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譯者: Yi Fei
審譯者: Regina Chu
00:12
As a scientist, and also as a human being,
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作為一名科學家,
也作為人類的一員,
00:16
I've been trying to make myself
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我努力嘗試讓自己
00:18
susceptible to wonder.
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被神奇的事物感動。
00:21
I think Jason Webley last night called it
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我記得昨晚傑森·偉柏力說這可謂
00:24
"conspiring to be part of the magic."
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「融入成為奇蹟的一部分」。
00:28
So it's fortunate that my career as a biologist
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很幸運的,作為一名生物學家,
00:31
lets me dive deeply into the lives
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我可以深深地研究一些
00:33
of some truly wondrous creatures
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和我們共享同一個星球
00:36
that share our planet:
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而非常奇妙的生物:
00:38
fireflies.
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螢火蟲。
00:40
Now, for many of you, I know that fireflies
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我知道,對大部分人來說,螢火蟲
00:42
might conjure up some really great memories:
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總會召喚出美好的回憶:
00:45
childhood, summertime,
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童年,夏天,
00:48
even other TED Talks.
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甚至其他的 TED 演講。
00:50
Maybe something like this.
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例如這樣。
00:57
My seduction into the world of fireflies
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我對螢火蟲世界的迷戀
00:59
began when I was back in graduate school.
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要追溯到讀研究所的時候。
01:03
One evening, I was sitting out in my backyard
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一天晚上,我坐在院子裡,
01:06
in North Carolina,
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當時我在北卡羅來納州,
01:08
and suddenly, these silent sparks
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突然間,這些悄無聲息的花火
01:13
rose up all around me,
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就在我身邊升起了,
01:15
and I began to wonder:
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我當時開始想:
01:16
How do these creatures make light,
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這些小傢伙是怎麼製造光的呢?
01:19
and what's with all this flashing?
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這樣一閃一閃的又是怎麼回事呢?
01:21
Are they talking to one another?
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是它們在對話嗎?
01:23
And what happens after the lights go out?
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這些亮光熄滅以後會發生什麼呢?
01:26
I've been lucky enough to answer
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我很幸運,
這些年在夜的王國中探訪,
01:27
some of these questions
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讓我已經可以回答
01:29
as I've explored this nocturnal world.
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其中的一些問題了。
01:33
Now if you've ever seen
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如果你見過螢火蟲
01:35
or even heard about fireflies,
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或者只是聽說過螢火蟲的故事
01:37
then you'll know how magically they can transform
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那你一定了解它們是
如何能夠魔術般地
01:40
our everyday landscape into something
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把無常的景象轉化得
01:42
ethereal and otherworldly,
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空靈和如同仙境般的美麗,
01:44
and this happens around the globe,
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而這發生在世界各處:
01:46
like this hillside in the Smoky Mountains
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比如在(美國)大煙山的山坡上,
01:48
that I saw transformed into a living cascade of light
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我看到這些藍色精靈般的
螢火蟲用它們奇異的光
01:52
by the eerie glows of these blue ghost fireflies,
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造出了一個流動的光的瀑布,
01:56
or a roadside river that I visited in Japan
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而在日本一條路邊的小河,
01:59
as it was giving birth to the slow, floating flashes
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我看到這些源氏螢火蟲舞出一道道
02:04
of these Genji fireflies,
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緩慢流動的光帶,
02:06
or in Malaysia, the mangrove trees
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或在馬來西亞的紅樹林,
02:09
that I watched blossom nightly
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每晚所綻放的,
02:11
not with flowers
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不是花朵,
02:13
but with the lights of a thousand —
(Bleep! Bleep!) — fireflies,
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而是一千隻——(嗶!嗶!)
——螢火蟲的光芒,
02:15
all blinking together
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它們一起閃爍著,
02:17
in stunning synchrony.
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讓人難以置信的同步。
02:20
These luminous landscapes
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這些發光的景觀
02:22
still fill me with wonder,
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還是讓我驚愕,
02:24
and they keep me connected to the magic
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它們讓我感觸到
02:27
of the natural world.
