Sara Lewis: The loves and lies of fireflies

69,293 views ใƒป 2014-07-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
As a scientist, and also as a human being,
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ื›ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื,
00:16
I've been trying to make myself
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื™
00:18
susceptible to wonder.
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืœื™ืื”.
00:21
I think Jason Webley last night called it
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงืจื ืœื›ืš ืืžืฉ
00:24
"conspiring to be part of the magic."
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"ื–ื•ืžืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืกื."
00:28
So it's fortunate that my career as a biologist
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื–ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
00:31
lets me dive deeply into the lives
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
00:33
of some truly wondrous creatures
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื
00:36
that share our planet:
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•:
00:38
fireflies.
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ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
00:40
Now, for many of you, I know that fireflies
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
00:42
might conjure up some really great memories:
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื:
00:45
childhood, summertime,
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ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
00:48
even other TED Talks.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ TED.
00:50
Maybe something like this.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
00:57
My seduction into the world of fireflies
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
00:59
began when I was back in graduate school.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™.
01:03
One evening, I was sitting out in my backyard
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ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™
01:06
in North Carolina,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”,
01:08
and suddenly, these silent sparks
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ื•ืœืคืชืข, ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ืœืžื™ื
01:13
rose up all around me,
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ืขืœื• ืœื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™,
01:15
and I began to wonder:
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช:
01:16
How do these creatures make light,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ,
01:19
and what's with all this flashing?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:21
Are they talking to one another?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”?
01:23
And what happens after the lights go out?
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื?
01:26
I've been lucky enough to answer
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช
01:27
some of these questions
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ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:29
as I've explored this nocturnal world.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
01:33
Now if you've ever seen
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื
01:35
or even heard about fireflies,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจืง ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:37
then you'll know how magically they can transform
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืงืกื•ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
01:40
our everyday landscape into something
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ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื•
01:42
ethereal and otherworldly,
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ืฉืžื™ืžื™ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื ื™,
01:44
and this happens around the globe,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
01:46
like this hillside in the Smoky Mountains
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ื›ืžื• ืคื” ืขืœ ืฆืœืข ื”ืจื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืงื™
01:48
that I saw transformed into a living cascade of light
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ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื•ืคืข ื—ื™ ื•ืžืจืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
01:52
by the eerie glows of these blue ghost fireflies,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืœืœื•
01:56
or a roadside river that I visited in Japan
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ืื• ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
01:59
as it was giving birth to the slow, floating flashes
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ
02:04
of these Genji fireflies,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื’'ื ื’'ื™ ื”ืœืœื•,
02:06
or in Malaysia, the mangrove trees
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ืื• ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ืขืฆื™ ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
02:09
that I watched blossom nightly
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ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”
02:11
not with flowers
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ืœื ืขื ืคืจื—ื™ื
02:13
but with the lights of a thousand โ€” (Bleep! Bleep!) โ€” fireflies,
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ืืœื ืขื ืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ -- (ื‘ืœื™ืค! ื‘ืœื™ืค!) -- ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:15
all blinking together
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
02:17
in stunning synchrony.
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:20
These luminous landscapes
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ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:22
still fill me with wonder,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืœื™ืื”,
02:24
and they keep me connected to the magic
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืงืกื
02:27
of the natural world.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:29
And I find it amazing that they're created
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
02:31
by these tiny insects.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:34
In person, fireflies are charming.
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ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืช.
02:37
They're charismatic.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:39
They've been celebrated in art
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ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช
02:41
and in poetry for centuries.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
02:43
As I've traveled around the world,
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:44
I've met many thoughtful people
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
02:47
who have told me that God put fireflies on Earth
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ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:49
for humans to enjoy.
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ืœื”ื ืืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
02:51
Other creatures can enjoy them too.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
02:54
I think these graceful insects are truly miraculous
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืœืื™ื™ื
02:58
because they so beautifully illuminate
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”
03:02
the creative improvisation of evolution.
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ืืช ื”ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
03:06
They've been shaped by two powerful
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
03:08
evolutionary forces:
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื:
03:10
natural selection, the struggle for survival,
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
03:13
and sexual selection,
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
03:16
the struggle for reproductive opportunity.
