Amanda Burden: How public spaces make cities work

翻译人员: Xiaoou Chen 校对人员: Shiwen He

当人们想到城市时，

When people think about cities,

they tend to think of certain things.

他们倾向于想一些具体的东西。

They think of buildings and streets

他们会想到楼房与街道，

and skyscrapers, noisy cabs.

摩天大厦和吵闹的计程车。

But when I think about cities,

但当我想到城市的时候，

I think about people.

我会想到人。

Cities are fundamentally about people,

城市本质上是关于人，

and where people go

关于人们去向何处，

and where people meet

和人们在何处相遇，

are at the core of what makes a city work.

这些才是让一个城市成为一个城市的核心。

So even more important than buildings in a city

所以在城市中比楼房更重要的是

are the public spaces in between them.

它们之间的公共空间。

And today, some of the most transformative

今天，一些城市中

changes in cities

最具变革性的改变

are happening in these public spaces.

正发生在这些公共空间中。

So I believe that lively, enjoyable public spaces

所以我相信，生动并使人愉快的公共空间

are the key to planning a great city.

是城市规划的关键。

They are what makes it come alive.

它们让城市充满生气。

But what makes a public space work?

但是什么让公共空间正常运作呢？

What attracts people to successful public spaces,

是什么吸引人们到成功的公共空间？

and what is it about unsuccessful places

又是什么原因导致 那些不成功的公共空间

that keeps people away?

无人问津呢？

I thought, if I could answer those questions,

我想，如果我可以回答那些问题，

I could make a huge contribution to my city.

我就可以为我的城市做出巨大的贡献。

But one of the more wonky things about me

但是我有一个问题，

is that I am an animal behaviorist,

我是一位动物行为主义者，

and I use those skills not to study animal behavior

但是我不用那些知识研究动物的行为，

but to study how people in cities

而是去研究城市中的人们

use city public spaces.

如何使用公共空间。

One of the first spaces that I studied

我的第一个研究对象

was this little vest pocket park called Paley Park

是这个位于曼哈顿市中心

in midtown Manhattan.

叫做佩利的小公园。

This little space became a small phenomenon,

这小小的空间成为了一个小现象，

and because it had such a profound impact

它对纽约市民

on New Yorkers,

有着深刻的影响，

it made an enormous impression on me.

我因此对它有了很深的印象。

I studied this park very early on in my career

在职业生涯早期，我研究这个公园

because it happened to have been built

因为它正好是我

by my stepfather,

继父所建造的，

so I knew that places like Paley Park

所以我知道像佩利公园这样的地方

didn't happen by accident.

不是凭空发生的意外。

I saw firsthand that they required

我最直观地看到，像佩利公园这样的地方

incredible dedication

需要设计者不可思议的努力，

and enormous attention to detail.

和对细节的极大关注。

But what was it about this space

但是，是什么

that made it special and drew people to it?

让这个地方这么特别，并吸引人们前往？

Well, I would sit in the park and watch very carefully,

我会坐在公园里仔细地观察，

and first among other things

最先进入眼帘的是

were the comfortable, movable chairs.

那些舒适的移动座椅。

People would come in, find their own seat,

人们愿意来这里，找到他们自己的座位，

move it a bit, actually, and then stay a while,

稍微调节位置，之后呆上一会，

and then interestingly,

更有趣的是，

people themselves attracted other people,

人们自身会吸引更多的人，

and ironically, I felt more peaceful

矛盾的是，如果周围有别的人

if there were other people around.

我反而会感到更加安宁。

And it was green.

其次是因为绿色。

This little park provided what New Yorkers crave:

这个小小的公园提供纽约市民所向往的：

comfort and greenery.

舒适与绿化。

But my question was,

但我的问题是，

why weren't there more places with greenery

为什么没有更多的

and places to sit in the middle of the city

有绿化、有座位、位于市中心的地方，

where you didn't feel alone,

不会让你感到孤独，

or like a trespasser?

不感到自己像个闯入者呢？

Unfortunately, that's not how cities

不幸的是，那不是从前

were being designed.

设计城市的方式。

So here you see a familiar sight.

这里你看到了熟悉的一幕。

This is how plazas have been designed for generations.