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自然界的奇蹟。
02:29
And I find it amazing that they're created
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而讓我更驚奇的是,這樣的景象
02:31
by these tiny insects.
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是由如此小的昆蟲創造的。
02:34
In person, fireflies are charming.
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我本身覺得,螢火蟲是迷人的。
02:37
They're charismatic.
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它們充滿魅力。
02:39
They've been celebrated in art
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幾個世紀以來,它們不斷在藝術
02:41
and in poetry for centuries.
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和詩歌裡受到讚頌。
02:43
As I've traveled around the world,
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我曾在世界各地旅行,
02:44
I've met many thoughtful people
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遇過許多有思想的人,
02:47
who have told me that God put fireflies on Earth
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他們告訴我,
上帝把螢火蟲放在世上,
02:49
for humans to enjoy.
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是為了讓人類欣賞。
02:51
Other creatures can enjoy them too.
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別的生物也同樣欣賞它們。
02:54
I think these graceful insects are truly miraculous
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我覺得這些優雅的昆蟲是個奇蹟,
02:58
because they so beautifully illuminate
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它們如此優美地詮釋了
03:02
the creative improvisation of evolution.
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進化中那充滿想像力的即興創作。
03:06
They've been shaped by two powerful
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它們是受兩種強大的進化力量
03:08
evolutionary forces:
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影響形成的:
03:10
natural selection, the struggle for survival,
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天擇是為了生存的奮鬥;
03:13
and sexual selection,
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而性擇,
03:16
the struggle for reproductive opportunity.
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是為了爭取繁衍的機會而努力。
03:20
As a firefly junkie, the past 20 years
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作為一個螢火蟲迷,過去的二十年
03:22
have been quite an exciting ride.
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是讓我非常興奮的一場旅程。
03:24
Together with my students at Tufts University
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我和在塔夫茨大學的學生們
03:27
and other colleagues,
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還有同事一起,
03:28
we've made lots of new discoveries about fireflies:
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發現了關於螢火蟲的許多新鮮事:
03:32
their courtship and sex lives,
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它們的求愛和性生活,
03:34
their treachery and murder.
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它們的背叛和謀殺。
03:37
So today I'd like to share with you
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所以今天我想和你們分享
03:38
just a couple of tales that we've brought back
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幾個故事,這是從我們深入到這個
03:41
from our collective adventures
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這個隱秘的世界後一系列的探險後
03:43
into this hidden world.
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帶回來的。
03:47
Fireflies belong to a very beautiful
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螢火蟲屬於一種非常美麗,
03:50
and diverse group of insects, the beetles.
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而且多樣的昆蟲群,甲蟲。
03:54
Worldwide, there are more than 2,000 firefly species,
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全世界有超過 2000 種
螢火蟲的種類,
03:59
and these have evolved remarkably diverse
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而它們都衍生了有各式各樣的
04:01
courtship signals,
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求愛信號,
04:03
that is, different ways to find and attract mates.
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也就是,找尋和吸引
伴侶的不同方式。
04:06
Around 150 million years ago,
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大約 1.5 億年前,
04:08
the very first fireflies probably looked like this.
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最初的螢火蟲可能長得像這個樣子。
04:12
They flew during the daytime
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它們在白天飛,
04:13
and they didn't light up.
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而且不發光。
04:15
Instead, males used their fantastic antennae
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取而代之的是,
雄性用它們靈敏的觸鬚
04:18
to sniff out perfumes given off by their females.
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來嗅聞雌性散發的香味。
04:22
In other fireflies, it's only the females who light up.
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其它的螢火蟲族群中,
只有雌性螢火蟲會發光。
04:26
They are attractively plump and wingless,
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它們有迷人的豐滿身體,沒有翅膀,
04:30
so every night, they climb up onto perches
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所以每天晚上,它們爬上岸邊,
04:32
and they glow brightly for hours
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持續幾個小時地發出明亮的光芒,
04:34
to attract their flying but unlit males.
