Tristram Stuart: The global food waste scandal

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Geoff Chen

The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal

我在15歲時就開始揭穿

started for me when I was 15 years old.

全球浪費食物的醜行

I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex.

我買了幾頭豬，當時我住在英格蘭薩西克斯郡

And I started to feed them in the most traditional

而我用最傳統

and environmentally friendly way.

最環保的方式飼養牠們

I went to my school kitchen, and I said,

我去我們學校的廚房跟他們說：

"Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned

「給我一些同學們不屑吃的

their noses up at."

連聞都不想聞的廚餘吧。」

I went to the local baker and took their stale bread.

我去附近的麵包店拿不新鮮的麵包

I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer

我去蔬果攤，我去找農夫

who was throwing away potatoes because they were

去拿他們要丟掉的馬鈴薯，因為這些馬鈴薯

the wrong shape or size for supermarkets.

不符合超市收購所要求的形狀或尺寸

This was great. My pigs turned that food waste

這方法棒極了。我的豬把那些本來會浪費掉的食物

into delicious pork. I sold that pork

轉變成好吃的豬肉。我把這些豬肉

to my school friends' parents, and I made

賣給同學的父母，而我因此

a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.

賺了一筆為數不錯的零用錢，口袋豐滿了不少

But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs

但我注意到我給豬吃的大多數食物

was in fact fit for human consumption,

事實上都還可以給人吃

and that I was only scratching the surface,

我還注意到我只是看到事實的表面

and that right the way up the food supply chain,

也注意到整條食物供給鏈

in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes,

從超市、蔬果攤、麵包店、我們的家

in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.

到工廠及農場，我們簡直是食物大出血

Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me

超市根本就不想跟我談

about how much food they were wasting.

他們到底浪費了多少食物

I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food

我曾繞到店家的後面，看著一桶又一桶滿滿的食物

being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites,

被鎖在那裡，然後被垃圾車載到掩埋場

and I thought, surely there is something more sensible

所以我想，應該還有更合理的方法

to do with food than waste it.

可以處理這些食物，而不是扔掉

One morning, when I was feeding my pigs,

有一天早上，我在餵豬的時候

I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf

注意到有一片看起來很好吃的蕃茄乾土司

that used to crop up from time to time.

這樣的土司偶爾會出現在廚餘裡

I grabbed hold of it,

我趕快把它撿起來

sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter)

坐下，與我的豬共進早餐（笑聲）

That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism,

這是我第一次實踐不消費主義（freeganism） 這是我後來學到的名詞

really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste,

這顯示了我們如何錯待廚餘

and the provision of the solution to food waste,

同時也爲如何處理廚餘提供解答

which is simply to sit down and eat food,

其實就是坐下來吃掉這些食物

rather than throwing it away.

不要把它丟掉

That became, as it were, a way of confronting

這真的變成要面對面挑戰

large businesses in the business of wasting food,

那些浪費食物的大型企業

and exposing, most importantly, to the public,

更重要的，是對大眾揭露

that when we're talking about food being thrown away,

當我們談論被丟棄的食物

we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about

我們不是在說壞掉的食物，我們不是在說

stuff that's beyond the pale.

那些超過保存期限的東西

We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted

我們是在談那些還很好還很新鮮的食物

on a colossal scale.

就這樣被大量的浪費掉

Eventually, I set about writing my book,

我後來終於決定寫書

really to demonstrate the extent of this problem

來告訴大家這個問題的嚴重程度

on a global scale. What this shows is

已經到了全球化的規模。這裡顯示的是

a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level

以國家來細分，這世上每一個國家

of food waste in each country in the world.

浪費食物的可能程度

Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist,

不幸的是，實證數據，那些很好很紮實的統計數據並不存在

and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find

所以為了證明我的觀點，我首先必須找出

some proxy way of uncovering

一些能夠揭露

how much food was being wasted.

有多少食物已經被浪費掉的替代方法

So I took the food supply of every single country

所以我把每一個國家的食物供給量

and I compared it to what was actually likely

與那個國家的實際食物消費量

to be being consumed in each country.

拿來作比較

That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on

這數據是以調查飲食攝入量及肥胖程度為基本

levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors

以及一系列讓你能粗略地估算

that gives you an approximate guess

到底有多少食物

as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths.

