Tristram Stuart: The global food waste scandal

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: Jing Xu 校对人员: Steven Shen

The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal

这项揭露全球粮食浪费丑闻的任务

started for me when I was 15 years old.

从我15岁起便开始了。

I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex.

我买了一些猪。当时我住在萨塞克斯郡。

And I started to feed them in the most traditional

我开始用最传统

and environmentally friendly way.

和环保的方式饲养它们。

I went to my school kitchen, and I said,

我去了学校的厨房，我说，

"Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned

“把那些我朋友们所看不上的

their noses up at."

残羹剩饭都给我。”

I went to the local baker and took their stale bread.

我去了当地的面包店，向他们要了那些不新鲜的面包。

I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer

我去了当地的蔬菜水果店，还去找了一个

who was throwing away potatoes because they were

正在丢弃土豆的农民，

the wrong shape or size for supermarkets.

仅仅是因为它们形状和尺寸不符合超市的需求。

This was great. My pigs turned that food waste

一切都很顺利。我养的那些猪把食物残渣

into delicious pork. I sold that pork

都转变成了美味的猪肉。我把猪肉

to my school friends' parents, and I made

卖给学校里朋友们的家长，并且我也从中赚到

a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.

额外的零花钱。

But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs

但是后来我意识到，我喂猪所用的大部分食物

was in fact fit for human consumption,

都是人类可食用的，

and that I was only scratching the surface,

而我也只触到了问题表面，

and that right the way up the food supply chain,

在整条食物链的最上面，

in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes,

在超市里，在蔬菜水果店里，在面包店里，在我们的家里，

in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.

在工厂和农场里，我们都在大量地、疯狂地浪费着食物。

Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me

那些超市的负责人甚至都不愿意跟我讨论

about how much food they were wasting.

那些他们到底浪费了多少粮食的话题。

I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food

我曾经绕到超市的后面。我亲眼目睹了那些装满食物的垃圾桶

being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites,

被锁在卡车里，然后被送往垃圾场填埋，

and I thought, surely there is something more sensible

然后我就在想，肯定有更合理的处理食物的方法，

to do with food than waste it.

而不是浪费它们。

One morning, when I was feeding my pigs,

一天早上，当我正在喂我的猪时，

I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf

我看到一块看起来很美味的晒干的西红柿面包，

that used to crop up from time to time.

它们常常会出现。

I grabbed hold of it,

我抓起了它，

sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter)

坐了下来，跟我的那些猪共进早餐。（笑声）

That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism,

这就是我第一次做出这种后来被我称呼为“免费素食主义"的举动，

really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste,

实际上体现出的是对浪费食物的不满，

and the provision of the solution to food waste,

并且提供了浪费食物的解决方案，

which is simply to sit down and eat food,

那就是，坐下来，吃完它，

rather than throwing it away.

而不是把它丢掉。

That became, as it were, a way of confronting

这种行为变成一种对大型产业

large businesses in the business of wasting food,

浪费食物行为的抵抗，

and exposing, most importantly, to the public,

更重要的是，去向大众揭露，

that when we're talking about food being thrown away,

当我们在说被丢弃的食品时，

we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about

我们说的不是腐烂的食品，我们说的不是

stuff that's beyond the pale.

那些难以下咽的食物。

We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted

我们说的是那些完好的，新鲜的食物

on a colossal scale.

在被大规模地浪费掉。

Eventually, I set about writing my book,

终于，我决定写一本书，

really to demonstrate the extent of this problem

来说明这个问题在国际上的广度。

on a global scale. What this shows is

这个显示出的是

a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level

世界上每个国家对食物可能的

of food waste in each country in the world.

浪费程度。

Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist,

但是很可惜，实际、确凿的数据很难统计，

and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find

因此，为了证明我的观点，我首先得通过

some proxy way of uncovering

一些替代的方式来揭露

how much food was being wasted.

有多少食物被浪费了。

So I took the food supply of every single country

于是，我把各国的食物供应量

and I compared it to what was actually likely

跟其自身的实际消耗量

to be being consumed in each country.