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吸引正飛舞著的,
但不會發光的雄性。
04:39
In still other fireflies, both sexes
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還有些螢火蟲種類,雄性和雌性
04:41
use quick, bright flashes to find their mates.
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都會用快速閃動的亮光
來尋找它們的配偶。
04:45
Here in North America,
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就在北美洲這裡,
04:46
we have more than 100 different kinds of firefly
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我們有超過 100 種
不同種類的螢火蟲,
04:49
that have the remarkable ability to shine energy
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它們都有非凡的能力,
04:53
out from their bodies
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將身體裡的能量
04:55
in the form of light.
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轉化成光。
04:57
How do they do that?
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它們是怎麼做到的呢?
05:00
It seems totally magical,
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這看起來完全像魔術,
05:02
but these bioluminescent signals
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但這些動物所發出的光信號
05:03
arise from carefully orchestrated chemical reactions
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需經過螢火蟲的燈籠中的
05:07
that happen inside the firefly lantern.
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多種化學反應的精密協調。
05:09
The main star is an enzyme called luciferase,
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主角是一種螢光素酶,
05:13
which in the course of evolution
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在漫長的進化中,
05:14
has figured out a way to wrap its tiny arms
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成功地把它的小染色體臂
05:18
around an even smaller molecule called luciferin,
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包裹住了一個更小的螢光素分子,
05:21
in the process getting it so excited
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這個過程中它受到激發,
05:24
that it actually gives off light.
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以致發出了光。
05:27
Incredible.
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不可思議。
05:29
But how could these bright lights
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但是這些亮光是如何讓
05:31
have benefited some proto-firefly?
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一些原始螢火蟲受益的呢?
05:35
To answer this question, we need to flip back
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要回答這個問題,我們需要先回顧
05:37
in the family album to some baby pictures.
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螢火蟲的族譜,
我們來看幾張小螢火蟲的照片。
05:41
Fireflies completely reinvent
their bodies as they grow.
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在生長過程中,
螢火蟲完全變異了它們的身體,
05:45
They spend the vast majority of their lifetime,
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它們生命中絕大部分的時間,
05:47
up to two years,
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長至兩年,
05:49
in this larval form.
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都花在幼蟲期。
05:52
Their main goal here, like my teenagers,
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這時候它們主要的目標,
就像我青少年的孩子,
05:54
is to eat and grow.
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是吃和長大。
05:57
And firefly light first originated
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螢火蟲第一次發光
06:00
in these juveniles.
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是在它們的青少年期。
06:02
Every single firefly larva can light up,
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每一隻螢火蟲幼蟲都可以發光,
06:04
even when their adults can't.
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即便它們長大以後不能發光。
06:07
But what's the point
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但是為什麼
06:08
to being so conspicuous?
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它們要如此顯眼?
06:12
Well, we know that these juveniles
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我們知道這些幼蟲
06:14
make nasty-tasting chemicals
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會製造難吃的化學物,
06:16
that help them survive their extended childhood,
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以保護自己安全度過漫長的童年。
06:19
so we think these lights first evolved as a warning,
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所以我們認為,最開始進化出
這些亮光是作為一種警告,
06:23
a neon sign that says, "Toxic! Stay away!"
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這就像一個霓虹燈,
喊著:「有毒!走開!」
06:28
to any would-be predators.
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嚇唬任何可能的捕食者。
06:31
It took many millions of years
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這之後又經過了好幾百萬年的時間,
06:33
before these bright lights
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這些亮光才進化成為
06:35
evolved into a smart communication tool
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一種聰明的溝通工具,
06:37
that could be used not just to
ward off potential predators
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不止是用來躲避可能的捕食者,
06:40
but to bring in potential mates.