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ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
03:20
As a firefly junkie, the past 20 years
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ื›ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:22
have been quite an exciting ride.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืข ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
03:24
Together with my students at Tufts University
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ืืคืกื˜
03:27
and other colleagues,
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ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
03:28
we've made lots of new discoveries about fireflies:
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช:
03:32
their courtship and sex lives,
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ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:34
their treachery and murder.
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ื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืฆื—.
03:37
So today I'd like to share with you
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื™ืžื›ื
03:38
just a couple of tales that we've brought back
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืขื™ืžื ื•
03:41
from our collective adventures
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ืžื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:43
into this hidden world.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:47
Fireflies belong to a very beautiful
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ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”
03:50
and diverse group of insects, the beetles.
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:54
Worldwide, there are more than 2,000 firefly species,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ื–ื ื™ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
03:59
and these have evolved remarkably diverse
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ
04:01
courtship signals,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
04:03
that is, different ways to find and attract mates.
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ืžืฉืžืข, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’.
04:06
Around 150 million years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
04:08
the very first fireflies probably looked like this.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืจืื• ื›ืš.
04:12
They flew during the daytime
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ืคืคื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
04:13
and they didn't light up.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืื™ืจื•.
04:15
Instead, males used their fantastic antennae
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:18
to sniff out perfumes given off by their females.
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ืœืจื—ืจื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืจืจื•.
04:22
In other fireflies, it's only the females who light up.
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ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ืจื•ืช.
04:26
They are attractively plump and wingless,
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ื”ืŸ ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
04:30
so every night, they climb up onto perches
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ื
04:32
and they glow brightly for hours
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช
04:34
to attract their flying but unlit males.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ.
04:39
In still other fireflies, both sexes
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ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
04:41
use quick, bright flashes to find their mates.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื.
04:45
Here in North America,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
04:46
we have more than 100 different kinds of firefly
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
04:49
that have the remarkable ability to shine energy
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ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:53
out from their bodies
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ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืคื
04:55
in the form of light.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ.
04:57
How do they do that?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
05:00
It seems totally magical,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืงืกื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
05:02
but these bioluminescent signals
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ืืš ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื ืกื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืœื”
05:03
arise from carefully orchestrated chemical reactions
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช
05:07
that happen inside the firefly lantern.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฉืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช.
05:09
The main star is an enzyme called luciferase,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจืื–,
05:13
which in the course of evolution
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
05:14
has figured out a way to wrap its tiny arms
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ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
05:18
around an even smaller molecule called luciferin,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืœืงื•ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจื™ืŸ,
05:21
in the process getting it so excited
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื ืจื’ืฉืช
05:24
that it actually gives off light.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืจ.
05:27
Incredible.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
05:29
But how could these bright lights
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ืืš ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:31
have benefited some proto-firefly?
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื™ื–ื” ืงื“ื-ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื•?
05:35
To answer this question, we need to flip back
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืคื“ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื”
05:37
in the family album to some baby pictures.
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ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
05:41
Fireflies completely reinvent their bodies as they grow.
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ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
05:45
They spend the vast majority of their lifetime,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ,
05:47
up to two years,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
05:49
in this larval form.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื—ืœื™.
05:52
Their main goal here, like my teenagers,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœื™,
05:54
is to eat and grow.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:57
And firefly light first originated
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ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ
06:00
in these juveniles.
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ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืืœื•.
06:02
Every single firefly larva can light up,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื—ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ,
06:04
even when their adults can't.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
06:07
But what's the point
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ืืš ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
06:08
to being so conspicuous?
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ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ืŸ?
06:12
Well, we know that these juveniles
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืืœื•
06:14
make nasty-tasting chemicals
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ืขื ื–ื•ื•ืขืชื™
06:16
that help them survive their extended childhood,
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช,
06:19
so we think these lights first evolved as a warning,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”,
06:23
a neon sign that says, "Toxic! Stay away!"
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ืฉืœื˜ ื ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžืจ, "ืจืขื™ืœ! ืฉืžืจื• ืžืจื—ืง!"