拿来做比较。

That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on

这些数据是基于食物摄入量的调查问卷基础上，

levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors

再加上肥胖程度和很多其他不同的因素，

that gives you an approximate guess

来得出一个大概的

as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths.

关于究竟有多少食物真正进入了人们的口中的推测。

That black line in the middle of that table

表格中间的黑线

is the likely level of consumption

是食物消耗量的大概数值

with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste.

当中包括了一定量的无法避免的浪费。

There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic

浪费永远都会存在。 我还不至于不切实际到去

that I think we can live in a waste-free world.

以为我们可以生活在一个毫无浪费的世界里。

But that black line shows what a food supply should be

但是那条黑线显示出

in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure,

一个具备良好的，稳定的，安全的

nutritional diet for every person in that country.

有营养的食品的国家应该供应给每个人的食物量。

Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that

你会发现，世界上绝大多数的国家

that includes most countries in the world,

都处于这条线的上方，

represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect

代表着不必要的盈余，也反映出

levels of waste in each country.

每个国家的食物浪费量。

As a country gets richer, it invests more and more

当一个国家变富裕时，它会投入越来越多的资产

in getting more and more surplus

来购买大量的、额外的存货

into its shops and restaurants,

导致商店和餐馆里产生更多的浪费，

and as you can see, most European

同时你可以看到，大多数欧洲

and North American countries

和北美的国家

fall between 150 and 200 percent

消耗着150％到200％的

of the nutritional requirements of their populations.

国家总人口营养需求量。

So a country like America has twice as much food

所以一个像美国这样的国家

on its shop shelves and in its restaurants

在它商店货架上和餐馆里所拥有的食物

than is actually required to feed the American people.

比实际需要喂饱所有美国人的量还多出一倍。

But the thing that really struck me,

但是当我处理这些大量的数据时，

when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers,

一件深深震撼我的事就是，

was that you can see how it levels off.

如你所见，数据点逐渐趋于平缓。

Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark,

各个国家的点很快升至150的标记，而在到达这个界限后

and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising

便趋于平稳，而非像你所预期的那样

as you might expect.

继续上升。

So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further

所以我决定更近一步的解读这些数据

to see if that was true or false.

来看这到底是准确的还是错误的。

And that's what I came up with.

这就是我所发现的。

If you include not just the food that ends up

如果不仅仅包括是那些最终

in shops and restaurants, but also the food

流向在商店和餐馆的食物，而且还包括

that people feed to livestock,

人们用来饲养牲畜的食物：

the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat

那些玉米、大豆、小麦，等等人类本可以食用

but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce

但是却选择给牲畜用来增肥

increasing amounts of meat and dairy products,

以便制造更多肉类和奶制品，

what you find is that most rich countries

你会发现，大多数富裕的国家

have between three and four times the amount of food

消耗着它人口所需要的

that their population needs to feed itself.

三到四倍多的食物。

A country like America has four times the amount of food

一个像美国这样的国家有着它人口所需要的

that it needs.

四倍的食物。

When people talk about the need to increase global

当人们在讨论着需要扩大全球

food production to feed those nine billion people

粮食产量来喂饱2050年之际

that are expected on the planet by 2050,

预计的全球90亿人口，

I always think of these graphs.

我总是会想起这些图表。

The fact is, we have an enormous buffer

实际上，富裕的国家为我们和饥饿之间

in rich countries between ourselves and hunger.

提供庞大的缓冲。

We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.

我们之前从未有过如此庞大的盈余。

In many ways, this is a great success story

在很多方面，这是一个人类文明的成功的故事：

of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses

在农业富余方面

that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago.

我们达到了12,000年前所定的目标。

It is a success story. It has been a success story.

这是一个成功的故事。这一直都是一个成功的故事。

But what we have to recognize now is that we are

但是我们现在要认识到的是我们已经

reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,

要达到地球所能承受的生态极限，

and when we chop down forests, as we are every day,

每天，当我们砍下一片片树林，

to grow more and more food,

来增加越来越多的食物，

when we extract water from depleting water reserves,

当我们从渐渐耗尽的水资源中提取水，

when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest

当我们排放着化石燃料的废气

to grow more and more food,

来增加越来越多的食物，

and then we throw away so much of it,

然后再把这么多的食物都丢弃，

we have to think about what we can start saving.

