Sara Lewis: The loves and lies of fireflies

69,247 views ・ 2014-07-01

TED


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翻译人员: Wendy Wu 校对人员: Yuanqing Edberg
00:12
As a scientist, and also as a human being,
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作为一名科学家,也作为人类的一员,
00:16
I've been trying to make myself
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我喜欢让自己
00:18
susceptible to wonder.
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被神奇的事物感动。
00:21
I think Jason Webley last night called it
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我记得昨晚 Jason Webley 说这种人是
00:24
"conspiring to be part of the magic."
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“融入成为奇迹的一部分”。
00:28
So it's fortunate that my career as a biologist
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很幸运,作为一个生物学家,
00:31
lets me dive deeply into the lives
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我可以深深进入那些
00:33
of some truly wondrous creatures
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非常奇妙的生物的生活中,
00:36
that share our planet:
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它们和我们共享同一个星球:
00:38
fireflies.
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萤火虫。
00:40
Now, for many of you, I know that fireflies
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我知道,对大部分人来说,萤火虫
00:42
might conjure up some really great memories:
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总会召唤出美好的回忆:
00:45
childhood, summertime,
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童年,夏天,
00:48
even other TED Talks.
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甚至其他的TED演讲,
00:50
Maybe something like this.
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和其它的这样的事情。
00:57
My seduction into the world of fireflies
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我被萤火虫的世界所吸引,
00:59
began when I was back in graduate school.
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最初是在重回学校读研究生课程时。
01:03
One evening, I was sitting out in my backyard
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一天晚上,我坐在外面的院子里,
01:06
in North Carolina,
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当时我在北卡罗来纳州,
01:08
and suddenly, these silent sparks
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突然间,这些悄无声息的星星
01:13
rose up all around me,
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就在我身边升起了!
01:15
and I began to wonder:
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我当时开始想:
01:16
How do these creatures make light,
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这些小家伙是怎么制造光的呢?
01:19
and what's with all this flashing?
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这样一闪一闪的又是怎么回事呢?
01:21
Are they talking to one another?
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是它们在对话吗?
01:23
And what happens after the lights go out?
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这些亮光熄灭以后会发生什么呢?
01:26
I've been lucky enough to answer
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我很幸运,这些年在夜的王国中探访,
01:27
some of these questions
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让我已经可以回答
01:29
as I've explored this nocturnal world.
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其中的一些问题了。
01:33
Now if you've ever seen
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如果你见过萤火虫,
01:35
or even heard about fireflies,
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或者听说过萤火虫的故事,
01:37
then you'll know how magically they can transform
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那你将了解它们是如何能够魔术般地
01:40
our everyday landscape into something
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把它们日常的景象转化得
01:42
ethereal and otherworldly,
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如空灵和仙境般的美丽,
01:44
and this happens around the globe,
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而这就发生在我们的星球上。
01:46
like this hillside in the Smoky Mountains
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比如在烟山的山坡上,
01:48
that I saw transformed into a living cascade of light
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我看到这些蓝色的精灵般的萤火虫用它们奇异的光,
01:52
by the eerie glows of these blue ghost fireflies,
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造出了一个流动的光的瀑布;
01:56
or a roadside river that I visited in Japan
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还有我在日本一条路边的小河,
01:59
as it was giving birth to the slow, floating flashes
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看到这些源氏萤火虫舞出一道道
02:04
of these Genji fireflies,
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缓慢流动的光带。
02:06
or in Malaysia, the mangrove trees
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或者是在马来西亚的红树林,
02:09
that I watched blossom nightly
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我看到夜的绽放,
02:11
not with flowers
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不是花朵,
02:13
but with the lights of a thousand — (Bleep! Bleep!) — fireflies,
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而是一千只——(哔!哔!)——萤火虫的光芒,
02:15
all blinking together
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它们一起闪烁着,
02:17
in stunning synchrony.