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也用來吸引可能的伴侶。
06:43
Driven now by sexual selection,
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現在來談談關於性擇,
06:46
some adult fireflies
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一些成年螢火蟲,
06:48
like this proud male
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就像這只驕傲的雄蟲,
06:50
evolved a shiny new glow-in-the-dark lantern
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演化出一個在黑暗中閃亮的燈籠,
06:54
that would let them take courtship
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這個燈籠會讓它的求愛
06:56
to a whole new level.
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達到一個全新的水平。
07:00
These adults only live a few weeks,
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這些成蟲只有幾個星期的壽命,
07:02
and now they're single-mindedly focused on sex,
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這時候它們一心只想著交配,
07:07
that is, on propelling their genes
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讓自己的基因繁衍出
07:09
into the next firefly generation.
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下一代的螢火蟲。
07:12
So we can follow this male out into the field
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我們可以跟著這隻雄蟲到野外去,
07:15
as he joins hundreds of other males
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它置身於數百隻其他雄蟲中,
07:18
who are all showing off their new courtship signals.
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它們都在炫耀著它們新的求愛信號。
07:23
It's amazing to think that the luminous displays
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想想看,我們在這裡
07:26
we admire
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和世界各地讚歎的
07:27
here and in fact everywhere around the world
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這些光亮,
07:30
are actually the silent love songs
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它們其實是雄性螢火蟲
07:34
of male fireflies.
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靜默無聲的情歌。
07:37
They're flying and flashing their hearts out.
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它們飛舞著,閃耀著它們的真心,
07:41
I still find it very romantic.
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我至今認為,這太浪漫了。
07:45
But meanwhile, where are all the females?
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但同時,雌性螢火蟲在哪裡呢?
07:48
Well, they're lounging down below
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它們懶洋洋地待在低處,
07:50
surveying their options.
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審視著這些可能性。
07:51
They have plenty of males to choose from,
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有充足的雄性螢火蟲可供它們選擇,
07:53
and these females turn out to be very picky.
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而這些雌螢火蟲是非常挑剔的。
07:57
When a female sees a flash
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當一隻雌螢火蟲看到
一隻特別吸引人的雄性
08:00
from an especially attractive male,
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發出的閃光時,
08:02
she'll aim her lantern in his direction,
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她會把她的燈籠朝向雄螢火蟲,
08:05
and give him a flash back.
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也給他一個閃光回應,
08:08
It's her "come hither" sign.
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這是她在說「到這兒來」。
08:11
So he flies closer and he flashes again.
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雄螢火蟲於是飛近她,再次閃光,
08:15
If she still likes him,
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如果雌螢火蟲仍然喜歡他,
08:16
they'll strike up a conversation.
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他們就開始聊起天來。
08:19
These creatures speak their love
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這種生物用光的語言
08:22
in the language of light.
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訴說他們的愛情。
08:25
So what exactly do these females consider sexy?
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那麼,到底什麼對這些
雌螢火蟲來說是性感的呢?
08:30
We decided to conduct some firefly opinion polls
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我們決定在螢火蟲中做些民意調查
08:32
to find out.
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來尋求答案。
08:34
When we tested females using blinking LED lights,
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當我們用閃光的 LED 燈
測試雌螢火蟲時,
08:37
we discovered they prefer males
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我們發現它們更喜歡
08:40
who give longer-lasting flashes.
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可以持久發光的雄性。
08:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(大笑 )(鼓掌)
08:47
I know you're wondering,
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我猜你們想知道,
08:49
what gives these males their sex appeal?
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是什麼給予雄螢火蟲性吸引力?
08:52
Now we get to see what happens
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那我們就要來看看
08:53
when the lights go out.
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燈光熄滅後發生了什麼。
08:56
The first thing we discovered
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我們發現的第一件事,
08:57
is that once a male and female hook up like this,
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是一旦雄螢火蟲和雌螢火蟲
纏綿在一起時,
09:00
they stay together all night long,
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它們就會一整晚呆在一起,
09:03
and when we looked inside
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我們再朝裡面看看,
09:04
to see what might be happening,
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看看正在發生什麼,
09:05
we discovered a surprising new twist
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我們驚人地發現一個
09:08
to firefly sex.