这是广场一贯的设计风格。

They have that stylish, Spartan look

它们有着优雅简朴的外观，

that we often associate with modern architecture,

我们通常将其和现代建筑联系到一起，

but it's not surprising that people

人们会避免这样的地方，

avoid spaces like this.

但这也并不为奇。

They not only look desolate,

因为它们不仅看上去荒凉，

they feel downright dangerous.

而且让人感到危险。

I mean, where would you sit here?

我是说，你们能坐在哪儿呢？

What would you do here?

你们能在这里做什么呢？

But architects love them.

但是建筑师们都热爱这种设计风格。

They are plinths for their creations.

这是建筑师创作的基础。

They might tolerate a sculpture or two,

他们也许会勉强放一两座雕塑，

but that's about it.

但也不会更多了。

And for developers, they are ideal.

对于开发者，它们是理想的。

There's nothing to water, nothing to maintain,

没有需要浇水的植被，没有什么需要打理的，

and no undesirable people to worry about.

也没有需要担心的游手好闲的人。

But don't you think this is a waste?

但你不认为这是一个浪费么？

For me, becoming a city planner

对我来说，成为一个城市规划师，

meant being able to truly change the city

意味着能够真正改变

that I lived in and loved.

我所生活在并爱着的城市。

I wanted to be able to create places

我想要能够创造一些地方，

that would give you the feeling that you got

那里能带给你在佩利公园

in Paley Park,

一样的感觉，

and not allow developers to build bleak plazas like this.

而不是让设计师者去建造 这样荒凉的广场。

But over the many years,

但是这些年来，

I have learned how hard it is

我了解到，要想创造一些成功的、

to create successful, meaningful,

有意义的、并且令人愉快的空间，

enjoyable public spaces.

是多么的困难。

As I learned from my stepfather,

我从我的继父那了解到，

they certainly do not happen by accident,

产生那样的空间不是巧合，

especially in a city like New York,

特别是在纽约市，

where public space has to be fought for to begin with,

首先，公共空间需要通过斗争得到，

and then for them to be successful,

其次，如果想让那些空间获得成功，

somebody has to think very hard

人们需要努力地思考

about every detail.

每一处细节。

Now, open spaces in cities are opportunities.

现在，城市中的空地就是机遇。

Yes, they are opportunities for commercial investment,

是的，它们是商业投资的机会，

but they are also opportunities for the common good

但它们也是城市中

of the city,

建设公众利益的机会，

and those two goals are often not aligned with one another,

通常这两个目标相互矛盾，

and therein lies the conflict.

且有冲突。

The first opportunity I had to fight

我为公共空间做斗争的第一个机会

for a great public open space was in the early 1980s,

发生在 20 世纪 80 年代早期，

when I was leading a team of planners

那时我领导着一队的规划师们，

at a gigantic landfill called Battery Park City

在一个曼哈顿下城哈德逊河的

in lower Manhattan on the Hudson River.

一个巨大的、叫做巴特里公园城的垃圾填埋场。

And this sandy wasteland had lain barren

这块荒地已经在那里闲置

for 10 years,

有十年了，

and we were told, unless we found a developer

并且我们被告知， 如果我们不能在六个月内找到开发者，

in six months, it would go bankrupt.

这里就要破产了。

So we came up with a radical,

我们因此想出了一个激进的、

almost insane idea.

近乎疯狂的主意。

Instead of building a park

相比建造一个

as a complement to future development,

辅助未来开发的公园，

why don't we reverse that equation

为什么我们不能采取相反的方式，

and build a small but very high-quality

先建造一个小巧的、

public open space first,

但是高质量的公共空间，

and see if that made a difference.

并看看其效果呢？

So we only could afford to build a two-block section

我们只能支付起两个街区的建设，

of what would become a mile-long esplanade,

将其变为一个一英里长的游憩场，

so whatever we built had to be perfect.

所以我们必须做到完美。

So just to make sure, I insisted

保险起见，我坚持

that we build a mock-up

我们按比例去建造一个

in wood, at scale, of the railing and the sea wall.

木制的栏杆和海墙的实体模型。

And when I sat down on that test bench

当我坐在测试长椅上时，

with sand still swirling all around me,

沙子包围着我，

the railing hit exactly at eye level,

栏杆刚好和视线平齐，

blocking my view and ruining my experience

挡住了我对着水边的视线，

at the water's edge.