06:28
to any would-be predators.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
06:31
It took many millions of years
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
06:33
before these bright lights
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:35
evolved into a smart communication tool
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื
06:37
that could be used not just to ward off potential predators
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื
06:40
but to bring in potential mates.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
06:43
Driven now by sexual selection,
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ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
06:46
some adult fireflies
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช
06:48
like this proud male
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื’ืื” ื”ื–ื”
06:50
evolved a shiny new glow-in-the-dark lantern
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืฉืฉื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš
06:54
that would let them take courtship
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ
06:56
to a whole new level.
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ืœืจืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:00
These adults only live a few weeks,
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ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
07:02
and now they're single-mindedly focused on sex,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืŸ,
07:07
that is, on propelling their genes
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:09
into the next firefly generation.
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ืืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื.
07:12
So we can follow this male out into the field
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช
07:15
as he joins hundreds of other males
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:18
who are all showing off their new courtship signals.
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ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:23
It's amazing to think that the luminous displays
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ
07:26
we admire
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
07:27
here and in fact everywhere around the world
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ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:30
are actually the silent love songs
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื
07:34
of male fireflies.
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ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
07:37
They're flying and flashing their hearts out.
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ื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื.
07:41
I still find it very romantic.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
07:45
But meanwhile, where are all the females?
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ืืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช?
07:48
Well, they're lounging down below
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
07:50
surveying their options.
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ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
07:51
They have plenty of males to choose from,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืœืื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื•,
07:53
and these females turn out to be very picky.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื•ืช.
07:57
When a female sees a flash
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืงื‘ื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘
08:00
from an especially attractive male,
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ืžื–ื›ืจ ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
08:02
she'll aim her lantern in his direction,
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ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืฉืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•,
08:05
and give him a flash back.
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ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘.
08:08
It's her "come hither" sign.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืช ื”"ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื”" ืฉืœื”.
08:11
So he flies closer and he flashes again.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื•ืคืฃ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘.
08:15
If she still likes him,
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•,
08:16
they'll strike up a conversation.
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ื”ื ื™ืคืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”.
08:19
These creatures speak their love
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื
08:22
in the language of light.
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ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.
08:25
So what exactly do these females consider sexy?
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ืื– ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืกืงืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
08:30
We decided to conduct some firefly opinion polls
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื•ืช
08:32
to find out.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
08:34
When we tested females using blinking LED lights,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช LED,
08:37
we discovered they prefer males
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื
08:40
who give longer-lasting flashes.
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:47
I know you're wondering,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
08:49
what gives these males their sex appeal?
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ืžื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืก ืืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื?
08:52
Now we get to see what happens
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช
08:53
when the lights go out.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื.
08:56
The first thing we discovered
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
08:57
is that once a male and female hook up like this,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื›ื”,
09:00
they stay together all night long,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
09:03
and when we looked inside
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”
09:04
to see what might be happening,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
09:05
we discovered a surprising new twist
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”
09:08
to firefly sex.
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:10
While they're mating,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื,
09:11
the male is busy giving the female
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื”
09:13
not just his sperm
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื–ืจืขื•
09:15
but also a nutrient-filled package
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ืืœื ื’ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื–ื™ืŸ
09:19
called a nuptial gift.
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžืชื ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื.
09:23
We can zoom in to look more closely
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘
09:25
inside this mating pair.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
09:27
We can actually see the gift โ€”
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” --
09:28
it's shown here in red โ€”
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื --
09:30
as it's being passed from the male to the female.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื”.
09:34
What makes this gift so valuable
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš
09:37
is that it's packed with protein
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
09:39
that the female will use to provision her eggs.
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ื‘ื• ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”.
09:43
So females are keeping their eyes on this prize
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ืื– ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื–ื”
09:47
as they size up potential mates.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
09:49
We discovered that females use male flash signals
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื
09:52
to try to predict which males
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืื™ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื
09:54
have the biggest gifts to offer,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข,
09:56
because this bling helps the female lay more eggs
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”'ื‘ืœื™ื ื’' ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื
10:01
and ultimately launch more of her own offspring
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”
10:04
into the next generation.
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ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
10:09
So it's not all sweetness and light.
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ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื ืขื™ื.
