A smart new business loan for people with no credit | Shivani Siroya

176,071 views ・ 2016-05-18

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Yolanda Wei 校对人员: Gu Yu
00:12
How much do you need to know about a person
0
12837
2001
你需要多了解一个人
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable making a loan?
1
14862
2534
才能放心地借钱给他?
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
2
18044
2455
假设你想借出1000美金
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
3
20523
2314
给那个和你坐着隔着两行的人
00:23
What would you need to know about that person
4
23190
2132
你需要知道这个人的哪些信息
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
5
25346
1921
你才能感到放心呢?
00:27
My mom came to the US from India in her late thirties.
6
27291
3924
我妈妈在她三十多岁 的时候从印度来到美国
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
7
31614
1432
她是布鲁克林的一名医生
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors come to see her for health services,
8
33070
4223
她也经常为她的朋友 和邻居提供健康服务
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
9
37317
2229
不管他们能不能立刻付款
00:39
I remember running into her patients with her at the grocery store
10
39955
3207
我记得有一次 和她在食品杂货店或者是在人行道上
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
11
43186
1151
遇到她的病人
00:44
and sometimes they would come and pay her right on the spot
12
44361
2840
有时他们会立刻向她付款
00:47
for previous appointments.
13
47225
1358
而且预约
00:48
She would thank them,
14
48607
1239
她会向他们表示感谢
00:49
and ask them about their families and their health.
15
49870
2721
还问他们家庭和健康的情况
00:53
She gave them credit because she trusted them.
16
53466
3252
她借钱给他们是因为她相信他们
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
17
57122
2367
我们中的大多数就像我的妈妈
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
18
59899
2863
我们会借钱给我们认识的人
01:02
or that we live next to.
19
62786
1396
或是住在我们附近的人
01:04
But most of us are probably not going to lend to a stranger
20
64206
3704
但是我们中的多数人 不会借钱给陌生人
01:07
unless we know a little something about them.
21
67934
3066
除非我们对他们有一定的了解
01:11
Banks, credit card companies and other financial institutions
22
71634
3703
银行、信用卡公司和其它金融机构
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
23
75361
2260
不是在个人的层面了解我们
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
24
77645
2879
但他们有信任我们的一套方法
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
25
80548
2461
就是通过我们的信用评分
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
26
83033
1995
我们的信用评分
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis of our public consumer credit data.
27
85052
4520
从对我们的消费者信贷资料 的整合和分析中产生
01:29
And because of them, we have pretty much easy access
28
89596
3241
而且因为它,我们能更容易
01:32
to all of the goods and services that we need,
29
92861
2444
获得我们需要的商品和服务
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
30
95329
2844
从用电到买房
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
31
98197
2457
到承担风险去开办公司
01:41
But ...
32
101561
1161
但是
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people around the world
33
102746
4367
世界上有25亿的人
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
34
107137
2086
没有信用评分
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
35
109247
3024
这就相当于世界人口的1/3
01:52
They don't have a score
36
112930
1255
他们没有评分
01:54
because there are no formal public records on them --
37
114209
3261
是因为他们没有正式的公共记录
01:57
no bank accounts,
38
117494
1364
——没有银行账号
01:58
no credit histories
39
118882
1494
没有信用记录
02:00
and no social security numbers.
40
120400
2058
没有社保账号
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
41
122482
1719
而且因为他们没有信用评分
02:04
they don't have access to the credit or financial products
42
124225
4651
他们不能获得
02:08
that can improve their lives.
43
128900
1846
可以提高他们生活品质 的贷款和金融产品
02:11
They are not trusted.
44
131509
2062
他们不被信任
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
45
134968
3170
所以我们想要探索方法去建立信用
02:18
and to open up financial access for these 2.5 billion.
46
138162
4051
让这25亿人获得各种金融产品
02:22
So we created a mobile application
47
142772
2466
所以我们创造了一个手机应用
02:25
that builds credit scores for them using mobile data.
48
145262
4290
可以帮他们通过移动数据 建立信用评分
02:30
There are currently over one billion smartphones in emerging markets.
49
150345
4456
目前在新兴市场上有 超过10亿的智能手机
02:34
And people are using them the same way that we do.
50
154825
2988
人们和我们一样在使用他们
02:38
They're texting their friends, they're looking up directions,
51
158235
2969
他们也给朋友发短信 也看地图查方向
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
52
161228
1412
他们也浏览互联网
02:42
and they're even making financial transactions.
53
162664
2479
他们甚至进行金融转账
02:45
Over time, this data is getting captured on our phones,
54
165167
3186
长久以来, 这些数据都存在我们的手机里
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture of a person's life.