而且毁了我的体验。

So you see, details really do make a difference.

所以你看，细节真的会有所作为。

But design is not just how something looks,

但是设计不单单在于外观，

it's how your body feels on that seat in that space,

而是你坐那椅子上， 身处于那个环境中的感受，

and I believe that successful design always depends

我相信成功的设计总是取决于

on that very individual experience.

个人的经历。

In this photo, everything looks very finished,

在这张照片中，一切都是那么精致优美，

but that granite edge, those lights,

但是那大理石边缘，那些灯，

the back on that bench,

长椅的靠背，

the trees in planting,

种植的树木，

and the many different kinds of places to sit

和许多不同的可以坐下的地方，

were all little battles that turned this project

这一个个微小的努力，让这个项目

into a place that people wanted to be.

变成了一个吸引人的地方。

Now, this proved very valuable 20 years later

二十年后，这项工作的价值显示了出来：

when Michael Bloomberg asked me to be

迈克尔·布隆伯格请我

his planning commissioner

当他的总规划师，

and put me in charge of shaping

并让我管理

the entire city of New York.

全纽约市的城市规划。

And he said to me on that very day,

在那一天他对我说，

he said that New York was projected

纽约的人口

to grow from eight to nine million people.

有望从八百万增长到九百万。

And he asked me,

他问我：

"So where are you going to put

“你打算把额外的一百万纽约市民

one million additional New Yorkers?"

安置在哪里呢？”

Well, I didn't have any idea.

那时我束手无策。

Now, you know that New York does

大家知道，纽约市对于移民者

place a high value on attracting immigrants,

确实有很大的吸引力，

so we were excited about the prospect of growth,

因此我们对于预期的增长感到不安，

but honestly, where were we going to grow

但是坦白说，对于这样一个

in a city that was already built out to its edges

楼房已经林立于城市边缘， 并且被水包围的城市，

and surrounded by water?

我们该将它向何处发展呢？

How were we going to find housing

我们怎样才能为那么多的纽约新市民

for that many new New Yorkers?

找到住所呢？

And if we couldn't spread out,

如果我们不能向外扩张，

which was probably a good thing,

这可能是一件好事情，

where could new housing go?

那我们该在哪里建造新房子呢？

And what about cars?

汽车又能在哪里停靠呢？

Our city couldn't possibly handle any more cars.

我们的城市已经不能有更多的车了。

So what were we going to do?

我们该怎么办呢？

If we couldn't spread out, we had to go up.

如果我们不能横向发展，

And if we had to go up,

我们就得纵向发展，

we had to go up in places

如果我们必须纵向发展，

where you wouldn't need to own a car.

人们最好能不用买车。

So that meant using one of our greatest assets:

那就意味着利用 我们最伟大的资产之一：

our transit system.

我们的地铁系统。

But we had never before thought

但是过去我们从未想过

of how we could make the most of it.

如何才能最大化地利用它。

So here was the answer to our puzzle.

所以这就是这个迷题的答案。

If we were to channel and redirect

如果我们把所有的开发

all new development around transit,

重新引向地铁系统周围，

we could actually handle that population increase,

我们其实可以应付

we thought.

人口的增长。

And so here was the plan,

这就是我们的计划，

what we really needed to do:

而我们真正要做的是：

We needed to redo our zoning --

重新规划分区--

and zoning is the city planner's regulatory tool --

地区分化是城市规划师的调节工具 --

and basically reshape the entire city,

并可以从基本上改造整个城市，

targeting where new development could go

定位新的发展坐标，

and prohibiting any development at all

以及禁止发展一切

in our car-oriented,

涉及汽车的、

suburban-style neighborhoods.

郊区风格的社区。

Well, this was an unbelievably ambitious idea,

这是一个难以置信的、雄心勃勃的主意，

ambitious because communities

说它有野心，是因为社区

had to approve those plans.

必须得批准那些计划。

So how was I going to get this done?

那我该怎样完成这件事呢？

By listening. So I began listening,

通过倾听。所以我开始倾听。

in fact, thousands of hours of listening

事实上，数千小时的倾听

just to establish trust.

就是为了建立信任。

You know, communities can tell

如你所知，社区可以辨别

whether or not you understand their neighborhoods.