我们必须想一想我们能开始保存下些什么。

And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets

昨天，我去了一家我常去的

that I often visit to

本地的超市

inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away.

去察看他们丢弃了些什么。

I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst

我找到了很多包饼干

all the fruit and vegetables and everything else

还有很多水果蔬菜和其他的一些东西

that was in there.

都在废弃物之列。

And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.

然后我想到，这个可以作为今天的一个象征。

So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits

所以我想让你们把这9块我在垃圾桶里找到的饼干

that I found in the bin represent the global food supply,

想象成全球粮食供应，

okay? We start out with nine.

好吗？我们最初有9块。

That's what's in fields around the world every single year.

这是全球每年的食物产量。

The first biscuit we're going to lose

第一块饼干在我们离开农场之前

before we even leave the farm.

就会失去。

That's a problem primarily associated with

这个问题主要与

developing work agriculture, whether it's

农业工作发展有关，不管它是

a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization,

缺乏基础设施，制冷设备，杀菌技术，

grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means

以及粮油店，甚至基本的水果箱，这意味着

that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.

食物在离开产地之前就会被浪费掉。

The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide

下面三块饼干是在我们决定用来

to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya.

饲养牲畜用的食物：玉米，小麦和大豆。

Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals,

不幸的是，我们的野兽们是低效的动物们，

and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat,

它们把2/3都转换成粪便和热量，

so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one

因此我们丢失了两块饼干，我们只保留下这一块

in meat and dairy products.

代表肉类和奶制品。

Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.

还有两块我们会直接丢进垃圾桶里。

This is what most of us think of when we think

这就是我们大多数人所认为的

of food waste, what ends up in the garbage,

食物浪费，那些最终到了垃圾桶里的，

what ends up in supermarket bins,

最终到了超市的垃圾桶里的，

what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two,

最终到了餐馆的垃圾桶里的。于是我们又失去了两块，

and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on.

而我们只为自己留下四块能食用的饼干。

That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources,

这种利用全球资源的方式并不高效，

especially when you think of the billion hungry people

特别是当你想起这个世界上有多少亿的人们

that exist already in the world.

正在挨饿着。

Having gone through the data, I then needed

研究过这些数据，我还需要

to demonstrate where that food ends up.

演示这些食物最终去了那里。

Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff

它去了哪里呢？我们习惯于看到那些在我们盘子上的

on our plates, but what about all the stuff

食物，但是那些在这之前不见的

that goes missing in between?

食物去了哪里呢？

Supermarkets are an easy place to start.

超市是个容易开始着手的地方。

This is the result of my hobby,

而这是我爱好的结果，

which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)

就是非官方的垃圾桶检查。（笑声）

Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations

你会想这很奇怪，但是如果我们能靠企业

to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,

来告诉我们他们在店里都在做些什么，

we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back,

我们就不必要偷偷摸摸的跑到店后面，

opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.

打开垃圾桶去看里面有什么。

But this is what you can see more or less on

但是这就是你或多或少

every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America.

能在英国，欧洲和北美的大街小巷里看到的。

It represents a colossal waste of food,

这表明了庞大的食物浪费，

but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book

但是在写书期间我发现

was that this very evident abundance of waste

这些显而易见的大量浪费

was actually the tip of the iceberg.

其实只是冰山一角。

When you start going up the supply chain,

当你开始从食物供应链往上，

you find where the real food waste is happening

你就会发现庞大规模的食物浪费

on a gargantuan scale.

正在发生

Can I have a show of hands

我想让在座的各位来次举手投票：

if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house?

如果你的家里有一条切片面包，

Who lives in a household where that crust --

谁会把那些面包皮——

that slice at the first and last end of each loaf --

就是那第一片和最后一片面包片——

who lives in a household where it does get eaten?

哪些家庭会把这些吃掉？

Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people,

好的，大部分人，不是所有人，但是绝大多数人，

and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world,

而这也是，我很高兴地说，全球都是这样，

and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop

但是有没有人看到超市或者三明治店里

anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches

世上任何地方卖的三明治

with crusts on it? (Laughter)

上面有面包皮？（笑声）

I certainly haven't.