真的被吃掉的因素為基準所得到的結果

That black line in the middle of that table

那條在圖中間的黑線

is the likely level of consumption

是大概能吃掉多少的量

with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste.

其中已經加了一些不可避免的浪費量

There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic

總是會有浪費，我沒有那麼不實際

that I think we can live in a waste-free world.

認為我們可以活在完全沒有浪費的世界

But that black line shows what a food supply should be

所以那條黑線顯示了一個國家的食物供給量

in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure,

應該是多少，假設他們能提供良好、穩定又安全的

nutritional diet for every person in that country.

營養食物給國家裡的每一個人

Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that

所以超過這條線的點，你很快就會注意到

that includes most countries in the world,

這世上大多數的國家都在此線之上

represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect

這代表著不必要的糧食過剩，而且大致能反映

levels of waste in each country.

每一個國家的浪費程度

As a country gets richer, it invests more and more

當國家變得更富有，商店及餐廳的

in getting more and more surplus

食物過剩現象

into its shops and restaurants,

也愈來愈明顯

and as you can see, most European

正如你所見，大部分的歐洲

and North American countries

及北美洲國家

fall between 150 and 200 percent

都落在人口營養需求量的

of the nutritional requirements of their populations.

百分之一百五到二百之間

So a country like America has twice as much food

意思是像美國這樣的國家，有超過兩倍以上

on its shop shelves and in its restaurants

美國人實際所需的食物

than is actually required to feed the American people.

擺在店架及餐廳裡

But the thing that really struck me,

但是真正讓我震驚的是

when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers,

當我把這些資料畫成圖時，這是很大一批數據

was that you can see how it levels off.

你可以看到它趨緩的走勢

Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark,

這些國家迅速達到150這個點

and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising

然後持平，不再完全如你所預期的

as you might expect.

繼續上升

So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further

所以我決定進一步研究這些數據

to see if that was true or false.

看看到底這種走勢是反應事實還是假象

And that's what I came up with.

而這是我得到的結果

If you include not just the food that ends up

如果你把商店及餐廳的食物

in shops and restaurants, but also the food

以及人們拿去餵牲畜的食物

that people feed to livestock,

都包括在裡面

the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat

也就是你把玉米、黃豆、麥子 這些本來是人類可以吃的食物

but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce

拿去養肥牲畜以生產

increasing amounts of meat and dairy products,

更多量的肉品及奶製品

what you find is that most rich countries

那麼你會發現大部分的富裕國家

have between three and four times the amount of food

有三到四倍那麼多

that their population needs to feed itself.

餵飽他們的人口所需的食物

A country like America has four times the amount of food

而像美國這個國家有著它所需

that it needs.

四倍的食物

When people talk about the need to increase global

當大家在討論是否需要增加全球

food production to feed those nine billion people

糧食生產以餵飽預計到2050年

that are expected on the planet by 2050,

會增長到九十億的全球人口

I always think of these graphs.

我總是想到我的這些圖表

The fact is, we have an enormous buffer

事實上，在富裕的國家

in rich countries between ourselves and hunger.

我們有足以因應飢荒的食物

We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.

這麼龐大數量的多餘糧食是前所未見的

In many ways, this is a great success story

從很多角度來看這是個成功的人類文明發展故事

of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses

是個在一萬兩千年前人類就想要達到的

that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago.

農業盈餘目標

It is a success story. It has been a success story.

這是個成功的故事，一直以來都是

But what we have to recognize now is that we are

但是現在我們必須承認，我們

reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,

正朝著地球所能容忍的生態發展限制邁進

and when we chop down forests, as we are every day,

當我們砍下森林來種植更多的糧食

to grow more and more food,

現在我們每天都這麼做

when we extract water from depleting water reserves,

當我們從日漸乾涸的水庫取水

when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest

當我們排放石化燃料廢氣以尋求

to grow more and more food,

能種植更多的糧食的同時

and then we throw away so much of it,

我們卻丟掉這麼多的糧食

we have to think about what we can start saving.

我們必須思考該如何開始節約糧食

And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets

昨天我去一家附近的超市

that I often visit to

我常常去那裡查看 --

inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away.