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螢火蟲性行為的轉折。
09:10
While they're mating,
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當它們交配時,
09:11
the male is busy giving the female
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雄螢火蟲不止忙著
09:13
not just his sperm
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向雌螢火蟲射精,
09:15
but also a nutrient-filled package
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還給她一個富含營養的袋子,
09:19
called a nuptial gift.
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叫做新婚彩禮。
09:23
We can zoom in to look more closely
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我們可以放大,更近地看看
09:25
inside this mating pair.
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在交配的螢火蟲的體內。
09:27
We can actually see the gift —
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我們可以看到這個禮物——
09:28
it's shown here in red —
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在這裡它看起來是紅色的——
09:30
as it's being passed from the male to the female.
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它正從雄螢火蟲傳向雌螢火蟲。
09:34
What makes this gift so valuable
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這個禮物如此珍貴,
09:37
is that it's packed with protein
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是因為它有豐富的蛋白質,
09:39
that the female will use to provision her eggs.
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這是雌螢火蟲產卵所必需的營養。
09:43
So females are keeping their eyes on this prize
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所以雌螢火蟲在評估
它們潛在的伴侶時,
09:47
as they size up potential mates.
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都心繫於這個禮物。
09:49
We discovered that females use male flash signals
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我們發現雌螢火蟲
努力通過雄性的閃光信號
09:52
to try to predict which males
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來預測哪些雄性
09:54
have the biggest gifts to offer,
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可以提供最豐厚的禮物,
09:56
because this bling helps the female lay more eggs
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因為這個閃光寶貝可以幫助
雌螢火蟲產下更多的卵,
10:01
and ultimately launch more of her own offspring
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以至於在新一代螢火蟲中,
10:04
into the next generation.
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可以有更多是她自己的後代。
10:09
So it's not all sweetness and light.
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所以這不全是甜蜜和柔光,
10:11
Firefly romance is risky.
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螢火蟲的羅曼史也飽含危險的。
10:14
For the most part, these adult fireflies
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大部分情況下,
成年螢火蟲不會被吃掉,
10:16
don't get eaten because like their juveniles
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因為像它們幼蟲時候一樣,
10:19
they can manufacture toxins that are repellent
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它們可以製造毒素,
10:22
to birds and other insectivores,
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讓鳥兒和其他食蟲動物躲開它們。
10:25
but somewhere along the line,
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但在歷史的某一頁,
10:28
one particular group of fireflies
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螢火蟲中的某一種類,
10:30
somehow lost the metabolic machinery
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莫名其妙地就失去了這種代謝機制,
10:33
needed to make their own protective toxins.
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無法製造自己的防衛毒素。
10:37
This evolutionary flaw,
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這個進化中的小瑕疵,
10:39
which was discovered by my colleague Tom Eisner,
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是由我的同事湯姆·艾斯納發現的,
10:42
has driven these fireflies
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這促使這些螢火蟲
10:44
to take their bright lights out into the night
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不懷好意地
10:47
with treacherous intent.
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在黑夜中點亮自己。
10:51
Dubbed "femme fatales"
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這是被我另一個同事吉姆·洛伊
10:53
by Jim Lloyd, another colleague,
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稱為「蛇蠍美人」的雌性螢火蟲,
10:55
these females have figured out how to target
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它們搞清楚了吸引
10:58
the males of other firefly species.
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其他類型的雄螢火蟲的套路。
11:02
So the hunt begins with the predator —
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這場狩獵是從捕食者開始的——
11:04
she's shown here in the lower left —
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她在左下方這裡,
11:06
where she's sitting quietly
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正安靜地坐著,
11:08
and eavesdropping on the courtship conversation
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在偷聽她想要捕食的螢火蟲
11:11
of her intended prey,
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求愛的對話,
11:12
and here's how it might go.
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接下來會發生的也許是如此。
11:14
First the prey male flashes, "Do you love me?"