至少我没见过。

So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)

所以我继续想，这些面包皮都去了哪里？（笑声）

This is the answer, unfortunately:

这就是答案，很不幸：

13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of

每天都有13,000块新鲜面包

this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.

从这一个工厂里产出，这是非常新鲜的、刚出炉的面包。

In the same year that I visited this factory,

在我访问这个工厂的同一年，

I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry

我去了巴基斯坦，那儿2008年时还有很多人还在挨饿。

as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.

这是全球粮食供应紧张造成的。

We contribute to that squeeze

是我们导致了供给紧张，

by depositing food in bins here in Britain

我们把食物丢进英国垃圾桶里

and elsewhere in the world. We take food

还有世界各处。我们把

off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.

那些饥饿的人赖以生存的食物从商店货架上拿了下来。

Go one step up, and you get to farmers,

往上走一步，你就能找到农民，

who throw away sometimes a third or even more

他们把三分之一或者更多的

of their harvest because of cosmetic standards.

收成都丢掉，只因为外形标准。

This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds

举例说，这个农民投资了16,000英镑

in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested,

来种菠菜，但是没有收割一片叶子，

because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.

因为菠菜之间长了一些草。

Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect,

那些外形不完美的土豆

all going for pigs.

都归猪所有。

Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications,

对超市来说太小的欧洲萝卜，

tomatoes in Tenerife,

特内里费的西红柿，

oranges in Florida,

佛罗里达的橙子，

bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year,

厄瓜多尔的香蕉，那是我去年去过的地方，

all being discarded. This is one day's waste

都被丢弃了。这是厄瓜多尔的

from one banana plantation in Ecuador.

一个香蕉种植园一天之内的废弃量。

All being discarded, perfectly edible,

全部被丢弃了，明明完全都能食用，

because they're the wrong shape or size.

只因为它们的形状或者大小不对。

If we do that to fruit and vegetables,

如果我们对水果和蔬菜这样做，

you bet we can do it to animals too.

我们肯定也会这样对待动物。

Liver, lungs, heads, tails,

肝脏，肺脏，头部，尾部，

kidneys, testicles,

肾脏，睾丸，

all of these things which are traditional,

所有这些被丢弃的脏器都是传统意义上

delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy

可口又营养的美食部分。

go to waste. Offal consumption has halved

最近30年，内脏消费量在

in Britain and America in the last 30 years.

英国和美国减少了一半。

As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best,

结果是，这些东西最好的下场是喂狗吃了，

or is incinerated.

或者被焚烧。

This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China,

这个男人，在中国西部的新疆省喀什市，

is serving up his national dish.

正在做他的民族佳肴。

It's called sheep's organs.

它叫做羊内脏。

It's delicious, it's nutritious,

既美味又有营养，

and as I learned when I went to Kashgar,

还有我去喀什的时候学到，

it symbolizes their taboo against food waste.

它代表食物浪费的禁忌。

I was sitting in a roadside cafe.

当我坐在路边的咖啡馆里，

A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl,

一个厨师来跟我说话，我刚吃完了我碗里的饭，

and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking

而话谈到一半，他不说话了

and he started frowning into my bowl.

然后开始对着我的碗皱眉头。

I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken?

我想，“天啊，我打破了哪些禁忌？

How have I insulted my host?"

我如何侮辱了这个厨师？“

He pointed at three grains of rice

他指着我碗底的三粒米，

at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter)

然后说"吃干净。" (笑声）

I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world

我想，”天啊，你知道，我到世界各地

telling people to stop wasting food.

告诉大家停止浪费食物。

This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)

这个人居然在我的游戏里让我输得一败涂地。”(笑声）

But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people,

但是这给了我信心。它给了我信心，我们人类

do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources

有力量来停止这种悲剧般的资源浪费

if we regard it as socially unacceptable

如果我们把大规模的食物浪费视作

to waste food on a colossal scale,

不被社会接受的，

if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it,

如果我们发出声音，告诉企业，

tell governments we want to see an end to food waste,

告诉政府我们不想再看到食物被浪费，

we do have the power to bring about that change.