你可以這麼說 -- 他們丟了哪些食物

I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst

我找到了好幾包餅乾，混在

all the fruit and vegetables and everything else

那些被丟棄的水果蔬菜

that was in there.

及其他的東西裡

And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.

我就在想，嗯，這可以當我今天的教材

So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits

所以我現在要你想像一下這九片

that I found in the bin represent the global food supply,

我在垃圾桶裡找到的餅乾，代表着全球糧食供給

okay? We start out with nine.

可以嗎？我們從九片開始

That's what's in fields around the world every single year.

這代表全球的全年作物種植量

The first biscuit we're going to lose

在作物還沒離開農場出貨前

before we even leave the farm.

我們就要先拿掉一片餅乾

That's a problem primarily associated with

這問題的主因與

developing work agriculture, whether it's

農工發展有關。可能是因為

a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization,

缺乏基礎設施，沒有冰箱，沒有殺菌設備

grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means

穀物保存不當，甚至是缺乏最基本的水果箱

that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.

所以這部分的作物在從農場出貨前就已經浪費掉了

The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide

接下來的三片餅乾代表著那些我們決定

to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya.

拿來餵牲畜的糧食，玉米、麥子、黃豆

Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals,

不幸的是這些牲畜是效率很低的動物

and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat,

牠們把三分之二的糧食轉成糞便及熱能

so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one

所以我們要拿掉兩片，只留下一片在這

in meat and dairy products.

代表着肉品及乳製品

Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.

接下來我們要直接丟掉兩片到垃圾桶裡

This is what most of us think of when we think

這就是我們所認知的

of food waste, what ends up in the garbage,

糧食浪費，即那些被丟到垃圾桶裡的

what ends up in supermarket bins,

那些被超市丟棄的

what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two,

還有那些被餐廳丟棄的食物，我們為此丟掉兩片餅乾

and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on.

所以現在我們只剩下四片餅乾能拿來吃

That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources,

這真的不是利用全球資源最有效的方法

especially when you think of the billion hungry people

尤其是當你想到全球已經有上億的人口

that exist already in the world.

處在飢餓下

Having gone through the data, I then needed

我已經解釋過了我的數據，現在我要

to demonstrate where that food ends up.

告訴你們那些被浪費的食物去了哪裡

Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff

你知道那些食物去了哪裡？我們看慣了

on our plates, but what about all the stuff

食物裝在盤子裡，但是那些

that goes missing in between?

沒有出現在盤子裡的食物呢？

Supermarkets are an easy place to start.

超市是個很容易舉的例子

This is the result of my hobby,

這是我的好習慣的結果

which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)

就是非正式的垃圾桶檢查（笑聲）

Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations

你可能覺得奇怪，但是如果你真能相信企業

to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,

所宣稱他們在店後面所做的事

we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back,

我們就不需要偷偷摸摸地繞到後面去

opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.

打開垃圾桶，然後看看裡面到底有什麼

But this is what you can see more or less on

但這就是你在英國、歐洲、北美洲的

every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America.

街角或多或少會看見的景象

It represents a colossal waste of food,

這代表著龐大的糧食浪費

but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book

但在我寫書時我發現到

was that this very evident abundance of waste

這罪證確鑿的浪費景象

was actually the tip of the iceberg.

其實只是冰山的一角

When you start going up the supply chain,

當你循著供應鏈向源頭走

you find where the real food waste is happening

你就會發現我們正以

on a gargantuan scale.

龐大的規模浪費食物

Can I have a show of hands

請舉一下手

if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house?

如果你家裡有一條切好的土司麵包

Who lives in a household where that crust --

誰會把土司麵包皮 --

that slice at the first and last end of each loaf --

就是土司的第一片及最後那一片硬皮 --

who lives in a household where it does get eaten?

誰會把土司麵包皮吃掉？

Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people,

很好，大多數都會，雖然不是每一個人，但大多數都會

and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world,

我很高興地說這也是我在全球看到的現象

and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop

但是在這世界上，誰在超市或三明治店裡

anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches

看過他們拿麵包皮來做三明治？

with crusts on it? (Laughter)

（笑聲）

I certainly haven't.