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让人难以置信的同步。
02:20
These luminous landscapes
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这些闪光的景象,
02:22
still fill me with wonder,
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我至今回想还是觉得无比奇妙,
02:24
and they keep me connected to the magic
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它们让我感受到
02:27
of the natural world.
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自然界的奇迹。
02:29
And I find it amazing that they're created
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让我惊奇的是,这样的景象
02:31
by these tiny insects.
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是由这些小昆虫创造的。
02:34
In person, fireflies are charming.
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对我来说,萤火虫是迷人的。
02:37
They're charismatic.
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它们充满魅力。
02:39
They've been celebrated in art
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几个世纪以来,不断在艺术和诗歌
02:41
and in poetry for centuries.
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里受到赞颂。
02:43
As I've traveled around the world,
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我在世界各地旅行的时候,
02:44
I've met many thoughtful people
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遇见许多有思想的人,
02:47
who have told me that God put fireflies on Earth
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他们都觉得,上帝让萤火虫来到世界,
02:49
for humans to enjoy.
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是为了让人类欣赏,
02:51
Other creatures can enjoy them too.
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也让其它的生物欣赏。
02:54
I think these graceful insects are truly miraculous
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我真觉得这些优雅的昆虫是个奇迹,
02:58
because they so beautifully illuminate
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它们如此优美地诠释了
03:02
the creative improvisation of evolution.
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进化中那创造性的即兴创作。
03:06
They've been shaped by two powerful
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它们是受两种强大的进化力量
03:08
evolutionary forces:
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影响形成的:
03:10
natural selection, the struggle for survival,
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自然的选择是为了生存而奋斗;
03:13
and sexual selection,
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而性的选择,
03:16
the struggle for reproductive opportunity.
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是为了争取繁衍的机会而努力;
03:20
As a firefly junkie, the past 20 years
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作为一个萤火虫迷,过去的二十年
03:22
have been quite an exciting ride.
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是我非常兴奋的一场旅程。
03:24
Together with my students at Tufts University
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我和在塔夫茨大学的学生们
03:27
and other colleagues,
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还有同事一起,
03:28
we've made lots of new discoveries about fireflies:
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发现了关于萤火虫的许多新鲜事:
03:32
their courtship and sex lives,
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它们的求爱和性生活,
03:34
their treachery and murder.
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它们的背叛和谋杀。
03:37
So today I'd like to share with you
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所以今天我想和你们分享
03:38
just a couple of tales that we've brought back
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几个故事,这是从我们深入到这个
03:41
from our collective adventures
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这个隐秘的世界后一系列的探险
03:43
into this hidden world.
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后带回来的。
03:47
Fireflies belong to a very beautiful
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萤火虫属于一种非常美丽,
03:50
and diverse group of insects, the beetles.
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而且分支众多的昆虫,甲虫。
03:54
Worldwide, there are more than 2,000 firefly species,
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全世界有超过2000种萤火虫的种类,
03:59
and these have evolved remarkably diverse
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而它们都衍生了有着明显不同的
04:01
courtship signals,
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求爱信号,
04:03
that is, different ways to find and attract mates.
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也就是,找寻和吸引伴侣的不同方式。
04:06
Around 150 million years ago,
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大约1.5亿年前,
04:08
the very first fireflies probably looked like this.
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第一只萤火虫可能长得像这个样子。
04:12
They flew during the daytime
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它们在白天飞,
04:13
and they didn't light up.
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而且不发光。
04:15
Instead, males used their fantastic antennae
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取而代之的是,雄性用它们灵敏的触须
04:18
to sniff out perfumes given off by their females.
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来嗅闻雌性散发的香味。
04:22
In other fireflies, it's only the females who light up.
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其它的萤火虫族群中,只有雌性萤火虫会发光。
04:26
They are attractively plump and wingless,
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它们有迷人的丰满身体,没有翅膀,
04:30
so every night, they climb up onto perches
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所以每天晚上,它们爬上岸边,
04:32
and they glow brightly for hours
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持续几个小时地发出明亮的光芒,
04:34
to attract their flying but unlit males.