你是否理解他们的社区。

It's not something you can just fake.

你没办法作假。

And so I began walking.

之后，我开始散步。

I can't tell you how many blocks I walked,

年复一年，

in sweltering summers, in freezing winters,

我都说不出在酷暑，在寒冬

year after year,

我走过了多少个街区。

just so I could get to understand

我这样做是为了

the DNA of each neighborhood

了解每一个社区的历史，

and know what each street felt like.

感受每一条街道的感觉。

I became an incredibly geeky zoning expert,

我成为了一个疯狂的分区规划专家，

finding ways that zoning could address

一直在寻找最符合人们心意

communities' concerns.

的分区方法。

So little by little, neighborhood by neighborhood,

一点一点，一个小区又一个小区，

block by block,

一个街区又另一个街区，

we began to set height limits

我们开始设置高度限制，

so that all new development

这样一来，所有新的开发项目

would be predictable and near transit.

就能被预测到，并且临近交通系统。

Over the course of 12 years,

在这 12 年里，

we were able to rezone

我们重新规划了

124 neighborhoods,

124 个地区，

40 percent of the city,

占城市面积的 40%，

12,500 blocks, so that now,

共 12,500 个街区，现在，

90 percent of all new development of New York

纽约市 90% 的新开发地区

is within a 10-minute walk of a subway.

离地铁站的步行距离 都在十分钟内。

In other words, nobody in those new buildings

换而言之，在那些新房子里的人

needs to own a car.

不需要有车。

Well, those rezonings were exhausting

那样重新规划令人精疲力尽，

and enervating and important,

而且使人憔悴又十分重要，

but rezoning was never my mission.

但重新规划从来不是我的任务。

You can't see zoning and you can't feel zoning.

你看不见分区，也感觉不到分区。

My mission was always to create

我的任务一直都是去创造

great public spaces.

美好的公共空间。

So in the areas where we zoned for significant development,

因此，在那些我们为了进行重点开发 而规划出来的地区，

I was determined to create places

我决定去创造

that would make a difference in people's lives.

可以改变人们生活的空间。

Here you see what was

你所看到的是

two miles of abandoned, degraded waterfront

长达两公里的、被遗弃和剥蚀的海滨，

in the neighborhoods of Greenpoint

它位于布鲁克林的绿点地区

and Williamsburg in Brooklyn,

和威廉姆斯伯格辖区里，

impossible to get to and impossible to use.

那里几乎无药可救。

Now the zoning here was massive,

在那里所需的规划是庞大的，

so I felt an obligation to create

我感到有责任在这些海滨

magnificent parks on these waterfronts,

创建美丽的公园，

and I spent an incredible amount of time

在这个计划的每一个细节上，

on every square inch of these plans.

我都花了很多的时间。

I wanted to make sure that there were

我想要确保那里

tree-lined paths from the upland to the water,

有绿树成荫的小道，从高地绵延水边，

that there were trees and plantings everywhere,

到处都有植被，

and, of course, lots and lots of places to sit.

当然还有很多很多 供人们坐下休息的地方。

Honestly, I had no idea how it would turn out.

坦白说，我本来根本不知道 怎么实现这个计划。

I had to have faith.

我必须要有信念。

But I put everything that I had studied and learned

我将我所学过的所有东西

into those plans.

都注入这个计划中。

And then it opened,

之后公园对外开放了，

and I have to tell you, it was incredible.

我必须告诉你，结果难以置信。

People came from all over the city

来自全市的人们

to be in these parks.

前往这些公园。

I know they changed the lives of the people who live there,

我知道那些公园改变了 当地居民的生活，

but they also changed New Yorkers' whole image

但同样的，它们也改变了纽约市民

of their city.

对纽约市的整体印象。

I often come down and watch people

我经常来这里观察人们

get on this little ferry

登上这小小的渡船，

that now runs between the boroughs,

来往于城区之间，

and I can't tell you why,

不知道为什么，

but I'm completely moved

我完全被人们正在使用它

by the fact that people are using it

这个事实而感动，

as if it had always been there.

好像从以前就是那样。

And here is a new park in lower Manhattan.

这是在曼哈顿下城的一个新的公园。

Now, the water's edge in lower Manhattan

湖畔一带在 911 事件发生之前

was a complete mess before 9/11.