我可從來沒看過

So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)

所以我老在想，到底那些皮去了哪裡？（笑聲）

This is the answer, unfortunately:

很不幸的，這就是答案

13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of

光是這家工廠每一天就要丟掉一萬三千片

this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.

新鮮的麵包皮。剛做好的麵包

In the same year that I visited this factory,

我去參觀這家工廠的同一年

I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry

我也去了巴基斯坦。2008年時那裡的人正餓著肚子

as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.

說是因為全球糧食供給短缺

We contribute to that squeeze

我們也在這短缺上有份

by depositing food in bins here in Britain

因為無論是在英國這裡或在世界其他地方

and elsewhere in the world. We take food

我們都把食物丟到垃圾桶裡，我們把

off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.

那些飢餓的人所仰賴的食物從貨架上取走！

Go one step up, and you get to farmers,

再沿供給鏈向上走一步，去看看那些農夫

who throw away sometimes a third or even more

有時候他們丟掉三分之一或更多的

of their harvest because of cosmetic standards.

收成，只因為外表不符收購標準

This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds

舉個例子，這位農夫投資了一萬六千英磅

in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested,

來種植波菜，但是他一片也沒收成

because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.

因為有一些野草長在其中

Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect,

這些長相不完美的馬鈴薯

all going for pigs.

通通拿來餵豬

Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications,

而這些長的太小，不合超市規格的歐洲防風草根（類似蘿蔔）

tomatoes in Tenerife,

西班牙特內里夫的番茄

oranges in Florida,

佛羅里達州的柳橙

bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year,

還有厄瓜多爾產的香蕉，都是如此。去年我還去過那裡

all being discarded. This is one day's waste

這是厄瓜多爾一處香蕉農園

from one banana plantation in Ecuador.

一天所丟掉的香蕉量

All being discarded, perfectly edible,

這些通通被丟掉，完全可食用

because they're the wrong shape or size.

只因為它們的形狀或尺寸不對

If we do that to fruit and vegetables,

如果我們可以這樣處理水果蔬菜

you bet we can do it to animals too.

沒錯我們也可以這樣處理動物

Liver, lungs, heads, tails,

肝臟、肺部、頭、尾巴

kidneys, testicles,

腎臟、睪丸

all of these things which are traditional,

這些東西在烹飪學裡

delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy

都是既傳統又美味營養的東西

go to waste. Offal consumption has halved

我們卻把它丟掉。過去30年英國及美國

in Britain and America in the last 30 years.

內臟食用量少了一半

As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best,

結果就是，最好的情況是拿去餵狗

or is incinerated.

要不然就只好燒掉了

This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China,

這位仁兄在中國西部新疆省的喀什噶爾

is serving up his national dish.

賣一種國民飲食

It's called sheep's organs.

叫做「麵肺子和米腸子」的羊內臟食品

It's delicious, it's nutritious,

這很美味很營養

and as I learned when I went to Kashgar,

而且我去喀什噶爾時學到

it symbolizes their taboo against food waste.

這象徵著他們對浪費食物的禁忌

I was sitting in a roadside cafe.

有一天我坐在路邊攤

A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl,

廚師走過來跟我聊天，我已經吃完了

and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking

聊到一半的時候他突然停止說話

and he started frowning into my bowl.

然後對著我的碗皺皺眉

I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken?

我心想，我的天我犯了什麼禁忌？

How have I insulted my host?"

我做了什麼得罪了我的店東？

He pointed at three grains of rice

他指著碗底的三粒飯

at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter)

說：「吃完！」（笑聲）

I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world

我心想，天啊，你知道嗎，我走遍全世界

telling people to stop wasting food.

告訴大家不要再浪費食物

This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)

這傢伙簡直是狠狠地甩了我一巴掌（笑聲）

But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people,

但這也給了我信心，我相信我們大家

do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources

的確有能力來停止這樣的浪費資源悲劇

if we regard it as socially unacceptable

如果我們都認為這樣大規模的浪費食物

to waste food on a colossal scale,

是社會不能接受的事

if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it,

如果我們大聲疾呼告訴企業不能再這樣做

tell governments we want to see an end to food waste,

告訴政府我們要看到糧食浪費停止

we do have the power to bring about that change.