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吸引正飞舞着的,但不会发光的雄性。
04:39
In still other fireflies, both sexes
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还有的萤火虫族群,雄性和雌性
04:41
use quick, bright flashes to find their mates.
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都会用快速闪动的亮光来寻找它们的配偶。
04:45
Here in North America,
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就在北美洲这里,
04:46
we have more than 100 different kinds of firefly
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我们有超过100种不同种类的萤火虫,
04:49
that have the remarkable ability to shine energy
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它们都有非凡的能力,
04:53
out from their bodies
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将身体里的能量
04:55
in the form of light.
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投射成外在的光芒。
04:57
How do they do that?
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它们是怎么做到的呢?
05:00
It seems totally magical,
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这看起来完全是个奇迹,
05:02
but these bioluminescent signals
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但这些生物性的发光信号
05:03
arise from carefully orchestrated chemical reactions
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是经过多种化学反应的细致协调,
05:07
that happen inside the firefly lantern.
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才形成在萤火虫的灯笼中的。
05:09
The main star is an enzyme called luciferase,
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主要的亮光来自一种荧光素酶,
05:13
which in the course of evolution
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萤火虫在漫长的时间中进化出一种方法,
05:14
has figured out a way to wrap its tiny arms
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用一种叫荧光素的更小的分子,
05:18
around an even smaller molecule called luciferin,
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包裹住自己的小脚,
05:21
in the process getting it so excited
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这个过程中是那么剧烈,
05:24
that it actually gives off light.
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以致于有了光的发散。
05:27
Incredible.
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不可思议。
05:29
But how could these bright lights
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但是这些亮光是如何让
05:31
have benefited some proto-firefly?
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一些特别的萤火虫受益的呢?
05:35
To answer this question, we need to flip back
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要回答这个问题,我们需要先回顾
05:37
in the family album to some baby pictures.
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萤火虫的族谱,我们来看几张小萤火虫的照片。
05:41
Fireflies completely reinvent their bodies as they grow.
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在生长过程中,萤火虫完全变异了它们的身体,
05:45
They spend the vast majority of their lifetime,
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它们生命中绝大部分的时间,
05:47
up to two years,
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大约两年,
05:49
in this larval form.
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是在幼虫期。
05:52
Their main goal here, like my teenagers,
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这时候它们主要的目标,就像我的青少年时期,
05:54
is to eat and grow.
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是吃和长大。
05:57
And firefly light first originated
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萤火虫第一次发光
06:00
in these juveniles.
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是在它们的青少年期。
06:02
Every single firefly larva can light up,
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每一只萤火虫幼虫都可以发光,
06:04
even when their adults can't.
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即便它们长大以后不能发光。
06:07
But what's the point
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但是为什么
06:08
to being so conspicuous?
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它们要如此显眼?
06:12
Well, we know that these juveniles
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嗯,我们知道这些孩子
06:14
make nasty-tasting chemicals
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会制造气味难闻的化学品,
06:16
that help them survive their extended childhood,
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以此保护自己安全度过漫长的童年。
06:19
so we think these lights first evolved as a warning,
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所以我们认为,最开始进化出这些亮光是作为一种警告,
06:23
a neon sign that says, "Toxic! Stay away!"
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这就像一个霓虹灯,喊着:“有毒!走开!”,
06:28
to any would-be predators.
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吓唬任何可能的捕食者。
06:31
It took many millions of years
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这之后又经过了好几百万年的时间,
06:33
before these bright lights
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这些亮光才进化成为
06:35
evolved into a smart communication tool
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一种聪明的沟通工具,
06:37
that could be used not just to ward off potential predators
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不止是用来躲避可能的捕食者,
06:40
but to bring in potential mates.