完全是一团糟。

Wall Street was essentially landlocked

华尔街实际上是被陆地包围的，

because you couldn't get anywhere near this edge.

因为你在水边不能到达任何地方。

And after 9/11, the city had very little control.

在 911 之后，市里秩序混乱。

But I thought if we went

但是我想，如果我们前往

to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation

曼哈顿下城开发总公司，

and got money to reclaim this two miles

并得到投资去开发这两英里（约3.2km）

of degraded waterfront

退化的海滨，

that it would have an enormous effect

那将会对曼哈顿下城的重建

on the rebuilding of lower Manhattan.

产生巨大的影响。

And it did.

我们做到了。

Lower Manhattan finally has a public waterfront

曼哈顿下城终于在三侧

on all three sides.

都有了公众海滨。

I really love this park.

我真的非常喜爱这个公园。

You know, railings have to be higher now,

如你所知，现在栏杆必须要高一些，

so we put bar seating at the edge,

所以我们在边沿建起了吧台，

and you can get so close to the water

以便于你可以非常临近水面，

you're practically on it.

你几乎就在水上面。

And see how the railing widens

看看这栏杆是怎么

and flattens out so you can lay down

变宽、变平，可以让人们

your lunch or your laptop.

放下午餐或笔记本电脑。

And I love when people come there

我喜欢当人们来到这里

and look up and they say,

参观并说：

"Wow, there's Brooklyn, and it's so close."

“哇，那是布鲁克林，离我们好近啊。”

So what's the trick?

这其中的窍门是什么呢？

How do you turn a park

怎样才能让一个公园变成

into a place that people want to be?

一个人人向往的地方呢？

Well, it's up to you,

这取决于你，

not as a city planner but as a human being.

不是用一个城市规划师的眼光， 而是用人类的感觉。

You don't tap into your design expertise.

你不是去利用你的设计专长，

You tap into your humanity.

而是运用你的人性。

I mean, would you want to go there?

你是否想去那里？

Would you want to stay there?

你是否想呆在那里？

Can you see into it and out of it?

你能否看到它的本质？

Are there other people there?

有没有别人在这里？

Does it seem green and friendly?

公园看起来是否环保和友好？

Can you find your very own seat?

你能否找到你自己休憩的地方？

Well now, all over New York City,

现在，在整个纽约市，

there are places where you can

你都可以拥有属于你的

find your very own seat.

憩脚的地方。

Where there used to be parking spaces,

那里以前是停车的地方，

there are now pop-up cafes.

现在是快捷咖啡馆。

Where Broadway traffic used to run,

过去百老汇的交通要道，

there are now tables and chairs.

现在是桌子和椅子。

Where 12 years ago, sidewalk cafes were not allowed,

12 年前，人行道和咖啡厅被禁止，

they are now everywhere.

现在它们到处都是。

But claiming these spaces for public use

但是将这些空间为公共使用

was not simple,

并不是那么简单，

and it's even harder to keep them that way.

要将它们保持下去甚至更难。

So now I'm going to tell you a story

我现在要讲一个故事，

about a very unusual park called the High Line.

是关于一个非常不寻常的公园， 叫做高铁公园。

The High Line was an elevated railway.

高铁公园以前是高铁。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The High Line was an elevated railway

高铁公园曾是一条高铁，

that ran through three neighborhoods

它贯穿了曼哈顿西侧

on Manhattan's West Side,

的三个街区，

and when the train stopped running,

火车停运后，

it became a self-seeded landscape,

它便成为了一个自我播种的景观，

a kind of a garden in the sky.

一个空中花园。

And when I saw it the first time,

当我第一次看到它时，

honestly, when I went up on that old viaduct,

坦白说，当我走上老旧的高架桥时，

I fell in love the way you fall in love with a person,

我像坠入爱河一样

honestly.

爱上了这里。

And when I was appointed,

当我被委任参与此项目

saving the first two sections of the High Line

拯救高铁的前两个部分，

from demolition became my first priority

保护它们不被拆除

and my most important project.

是我的头等任务和最重要的工作。

I knew if there was a day that I didn't

我知道，如果有一天我不必

worry about the High Line, it would come down.

