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譯者: Kuan-Yi Li
審譯者: SF Huang
00:12
How much do you need
to know about a person
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你要多瞭解一個人,
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable
making a loan?
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才能夠放心地借他錢?
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
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假如要你出借 1,000 美金
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
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給坐你後兩排的人。
00:23
What would you need to know
about that person
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你需要先知道哪些資訊,
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
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才能夠放心呢?
00:27
My mom came to the US from India
in her late thirties.
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我的母親在快四十歲時
從印度來到美國。
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
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她是布魯克林的醫生。
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors
come to see her for health services,
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她經常為朋友、
街坊鄰居提供健康服務,
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
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無論他們是否有能力當場付錢。
00:39
I remember running into her patients
with her at the grocery store
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記得曾和她在路上
遇到病人──在雜貨店
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
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或人行道上──
00:44
and sometimes they would come
and pay her right on the spot
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有時候他們會當場掏錢,
00:47
for previous appointments.
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付上次看病的費用。
00:48
She would thank them,
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她會說謝謝,
00:49
and ask them about their families
and their health.
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然後聊聊對方的家庭和健康。
00:53
She gave them credit
because she trusted them.
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她讓他們賒帳,因為她信任他們。
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
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多數人就跟我母親一樣。
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
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我們會借錢給熟識的人,
01:02
or that we live next to.
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或身邊的人。
01:04
But most of us are probably not
going to lend to a stranger
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但大部分的人大概
不會借錢給陌生人,
01:07
unless we know a little
something about them.
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除非我們某種程度地瞭解對方。
01:11
Banks, credit card companies
and other financial institutions
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銀行、信用卡公司和其他金融機構
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
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並不認識我們個人,
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
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但他們有種信任機制,
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
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便是透過我們的信用積分。
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
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信用積分的建立,
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis
of our public consumer credit data.
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是透過彙整與分析公開消費資訊所得到的結果。
01:29
And because of them, we have
pretty much easy access
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因為有它,我們有了方便的管道
01:32
to all of the goods
and services that we need,
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獲得各式各樣的商品和服務,
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
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從獲取電力到購買房子,
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
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或是冒點風險創立事業。
01:41
But ...
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然而,
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people
around the world
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全球約有 25 億人
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
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沒有信用積分。
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
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這佔了世界三分之一的人口。
01:52
They don't have a score
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他們沒有積分,
01:54
because there are no formal
public records on them --
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因為缺乏正式的公開紀錄──
01:57
no bank accounts,
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沒有銀行帳戶、
01:58
no credit histories
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沒有信用記錄、
02:00
and no social security numbers.
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沒有社會保險號碼。
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
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因為他們沒有積分,
02:04
they don't have access
to the credit or financial products
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他們沒機會接觸信用或金融商品,
02:08
that can improve their lives.
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也無從以此改善生活。
02:11
They are not trusted.
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他們不被信任。
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
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所以我們想要找到建立信任的方法,
02:18
and to open up financial access
for these 2.5 billion.
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對這25億人打開金融的大門。
02:22
So we created a mobile application
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我們做了一個手機應用程式,
02:25
that builds credit scores for them
using mobile data.
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利用手機資料
來創造他們的信用積分。
02:30
There are currently over one billion
smartphones in emerging markets.
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目前在新興市場,
有超過 10 億支智慧型手機。
02:34
And people are using them
the same way that we do.
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使用方式和我們沒什麼不同。
02:38
They're texting their friends,
they're looking up directions,
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他們傳訊給朋友、查地圖、
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
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瀏覽網頁,
02:42
and they're even making
financial transactions.
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甚至用手機進行交易。
02:45
Over time, this data is getting
captured on our phones,
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這些資料會不斷地
被擷取、紀錄下來,
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture
of a person's life.
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並活靈活現地描繪出
一個人生活的樣貌。
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
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客戶授權我們取用這些資料,
02:55
and we capture it
through our mobile application.
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讓我們用手機程式記錄下來。
02:58
It helps us understand
the creditworthiness
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它幫助我們瞭解一個人的信譽。
03:01
of people like Jenipher,
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
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例如:珍妮佛──
一位在肯亞奈洛比的小企業主。
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades
has been running a food stall
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珍妮佛 65 歲,幾十年來
都經營著一家食物攤,
03:11
in the central business district.
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就位於中心商業區。
03:13
She has three sons who she put
through vocational school,
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她有三個讀了職校的兒子,
03:17
and she's also the leader
of her local chama,
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她同時也領導著當地的
03:19
or savings group.
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地區性儲蓄團體。
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
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珍妮佛的食物攤經營得不錯。
03:23
She makes just enough every day
to cover her expenses.
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她每天的收入恰好能應付支出。
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
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但她經濟上並不安全。
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
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突發事件可能把她打入負債。
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
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而她沒有多餘的收入,
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
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來改善家裡的生活、
03:37
for emergencies,
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應付突發狀況,
03:38
or for investing
into growing her business.
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或是投資、擴展自己的事業。
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit,
her options are limited.
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若珍妮佛想要積分,她沒什麼選擇。
03:45
She could get a microloan,
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她可以申請小額貸款,
03:47
but she'd have to form a group
that could help vouch for her credibility.
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但她必須先找一群人
來做她的保證人。
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes
would be way too small
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即便成功,貸款金額還是太低,
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
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無法對事業有實質上的幫助──
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
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放款金額平均 150 美金。
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
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地下錢莊當然是個選擇,
04:02
but with interest rates
that are well above 300 percent,
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但遠超過 300% 的利率,
04:06
they're financially risky.