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也用来吸引可能的伴侣。
06:43
Driven now by sexual selection,
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现在来谈谈关于性的选择,
06:46
some adult fireflies
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一些成年萤火虫,
06:48
like this proud male
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像这只骄傲的雄虫,
06:50
evolved a shiny new glow-in-the-dark lantern
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刚演化出一个在黑暗中闪亮的灯笼,
06:54
that would let them take courtship
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这个灯笼会让它的求爱
06:56
to a whole new level.
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达到一个全新的水平。
07:00
These adults only live a few weeks,
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这些成虫只有几个星期的寿命,
07:02
and now they're single-mindedly focused on sex,
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这时候它们一心只想着交配,
07:07
that is, on propelling their genes
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让自己的基因繁衍出
07:09
into the next firefly generation.
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下一代的萤火虫。
07:12
So we can follow this male out into the field
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我们可以跟着这只雄虫到野外去,
07:15
as he joins hundreds of other males
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它加入了数百只其他雄虫中,
07:18
who are all showing off their new courtship signals.
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它们都在炫耀着它们新的求爱信号。
07:23
It's amazing to think that the luminous displays
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想想看,让我们赞叹的
07:26
we admire
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这些光亮,
07:27
here and in fact everywhere around the world
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不止在这里,实际上在世界的每一个角落都闪烁着,
07:30
are actually the silent love songs
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它们正是雄性萤火虫静默无声的情歌,
07:34
of male fireflies.
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多么神奇!
07:37
They're flying and flashing their hearts out.
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它们飞舞着,闪耀着它们的真心,
07:41
I still find it very romantic.
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我一直觉得,这太浪漫了。
07:45
But meanwhile, where are all the females?
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但同时,雌性萤火虫在哪里呢?
07:48
Well, they're lounging down below
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它们懒洋洋地待在低处,
07:50
surveying their options.
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审视着这些待选项。
07:51
They have plenty of males to choose from,
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有充足的雄性萤火虫可供它们选择,
07:53
and these females turn out to be very picky.
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而这些雌萤火虫还真是非常挑剔的。
07:57
When a female sees a flash
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当一只雌萤火虫看到一只特别吸引人的雄性
08:00
from an especially attractive male,
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发出的闪光时,
08:02
she'll aim her lantern in his direction,
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她会把她的灯笼朝向雄萤火虫,
08:05
and give him a flash back.
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也给他一个闪光回应,
08:08
It's her "come hither" sign.
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这是她在说”到这儿来“。
08:11
So he flies closer and he flashes again.
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雄萤火虫就飞近她,再次闪光,
08:15
If she still likes him,
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如果雌萤火虫仍然喜欢他,
08:16
they'll strike up a conversation.
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他们就开始聊起天来。
08:19
These creatures speak their love
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这种生物用光的语言
08:22
in the language of light.
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诉说他们的爱。
08:25
So what exactly do these females consider sexy?
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那么,到底这些雌萤火虫觉得什么是性感呢?
08:30
We decided to conduct some firefly opinion polls
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我们决定在一些萤火虫中做民意调查
08:32
to find out.
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来找到答案。
08:34
When we tested females using blinking LED lights,
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当我们用闪光的LED灯测试雌萤火虫时,
08:37
we discovered they prefer males
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我们发现它们更喜欢
08:40
who give longer-lasting flashes.
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可以持久发光的雄性。
08:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(大笑 )(鼓掌)
08:47
I know you're wondering,
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我猜你们想知道,
08:49
what gives these males their sex appeal?
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是什么给了这些雄萤火虫性的吸引力?
08:52
Now we get to see what happens
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那我们就要来看看
08:53
when the lights go out.
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当这些亮光熄灭时发生了什么?
08:56
The first thing we discovered
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我们发现的第一件事,
08:57
is that once a male and female hook up like this,
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是一旦一只雄萤火虫和一只雌萤火虫像这样勾在一起时,
09:00
they stay together all night long,
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它们就会一整晚呆在一起。
09:03
and when we looked inside
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我们再朝里面看看,
09:04
to see what might be happening,
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看看正在发生什么,
09:05
we discovered a surprising new twist
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我们惊人地发现一个
09:08
to firefly sex.