我們的確有能力帶來那樣的改變

Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish

譬如魚類，百分之40到60的歐洲魚類

are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed.

在海裡捕到就丟了，甚至根本上不了岸

In our homes, we've lost touch with food.

在家裡我們已經跟食物完全脫了節

This is an experiment I did on three lettuces.

我拿了三棵萵苣來做這個實驗

Who keeps lettuces in their fridge?

這裡有誰把萵苣冰在冰箱理？

Most people. The one on the left

大部分人都這麼做。左邊這棵

was kept in a fridge for 10 days.

在冰箱裡冰了10天

The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference.

中間這棵放在我的廚房桌子上，兩者沒有什麼不同

The one on the right I treated like cut flowers.

右邊這棵我把它當切花對待

It's a living organism, cut the slice off,

這是棵活的生物，我把它橫切

stuck it in a vase of water,

插在水瓶裡

it was all right for another two weeks after this.

兩個星期後看起來還是很好

Some food waste, as I said at the beginning,

就像我一開場就提到的，浪費糧食的現象

will inevitably arise, so the question is,

必然會增加。所以問題是

what is the best thing to do with it?

要怎麼做才是最好的因應方法？

I answered that question when I was 15.

我在15歲時就回答了這個問題

In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago:

事實上人類早在六千年前就回答了這個問題

We domesticated pigs

我們馴養豬

to turn food waste back into food.

把廚餘再轉變成食物

And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal

但是在歐洲自2001年起，因為口蹄疫爆發的關係

since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak.

餵豬廚餘已經變成不合法

It's unscientific. It's unnecessary.

這個決定既沒有科學根據，也沒有必要

If you cook food for pigs, just as if

如果你把食物煮過再給豬吃，就像

you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe.

你把食物煮過才給人吃，它可證明是安全的

It's also a massive saving of resources.

同時這也大量節省了資源

At the moment, Europe depends on importing

目前歐洲仰賴上百萬噸的

millions of tons of soy from South America,

進口南非黃豆來餵豬

where its production contributes to global warming,

但在南非這項生產

to deforestation, to biodiversity loss,

已造成全球暖化、森林砍伐

to feed livestock here in Europe.

及生物多樣化消失

At the same time we throw away millions of tons

與此同時我們也丟棄了上百萬噸

of food waste which we could and should be feeding them.

可以也應該拿來餵豬的廚餘

If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save

如果我們拿廚餘餵豬，我們可以減少

that amount of carbon.

圖上顯示的碳排放量

If we feed our food waste which is the current

如果我們把食品廢棄物

government favorite way of getting rid of food waste,

拿去無氧發酵，這樣會把食品廢棄物

to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste

轉變成氣體來發電

into gas to produce electricity,

這是目前政府最愛的方法

you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide

但每噸廚餘你只能減少448公斤二氧化碳排放

per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs.

多麼微不足道。拿去餵豬比較好

We knew that during the war. (Laughter)

我們在二次大戰時就知道了。（笑聲）

A silver lining: It has kicked off globally,

不過我已看到一線曙光。全球已開始

the quest to tackle food waste.

尋求打擊糧食浪費的方法

Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009.

「餵飽五千人」是我在2009年首次舉辦的活動

We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise

我們用原本要被丟棄的食物

would have been wasted.

餵飽了五千人

Since then, it's happened again in London,

之後倫敦也舉辦了一次

it's happening internationally, and across the country.

現在這項活動在國際間舉行，也在全國各地舉行

It's a way of organizations coming together

這是各組織聯合起來

to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food

頌讚食物，同時宣告對待食物最好的方法就是

is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it.

吃掉並且享用它，而且不要再浪費了

For the sake of the planet we live on,

爲了我們所住的地球

for the sake of our children,

爲了我們的孩子

for the sake of all the other

爲了與我們共享地球的

organisms that share our planet with us,

所有其他生物

we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land

我們是陸地的動物，我們依靠我們的土地

for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land

生產糧食，但同時我們卻糟蹋我們的土地

to grow food that no one eats.

來種植那些沒人要吃的食物

Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause)

不要再浪費食物了！謝謝大家。（掌聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）