再担心高铁，它就会被拆除。

And the High Line,

即使现在高铁

even though it is widely known now

非常著名，

and phenomenally popular,

而且广受欢迎，

it is the most contested public space in the city.

它仍是城市中最有争议的公共空间。

You might see a beautiful park,

在你眼里那可能是个美丽的公园，

but not everyone does.

但不是所有人都这样想。

You know, it's true, commercial interests

大家都知道，商业利益总是

will always battle against public space.

与公共空间做斗争。

You might say,

你可能会说，

"How wonderful it is that more than

“有四百多万

four million people come from all over the world

来自世界各地的人到这里参观，

to visit the High Line."

是多么令人惊叹的事情啊。“

Well, a developer sees just one thing: customers.

一个开发者只看一个东西：客户。

Hey, why not take out those plantings

嘿，为什么不将植被移除，

and have shops all along the High Line?

将商店安置在高铁上呢？

Wouldn't that be terrific

那难道不是非常好么？

and won't it mean a lot more money for the city?

难道不意味着给城市带来 更多金钱利益么？

Well no, it would not be terrific.

不，那不会令人满意。

It would be a mall, and not a park.

那将会是一个购物中心，而不是一个公园。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And you know what, it might mean

你知道，这可能对城市

more money for the city,

意味着更好的经济效益，

but a city has to take the long view,

但必须以长远的眼光看待城市发展，

the view for the common good.

为了共同利益的发展眼光。

Most recently, the last section of the High Line,

就在最近，高铁的最后一个部分，

the third section of the High Line,

高铁的第三个部分，

the final section of the High Line,

也是最后一个部分，

has been pitted against development interests,

在与开发商的利益互相抗衡，

where some of the city's leading developers

一些城市的领头开发者

are building more than 17 million square feet

正在哈德逊广场开发

at the Hudson Yards.

超过一千七百万平方英尺的土地。

And they came to me and proposed

他们找到我，跟我建议：

that they "temporarily disassemble"

他们 “暂时拆解“ 了

that third and final section.

那第三个和最后一个部分。

Perhaps the High Line didn't fit in

也许，高铁并不符合

with their image of a gleaming city of skyscrapers

他们想象中摩天大楼闪烁在山头

on a hill.

的城市形象。

Perhaps it was just in their way.

也许高铁只是阻碍了他们的开发路线。

But in any case, it took nine months

但是不管怎样，经过九个月

of nonstop daily negotiation

每天不间断的协商，

to finally get the signed agreement

终于在禁止拆除高线第三部分上

to prohibit its demolition,

达成了一致，

and that was only two years ago.

这件事就发生在两年前。

So you see, no matter how popular

所以你们可以看到，不管公共空间

and successful a public space may be,

有多受人欢迎和成功，

it can never be taken for granted.

它还是不能被绝对地保护。

Public spaces always -- this is it saved --

（标语：这里是保护区！） 公共空间总是

public spaces always need vigilant champions,

需要细心的支持，

not only to claim them at the outset for public use,

不仅仅是一开始 争取让他们为公众所使用，

but to design them for the people that use them,

而且还要为使用者进行设计，

then to maintain them to ensure

然后去维护它们，

that they are for everyone,

确保它们服务于每个人，

that they are not violated, invaded,

确保他们不会被损坏、侵占、

abandoned or ignored.

废弃或忽视。

If there is any one lesson

如果说，作为一个城市规划师

that I have learned in my life as a city planner,

我从自己的生活中学到了什么教训，

it is that public spaces have power.

那就是公共空间拥有力量。

It's not just the number of people using them,

这种力量不仅在于使用它们的人数，

it's the even greater number of people

而是会有更多的人，

who feel better about their city

只是知道公共空间的存在，

just knowing that they are there.

就会对他们的城市感觉更好。

Public space can change how you live in a city,

公共空间可以 改变你在城市中的生活，

how you feel about a city,

改变你对城市的感受，

whether you choose one city over another,

影响你在城市之间的权衡选择，

and public space is one of the most important reasons

公共空间的存在， 是你选择居住的城市时

why you stay in a city.

重要的衡量标准之一。

I believe that a successful city

我相信，一个成功的城市

is like a fabulous party.

就像一场美妙的聚会。

People stay because they are having a great time.

人们留下来是因为 他们享受着欢乐时光。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。（掌声）