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对萤火虫性行为的误解。
09:10
While they're mating,
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当它们交配时,
09:11
the male is busy giving the female
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雄萤火虫不止忙着
09:13
not just his sperm
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向雌萤火虫射精,
09:15
but also a nutrient-filled package
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还给她一个富含营养的袋子,
09:19
called a nuptial gift.
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叫做新婚礼物。
09:23
We can zoom in to look more closely
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我们可以放大,更近地看看
09:25
inside this mating pair.
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在交配的萤火虫体内。
09:27
We can actually see the gift —
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我们可以看到这个礼物——
09:28
it's shown here in red —
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在这里它看起来是红色的——
09:30
as it's being passed from the male to the female.
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它正从雄萤火虫传向雌萤火虫。
09:34
What makes this gift so valuable
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这个礼物如此珍贵,
09:37
is that it's packed with protein
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是因为它含有蛋白质,
09:39
that the female will use to provision her eggs.
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这是雌萤火虫产卵所必需的营养。
09:43
So females are keeping their eyes on this prize
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所以雌萤火虫在评估它们潜在的伴侣时,
09:47
as they size up potential mates.
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都睁大眼睛关注这个礼物。
09:49
We discovered that females use male flash signals
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我们发现雌萤火虫努力通过雄性的闪光信号
09:52
to try to predict which males
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来预测哪些雄性
09:54
have the biggest gifts to offer,
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可以提供最丰厚的礼物。
09:56
because this bling helps the female lay more eggs
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因为这个宝贝可以帮助雌萤火虫产下更多的卵,
10:01
and ultimately launch more of her own offspring
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也最终决定了在新一代萤火虫中,
10:04
into the next generation.
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可以有更多是她自己的后代。
10:09
So it's not all sweetness and light.
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不全是甜蜜和光,
10:11
Firefly romance is risky.
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萤火虫的罗曼史也饱含危险。
10:14
For the most part, these adult fireflies
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大部分情况下,成年萤火虫不会被吃掉,
10:16
don't get eaten because like their juveniles
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因为像它们小时候一样,
10:19
they can manufacture toxins that are repellent
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它们可以制造毒素,
10:22
to birds and other insectivores,
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让鸟儿和其他食虫动物躲开它们。
10:25
but somewhere along the line,
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但在历史中的某一处,
10:28
one particular group of fireflies
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萤火虫中的某一族,
10:30
somehow lost the metabolic machinery
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莫名其妙地就失去了这种代谢机制,
10:33
needed to make their own protective toxins.
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但它们又必须制造自己的防卫毒素。
10:37
This evolutionary flaw,
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这个进化中的小错误,
10:39
which was discovered by my colleague Tom Eisner,
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是由我的同事Tom Eisner发现的,
10:42
has driven these fireflies
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它促使这些萤火虫
10:44
to take their bright lights out into the night
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不怀好意地
10:47
with treacherous intent.
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在黑夜中点亮自己。
10:51
Dubbed "femme fatales"
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这是被我另一个同事Jim Lloyd
10:53
by Jim Lloyd, another colleague,
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称为“女性杀手”的雌性萤火虫,
10:55
these females have figured out how to target
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它们有一套方法来吸引
10:58
the males of other firefly species.
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其他种族的雄萤火虫。
11:02
So the hunt begins with the predator —
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这场狩猎是从捕食者开始的——
11:04
she's shown here in the lower left —
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看左下方这里,
11:06
where she's sitting quietly
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她正安静地坐着,
11:08
and eavesdropping on the courtship conversation
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在偷听她想要捕食的萤火虫
11:11
of her intended prey,
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的求爱对话,
11:12
and here's how it might go.