10:11
Firefly romance is risky.
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ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
10:14
For the most part, these adult fireflies
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
10:16
don't get eaten because like their juveniles
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ืœื ื ืื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:19
they can manufacture toxins that are repellent
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื
10:22
to birds and other insectivores,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
10:25
but somewhere along the line,
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ืืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
10:28
one particular group of fireflies
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
10:30
somehow lost the metabolic machinery
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช
10:33
needed to make their own protective toxins.
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ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
10:37
This evolutionary flaw,
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ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”,
10:39
which was discovered by my colleague Tom Eisner,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื™ื–ื ืจ,
10:42
has driven these fireflies
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
10:44
to take their bright lights out into the night
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”
10:47
with treacherous intent.
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ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ืช.
10:51
Dubbed "femme fatales"
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ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื "ืคืื ืคืื˜ืืœ"
10:53
by Jim Lloyd, another colleague,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื™ื“, ืขืžื™ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ,
10:55
these females have figured out how to target
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
10:58
the males of other firefly species.
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ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:02
So the hunt begins with the predator โ€”
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ืื– ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคืช --
11:04
she's shown here in the lower left โ€”
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื” --
11:06
where she's sitting quietly
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื” ืฉื ื‘ืฉืงื˜
11:08
and eavesdropping on the courtship conversation
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืชืชืช ืœืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ
11:11
of her intended prey,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”,
11:12
and here's how it might go.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืชื ื”ืœ.
11:14
First the prey male flashes, "Do you love me?"
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘, "ืืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื™?"
11:18
His own female responds, "Maybe."
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื ื”, "ืื•ืœื™."
11:22
So then he flashes again.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช.
11:25
But this time, the predator sneaks in a reply
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ืืš ื”ืคืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
11:29
that cleverly mimics exactly what the other female just said.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื›ื—ืžืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืžืจื”.
11:34
She's not looking for love: she's looking for toxins.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื—ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”: ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื—ืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื.
11:39
If she's good, she can lure this male close enough
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชืคืชื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง
11:43
to reach out and grab him,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื•,
11:46
and he's not just a light snack.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกืชื ืืจื•ื—ื” ืงืœื”.
11:48
Over the next hour, she slowly
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื
11:51
exsanguinates this male
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ืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื™ื˜ื”
11:54
leaving behind just some gory remains.
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ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื.
11:58
Unable to make their own toxins,
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ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ,
12:00
these females resort to drinking the blood
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื“ืžื
12:03
of other fireflies to get these protective chemicals.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ื™ื.
12:07
So a firefly vampire,
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ืื– ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืจืคื“,
12:13
brought to you by natural selection.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื›ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
12:17
We still have a lot to learn about fireflies,
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ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
12:21
but it looks like many stories will remain untold,
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ืืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืกืชื•ืžื™ื,
12:24
because around the world, firefly populations
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
12:26
are blinking out.
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ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘.
12:29
The main culprit: habitat loss.
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ื”ืืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™: ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
12:32
Pretty much everywhere, the fields and forests,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
12:34
the mangroves and meadows that fireflies need to survive,
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ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ืฉื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
12:37
are giving way to development and to sprawl.
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ืžืคื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
12:41
Here's another problem: we've conquered darkness,
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื›ื‘ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”
12:45
but in the process, we spill so much extra light out into the night
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ืืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”
12:48
that it disrupts the lives of other creatures,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:52
and fireflies are especially sensitive to light pollution
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ื•ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจ
12:55
because it obscures the signals
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช
12:58
that they use to find their mates.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:02
Do we really need fireflies?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช?
13:04
After all, they're just one tiny bit
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ
13:06
of Earth's biodiversity.
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ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:08
Yet every time a species is lost,
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“,
13:12
it's like extinguishing a room full of candles
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื ื ืจื•ืช
13:14
one by one.
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“.
13:17
You might not notice
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
13:18
when the first few flames flicker out,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื‘ื•,
13:22
but in the end, you're left sitting in darkness.
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ืืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”.
13:31
As we work together to craft a planetary future,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
13:36
I hope we can find a way
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš
13:38
to keep these bright lights shining.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื.
13:42
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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