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風險實在太高了。
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have
collateral or a credit history,
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且因為珍妮佛沒有
抵押品或信用記錄,
04:12
she can't walk into a bank
and ask for a business loan.
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她無法向銀行申請企業貸款。
04:16
But one day,
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但某天,
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her
to download our application
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珍妮佛的兒子說服她
下載了我們的應用程式
04:21
and apply for a loan.
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並申請貸款。
04:23
Jenipher answered a few
questions on her phone
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珍妮佛在手機上回答了幾個問題,
04:25
and she gave us access to a few
key data points on her device.
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然後授權我們取用
一些手機上的關鍵資料。
04:30
And here's what we saw.
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這是我們看到的。
04:32
So, bad news first.
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先說壞消息。
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance
and no previous loan history.
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珍妮佛存款偏低,
沒有過往的借貸紀錄。
04:40
These are factors
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這些因素
04:41
that would have thrown up
a red flag to a traditional bank.
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在傳統銀行就很不樂觀。
04:44
But there were other points
in her history that showed us
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但她紀錄中的其他部分,
04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
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顯現出了她的潛力。
04:51
So for one,
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首先,
04:52
we saw that she made regular
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
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她很有規律地打電話
給在烏干達的家人。
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
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而統計資料顯示,
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
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還款機率將有 4% 的提升──
05:02
among people who consistently
communicate with a few close contacts.
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如果這個人跟親近的人
有持續性的聯絡。
05:08
We could also see
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我們還發現,
05:09
that though she traveled
around a lot throughout the day,
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儘管她整天會在各處奔走,
05:12
she actually had pretty
regular travel patterns,
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她的行動模式其實蠻固定的,
05:15
and she was either at home
or at her food stall.
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不是在家就是在她的攤位。
05:19
And the data shows
a six percent increase in repayment
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資料顯示,
還款機率將有 6% 的提升──
05:23
among customers who are consistent
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如果這個人
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
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把大部分時間花在固定地方。
05:29
We could also see
that she communicated a lot
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我們也能看到她的互動很多,
05:31
with many different people
throughout the day
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在生活中和不同的人接觸,
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
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擁有強健的社群支持。
05:37
Our data shows
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資料顯示,
05:38
that people who communicate
with more than 58 different contacts
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和超過 58 人有互動的人,
05:43
tend to be more likely
to be good borrowers.
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較有可能是好的借款人。
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
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珍妮佛的案例中,
05:47
she communicated
with 89 different individuals,
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她和 89 人有過互動,
05:51
which showed a nine percent
increase in her repayment.
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還款機率因此有 9% 的提升。
05:55
These are just some of the thousands
of different data points
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這只是資料滄海中之一粟。
05:59
that we look at to understand
a person's creditworthiness.
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我們用大量的資料
深入瞭解一個人的信譽。
06:03
And after analyzing all
of these different data points,
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分析完所有的資料後,
06:06
we took the first risk
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我們跨出冒險的第一步,
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
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給了珍妮佛一筆貸款。
06:11
This is data that would not
be found on a paper trail
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這樣的資訊無法在書面上,
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
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或是金融紀錄裡面找到。
06:17
But it proves trust.
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但它構築出信任。
06:20
By looking beyond income,
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將目光放遠不侷限於收入,
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
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我們看見新興市場中的人們,
06:24
that may seem risky
and unpredictable on the surface
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他們表面上看起來
放款風險高、難以預測,
06:28
are actually willing and have
the capacity to repay.
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但事實上具有還款意願及能力。
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
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我們的信用積分,已幫我們
在肯亞釋放出 200,000 份貸款──
06:38
in just the past year.
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僅僅在去年。
06:40
And our repayment rates
are above 90 percent --
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我們的還款率超過了 90%──
06:43
which, by the way, is in line
with traditional bank repayment rates.
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和傳統銀行的還款率並駕齊驅。
06:49
With something as simple
as a credit score,
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信用積分看似微不足道,
06:52
we're giving people the power
to build their own futures.
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卻賦予人們建構自己未來的力量。
06:56
Our customers have used
their loans for family expenses,
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我們的客戶把這些貸款
拿來支付家庭開銷、
06:59
emergencies, travel
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突發狀況、旅遊,
07:01
and for investing back
into growing their businesses.
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以及投資發展他們的事業。
07:05
They're now building better
economies and communities
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他們正打造更好的經濟及社區,
07:09
where more people can succeed.
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讓更多的人能夠成功。
07:12
Over the past two years
of using our product,
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採用我們產品的過去兩年,
07:15
Jenipher has increased
her savings by 60 percent.
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珍妮佛的存款增加了 60%。
07:19
She's also started
two additional food stalls
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她還開了另外兩個食物攤,
07:22
and is now making plans
for her own restaurant.
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並打算開自己的餐廳。
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan
from a commercial bank,
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她正向商業銀行申請小型企業貸款,
07:28
because she now has the credit history
to prove she deserves it.
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因為如今她已經有
信用記錄證明她具備資格。
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
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上週我在奈洛比見到了珍妮佛,
07:36
and she told me how excited
she was to get started.
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她向我表達她當初的興奮之情。
07:40
She said,
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她說:
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this.
I didn't think this was for me."
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「只有我兒子相信我能做到。
我不敢相信這一切屬於我。」
07:48
She's lived her whole life
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她活著的大半生,
07:50
believing that there was a part
of the world that was closed off to her.
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都認為某部分的世界並不屬於她。
07:55
Our job now is to open
the world to Jenipher
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我們的使命便是向珍妮佛,
07:59
and the billions like her
that deserve to be trusted.
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還有許許多多值得相信的人,
敞開世界的大門。
08:04
Thank you.
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謝謝。
08:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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