展自己的生意
07:05
They're now building better economies and communities
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他们正在建设更加繁荣的经济和社会
07:09
where more people can succeed.
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在这个社会中更多的人能取得成功
07:12
Over the past two years of using our product,
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通过过去两年使用我们的产品
07:15
Jenipher has increased her savings by 60 percent.
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詹妮弗的存款增加了60%
07:19
She's also started two additional food stalls
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她也开始了两个额外的食品摊位
07:22
and is now making plans for her own restaurant.
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而且正在计划开自己的餐馆
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan from a commercial bank,
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她正在从商业银行申请小企业贷款
07:28
because she now has the credit history to prove she deserves it.
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因为她现在有了 能够证明自己的资格的信用历史
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
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我上星期在内罗毕见到了詹妮弗
07:36
and she told me how excited she was to get started.
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她告诉我她能着手准备有多激动
07:40
She said,
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她说:
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this. I didn't think this was for me."
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“只有我儿子相信我能做到这些, 我都不相信这些都是为我准备的。”
07:48
She's lived her whole life
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她曾经以为一部分世界的大门
07:50
believing that there was a part of the world that was closed off to her.
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已经向她关闭了
07:55
Our job now is to open the world to Jenipher
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我们的工作就是 向詹妮弗以及像她一样的
07:59
and the billions like her that deserve to be trusted.
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值得被信任的几十亿人口 打开世界的大门
08:04
Thank you.
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谢谢
08:05
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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