55
168377
3795
它能提供关于一个人生活的全面的图景
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
56
173132
2176
我们的顾客允许我们获得这些信息
02:55
and we capture it through our mobile application.
57
175332
3110
我们通过手机应用获得它
02:58
It helps us understand the creditworthiness
58
178466
2644
它帮助我们了解
03:01
of people like Jenipher, a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
59
181134
4701
像肯尼亚内罗毕的小生意人— 詹妮弗的信誉度
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades has been running a food stall
60
186290
4883
詹妮弗现在65岁
03:11
in the central business district.
61
191197
2058
经营一个 在中心商业区的食品摊位数十年
03:13
She has three sons who she put through vocational school,
62
193897
3199
她把她的三个儿子都送到了职业学校
03:17
and she's also the leader of her local chama,
63
197120
2524
她也是当地协会和节能团队
03:19
or savings group.
64
199668
1463
的负责人
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
65
201609
1923
詹妮弗的食品摊位生意红火
03:23
She makes just enough every day to cover her expenses.
66
203556
3444
她每天能赚足够一天开销的钱
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
67
207024
2368
但是她没有经济的保障
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
68
209842
2740
任何紧急情况的发生 都会让她陷入债务
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
69
212887
1847
而且她没有可以自由支配的收入
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
70
214758
2238
去提高她的家庭的生活水平
03:37
for emergencies,
71
217020
1239
应对紧急状况
03:38
or for investing into growing her business.
72
218283
2673
或者投资去扩展她的生意
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit, her options are limited.
73
222065
3226
假如詹妮弗想要贷款 她的选择也很有限
03:45
She could get a microloan,
74
225733
1378
她可以申请微贷款
03:47
but she'd have to form a group that could help vouch for her credibility.
75
227135
3844
但是她一定要组织一个团队 来帮助保证她的可信度
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes would be way too small
76
231003
2972
而且即使如此, 她能贷款的额度也非常小
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
77
233999
2257
以至于不能真正改善她的生意
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
78
236280
2288
——只有平均150美元
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
79
239525
2518
高利贷总是一个选择
04:02
but with interest rates that are well above 300 percent,
80
242067
3950
但是他们的利息率在300%以上
04:06
they're financially risky.
81
246041
1554
这是经济上的冒险
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have collateral or a credit history,
82
248079
3985
而且因为詹妮弗 没有抵押或者信用记录
04:12
she can't walk into a bank and ask for a business loan.
83
252088
3787
她不能到银行去申请商业贷款
04:16
But one day,
84
256331
1323
但是一天
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her to download our application
85
257678
3978
詹妮弗的儿子说服她 下载了我们的应用
04:21
and apply for a loan.
86
261680
1251
并申请了一笔贷款
04:23
Jenipher answered a few questions on her phone
87
263407
2539
詹妮弗用她的手机回答了几个问题
04:25
and she gave us access to a few key data points on her device.
88
265970
3994
并给了我们使用她手机上 几个关键数据的权限
04:30
And here's what we saw.
89
270561
1338
这就是我们看到的
04:32
So, bad news first.
90
272392
1499
那么,先说坏消息
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance and no previous loan history.
91
274996
4766
詹妮弗储蓄余额低 之前也没有贷款历史
04:40
These are factors
92
280395
1151
他们是
04:41
that would have thrown up a red flag to a traditional bank.
93
281570
3026
传统银行拒绝贷款的原因
04:44
But there were other points in her history that showed us
94
284620
2731
但是她的历史中有几点
04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
95
287375
3331
向我们更全面地展示了她的潜能
04:51
So for one,
96
291342
1151
第一点
04:52
we saw that she made regular phone calls to her family in Uganda.
97
292517
3855
我们看到她定期 给乌干达的家人打电话
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
98
297629
2457
数据显示
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
99
300110
2734
那些经常和亲密的联系人联系的人
05:02
among people who consistently communicate with a few close contacts.
100
302868
4736
偿还贷款的可能性要高4%
05:08
We could also see
101
308657
1159
我们同时也能看到
05:09
that though she traveled around a lot throughout the day,
102
309840
2808
虽然她一天会去到很多地方
05:12
she actually had pretty regular travel patterns,
103
312672
2731
她实际上有相对固定的路线
05:15
and she was either at home or at her food stall.