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首先,那個將被捕食的
雄螢火蟲說:「你愛我嗎?」
11:18
His own female responds, "Maybe."
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他自己的雌螢火蟲回答說,
「可能吧。」
11:22
So then he flashes again.
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所以接下來他又閃爍起來。
11:25
But this time, the predator sneaks in a reply
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但這次,是捕獵者狡猾地在回答,
11:29
that cleverly mimics exactly
what the other female just said.
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她很聰明,逼真地模仿
其他雌螢火蟲剛說過的話。
11:34
She's not looking for love: she's looking for toxins.
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她不是在尋找愛:她在尋找毒素。
11:39
If she's good, she can lure this male close enough
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如果她是個中好手,
她可以勾引這隻雄螢火蟲繼續靠近,
11:43
to reach out and grab him,
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直到抓住他,
11:46
and he's not just a light snack.
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他不止是一餐發光的小點心。
11:48
Over the next hour, she slowly
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再接下來的一個小時,她慢慢地
11:51
exsanguinates this male
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把這隻雄螢火蟲的血抽光,
11:54
leaving behind just some gory remains.
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只剩下一具血淋淋的軀殼。
11:58
Unable to make their own toxins,
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因為不能製造自己的毒素,
12:00
these females resort to drinking the blood
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這些雌螢火蟲依靠
喝其他螢火蟲的血,
12:03
of other fireflies to get these protective chemicals.
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來得到這些有防衛作用的化學物質。
12:07
So a firefly vampire,
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所以,在天擇下,
12:13
brought to you by natural selection.
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吸血鬼螢火蟲誕生了。
12:17
We still have a lot to learn about fireflies,
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還有很多關於螢火蟲的
故事等待我們去發現,
12:21
but it looks like many stories will remain untold,
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但可能許多故事會永遠保持著緘默,
12:24
because around the world, firefly populations
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因為在世界各地,螢火蟲
12:26
are blinking out.
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在眨眼的瞬間已經滅絕。
12:29
The main culprit: habitat loss.
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罪魁禍首是:棲息地的消失。
12:32
Pretty much everywhere, the fields and forests,
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世界各地的許多曠野和森林,
紅樹林和草地,
12:34
the mangroves and meadows
that fireflies need to survive,
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這些螢火蟲生存需要的環境
12:37
are giving way to development and to sprawl.
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都讓路給開發和擴張。
12:41
Here's another problem: we've conquered darkness,
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還有另一個問題:
我們已經征服了黑暗,
12:45
but in the process, we spill so
much extra light out into the night
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但在這個過程中,
我們把這麼多多餘的光投向夜晚,
12:48
that it disrupts the lives of other creatures,
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這讓其他生物的生活陷入混亂,
12:52
and fireflies are especially sensitive to light pollution
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螢火蟲對光害尤其敏感,
12:55
because it obscures the signals
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因為這讓它們用來尋找配偶的
12:58
that they use to find their mates.
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信號變得模糊不清。
13:02
Do we really need fireflies?
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我們真的需要螢火蟲嗎?
13:04
After all, they're just one tiny bit
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畢竟,它們只是地球生物多樣性中
13:06
of Earth's biodiversity.
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一個微小的點。
13:08
Yet every time a species is lost,
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然而每次一種生物滅絕,
13:12
it's like extinguishing a room full of candles
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就像在一間擺滿蠟燭的房間裡
13:14
one by one.
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一個接一個地熄滅蠟燭。
13:17
You might not notice
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你可能不會注意
13:18
when the first few flames flicker out,
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最初搖曳熄滅的那些火焰,
13:22
but in the end, you're left sitting in darkness.
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但最後,只剩下你獨自坐在黑暗中。
13:31
As we work together to craft a planetary future,
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在我們一起努力為這個星球
創造美好的未來時,
13:36
I hope we can find a way
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我希望我們可以找到一種方法
13:38
to keep these bright lights shining.
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讓這些明亮的小燈籠繼續閃耀。
13:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:44
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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