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接下来看会发生什么。
11:14
First the prey male flashes, "Do you love me?"
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首先,那个将被捕食的雄萤火虫说:“你爱我吗?”
11:18
His own female responds, "Maybe."
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他自己的雌萤火虫回答说,“可能吧 。”
11:22
So then he flashes again.
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所以接下来他又闪烁起来。
11:25
But this time, the predator sneaks in a reply
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但这次,是那个捕猎的小偷在回答,
11:29
that cleverly mimics exactly what the other female just said.
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她很聪明,逼真地模仿其他雌萤火虫刚说过的话。
11:34
She's not looking for love: she's looking for toxins.
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她不是在寻找爱:她在寻找毒素。
11:39
If she's good, she can lure this male close enough
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如果她是个中好手,她可以勾引这只雄萤火虫继续靠近,
11:43
to reach out and grab him,
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直到抓住他,
11:46
and he's not just a light snack.
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他不止是一餐发光的小点心。
11:48
Over the next hour, she slowly
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一个小时之后,她慢慢地
11:51
exsanguinates this male
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把这只雄萤火虫的血抽光,
11:54
leaving behind just some gory remains.
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只剩下一具血淋淋的躯壳。
11:58
Unable to make their own toxins,
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因为不能制造自己的毒素,
12:00
these females resort to drinking the blood
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这些雌萤火虫依靠喝其他萤火虫的血,
12:03
of other fireflies to get these protective chemicals.
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来得到这些有防卫作用的化学物质。
12:07
So a firefly vampire,
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所以,一只吸血鬼萤火虫
12:13
brought to you by natural selection.
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在自然的选择中诞生了。
12:17
We still have a lot to learn about fireflies,
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还有很多关于萤火虫的故事值得我们去发现,
12:21
but it looks like many stories will remain untold,
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但可能许多故事会永远保持着缄默,
12:24
because around the world, firefly populations
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因为萤火虫可能在眨眼间
12:26
are blinking out.
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就在世上灭绝。
12:29
The main culprit: habitat loss.
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罪魁祸首是:栖息地的消失。
12:32
Pretty much everywhere, the fields and forests,
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世界各地的许多旷野和森林,红树林和草地,
12:34
the mangroves and meadows that fireflies need to survive,
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这些萤火虫生存需要的环境
12:37
are giving way to development and to sprawl.
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都让路给开发和扩张。
12:41
Here's another problem: we've conquered darkness,
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还有另一个问题:我们已经征服了黑暗,
12:45
but in the process, we spill so much extra light out into the night
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但在这个过程中,我们把这么多多余的光投向夜晚,
12:48
that it disrupts the lives of other creatures,
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这让其他生物的生活陷入混乱,
12:52
and fireflies are especially sensitive to light pollution
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萤火虫对光污染尤其敏感,
12:55
because it obscures the signals
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因为这让它们用来寻找配偶的
12:58
that they use to find their mates.
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信号变得模糊不清。
13:02
Do we really need fireflies?
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我们真的需要萤火虫吗?
13:04
After all, they're just one tiny bit
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毕竟,它们只是地球生物多样性中
13:06
of Earth's biodiversity.
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一个微小的点。
13:08
Yet every time a species is lost,
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然而每次一种生物灭绝,
13:12
it's like extinguishing a room full of candles
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就像在一间摆满蜡烛的房间
13:14
one by one.
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一个接一个地熄灭蜡烛。
13:17
You might not notice
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你可能不会注意
13:18
when the first few flames flicker out,
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最初摇曳熄灭的那些火焰,
13:22
but in the end, you're left sitting in darkness.
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但最后,只剩下你独自坐在黑暗中。
13:31
As we work together to craft a planetary future,
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在我们一起努力为这个星球创造美好的未来时,
13:36
I hope we can find a way
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我希望我们可以找到一种方法
13:38
to keep these bright lights shining.
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让这些明亮的小灯笼继续闪耀。
13:42
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:44
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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