104
315427
3135
不是在家里就是在食品摊位
05:19
And the data shows a six percent increase in repayment
105
319315
3987
数据显示
05:23
among customers who are consistent
106
323326
2387
生活路线规律的人
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
107
325737
2609
偿还贷款的可能性要高6%
05:29
We could also see that she communicated a lot
108
329349
2581
我们也能看到
05:31
with many different people throughout the day
109
331954
2348
她一天和很多不同的人交流
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
110
334326
2342
也就是她有很强的支持网络
05:37
Our data shows
111
337287
1393
我们的数据显示
05:38
that people who communicate with more than 58 different contacts
112
338704
4680
和超过58个不同的人联系的人
05:43
tend to be more likely to be good borrowers.
113
343408
2901
更容易是及时还款的贷款者
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
114
346333
1269
在詹妮弗的情况中
05:47
she communicated with 89 different individuals,
115
347626
4043
她和89个不同的联系人交流
05:51
which showed a nine percent increase in her repayment.
116
351693
3251
她的偿还可能性又提高了9%
05:55
These are just some of the thousands of different data points
117
355888
3767
这只是上千个我们用来
05:59
that we look at to understand a person's creditworthiness.
118
359679
3233
了解一个人的信誉度的 不同数据中的一部分
06:03
And after analyzing all of these different data points,
119
363397
3073
在分析所有的数据之后
06:06
we took the first risk
120
366494
1972
我们走出了第一步
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
121
368490
2043
向詹妮弗提供了贷款
06:11
This is data that would not be found on a paper trail
122
371370
3326
这些数据不会体现在书面记录
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
123
374720
2568
或者其他形式的经济记录中
06:17
But it proves trust.
124
377720
1788
但它证明了信任
06:20
By looking beyond income,
125
380193
1977
通过看收入以外的方面
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
126
382194
2157
我们发现在新兴市场中的人们
06:24
that may seem risky and unpredictable on the surface
127
384375
3669
表面上看来有风险、不可预测
06:28
are actually willing and have the capacity to repay.
128
388068
4226
但实际上愿意而且有能力去偿还贷款
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver over 200,000 loans in Kenya
129
393334
5185
我们的信用评分帮助我们 仅仅在去年一年
06:38
in just the past year.
130
398543
1597
在肯尼亚借出超过二十万笔贷款
06:40
And our repayment rates are above 90 percent --
131
400164
3302
我们的偿还贷款的比率在90%以上
06:43
which, by the way, is in line with traditional bank repayment rates.
132
403490
5295
——也就是传统银行的偿还率
06:49
With something as simple as a credit score,
133
409564
2909
通过一些像信用评分一样简单的东西
06:52
we're giving people the power to build their own futures.
134
412497
3515
我们给人们建设自己未来的能力
06:56
Our customers have used their loans for family expenses,
135
416647
3307
我们的顾客用贷款支付家庭开支、
06:59
emergencies, travel
136
419978
1857
紧急情况、旅游、
07:01
and for investing back into growing their businesses.
137
421859
2972
投资扩展自己的生意
07:05
They're now building better economies and communities
138
425792
3472
他们正在建设更加繁荣的经济和社会
07:09
where more people can succeed.
139
429288
2324
在这个社会中更多的人能取得成功
07:12
Over the past two years of using our product,
140
432664
2728
通过过去两年使用我们的产品
07:15
Jenipher has increased her savings by 60 percent.
141
435416
4184
詹妮弗的存款增加了60%
07:19
She's also started two additional food stalls
142
439624
2652
她也开始了两个额外的食品摊位
07:22
and is now making plans for her own restaurant.
143
442300
3077
而且正在计划开自己的餐馆
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan from a commercial bank,
144
445401
3404
她正在从商业银行申请小企业贷款
07:28
because she now has the credit history to prove she deserves it.
145
448829
4725
因为她现在有了 能够证明自己的资格的信用历史
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
146
454038
2915
我上星期在内罗毕见到了詹妮弗
07:36
and she told me how excited she was to get started.
147
456977
3251
她告诉我她能着手准备有多激动
07:40
She said,
148
460252
1288
她说:
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this. I didn't think this was for me."
149
462178
5479
“只有我儿子相信我能做到这些, 我都不相信这些都是为我准备的。”
07:48
She's lived her whole life
150
468250
2286
她曾经以为一部分世界的大门
07:50
believing that there was a part of the world that was closed off to her.
151
470560
4293
已经向她关闭了
07:55
Our job now is to open the world to Jenipher
152
475536
4356
我们的工作就是 向詹妮弗以及像她一样的
07:59
and the billions like her that deserve to be trusted.
153
479916
4195
值得被信任的几十亿人口 打开世界的大门
08:04
Thank you.
154
484135
1159
谢谢
08:05
(Applause)
155
485318
4332
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7