我们有能力来带来变化。

Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish

鱼，40%到60%的欧洲的鱼

are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed.

被丢弃在海里，他们甚至都没上过岸。

In our homes, we've lost touch with food.

在我们的家里，我们已经失去了与食品的接触。

This is an experiment I did on three lettuces.

这是一个我在三棵生菜上做的实验。

Who keeps lettuces in their fridge?

谁把生菜放在冰箱里？

Most people. The one on the left

大部分人。左边的

was kept in a fridge for 10 days.

是在冰箱放了10天的。

The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference.

中间的那棵，是放在我厨房桌上的。没什么区别。

The one on the right I treated like cut flowers.

右边的这棵我把它视为精心修剪的花。

It's a living organism, cut the slice off,

它是一个有生命的机体，我把它一片一片切下来，

stuck it in a vase of water,

放在一个有水的花瓶里，

it was all right for another two weeks after this.

它在两周后都是好的。

Some food waste, as I said at the beginning,

有些食物浪费，像我在一开始说的那样，

will inevitably arise, so the question is,

是不可避免的，所以问题是，

what is the best thing to do with it?

最好的解决方法是什么？

I answered that question when I was 15.

我15岁就回答了那个问题。

In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago:

实际上，人类在6,000年前就回答了这个问题：

We domesticated pigs

我们驯化了猪，

to turn food waste back into food.

把食物残渣转换成食物。

And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal

然而，在欧洲，这种做法已成为非法行为

since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak.

自从2001年口蹄疫爆发后。

It's unscientific. It's unnecessary.

这不科学，也毫无必要。

If you cook food for pigs, just as if

如果你做饭给猪，就像

you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe.

你做饭给人类一样，就是安全的。

It's also a massive saving of resources.

同时也能减少很多资源利用。

At the moment, Europe depends on importing

现在，欧洲依赖着从南美进口

millions of tons of soy from South America,

几百万吨黄豆，

where its production contributes to global warming,

其生产导致全球气候变暖，

to deforestation, to biodiversity loss,

大片森林遭砍伐以及生物多样性的丧失，

to feed livestock here in Europe.

来饲养在欧洲的牲畜。

At the same time we throw away millions of tons

同时我们扔掉几百万吨

of food waste which we could and should be feeding them.

可以饲养这些牲畜的食物。

If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save

如果我们那样做了，把它喂给猪，我们可以减少

that amount of carbon.

那么多的二氧化碳。

If we feed our food waste which is the current

如果我们浪费的食物，

government favorite way of getting rid of food waste,

这是现在政府最喜欢用的处理剩余的食物的方法，

to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste

进行厌氧消化，将食物渣滓

into gas to produce electricity,

转换成汽油来生产电，

you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide

你能省下微不足道的448公斤的二氧化碳

per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs.

在每吨食物残渣里。把这些食物残渣喂给猪更好。

We knew that during the war. (Laughter)

在战争时期我们就懂得。（笑声）

A silver lining: It has kicked off globally,

有一线希望：它在全球已经拉开序幕，

the quest to tackle food waste.

就是寻求解决粮食的浪费的方法。

Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009.

Feeding the 5000是一个我在2009年第一次组织的活动。

We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise

我们用本会被丢弃的食物

would have been wasted.

喂饱了5000个人。

Since then, it's happened again in London,

从那以后，在伦敦又进行过一次，

it's happening internationally, and across the country.

全国各地以及国际上也在进行着。

It's a way of organizations coming together

这是所有组织在一起

to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food

赞美食物，并同意处理食物的最好方法

is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it.

就是吃它和享受它，而不要去浪费。

For the sake of the planet we live on,

为了我们所赖以生存在的地球，

for the sake of our children,

为了我们的孩子，

for the sake of all the other

为了其它

organisms that share our planet with us,

跟我们一起分享地球的生物，

we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land

我们是陆生动物，而我们依赖我们的土地

for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land

来给我们供应食物。此刻，我们正在摧毁我们的土地

to grow food that no one eats.

来栽种没有人吃的食物。

Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause)

停止浪费食物。非常感谢。（鼓掌声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌声）