We train soldiers for war. Let's train them to come home, too | Hector Garcia
87,336 views ・ 2016-12-06
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翻译人员: Junyi Sha
校对人员: Conway Ye
00:12
Carlos,
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卡洛斯,
00:14
the Vietnam vet Marine
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一个越战海军陆战队员,
00:16
who volunteered for three tours
and got shot up in every one.
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自愿参与了三次行动,
每次行动中他都受了枪伤。
00:20
In 1971, he was medically retired
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在1971年,他因健康原因退役了,
00:22
because he had so much
shrapnel in his body
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因为他体内有太多的子弹碎片,
00:25
that he was setting off metal detectors.
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导致可能触发金属探测仪。
在接下来的42年当中,
他被噩梦缠身,
00:28
For the next 42 years,
he suffered from nightmares,
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00:31
extreme anxiety in public,
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在公共场所会极度不安,
00:33
isolation, depression.
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封闭、抑郁。
00:35
He self-medicated with alcohol.
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他利用酒精自我麻醉。
00:37
He was married and divorced three times.
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他结过又离过三次婚。
00:40
Carlos had post-traumatic stress disorder.
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卡洛斯患有创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)。
00:44
Now, I became a psychologist
to help mitigate human suffering,
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我是一名帮助人类
减轻痛苦的心理学家,
00:47
and for the past 10 years, my target
has been the suffering caused by PTSD,
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在过去的10年当中,我一直把
像卡洛斯这样的退伍军人经历的
00:52
as experienced by veterans like Carlos.
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PTSD作为我的研究目标。
00:55
Until recently, the science of PTSD
just wasn't there.
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不久前,关于PTSD的研究
都还不够完善。
01:01
And so, we didn't know what to do.
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因此,我们一直都不知道要怎样应对。
01:03
We put some veterans on heavy drugs.
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我们让一部分退伍军人大量服药。
01:05
Others we hospitalized
and gave generic group therapy,
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另一部分则让他们住院观察,
进行一般性的团体治疗,
01:08
and others still we simply said to them,
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还有一些我们就简单的对他们说:
01:10
"Just go home and try to forget
about your experiences."
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“回家吧,尝试去忘记你的经历。”
01:15
More recently, we've tried therapy dogs,
wilderness retreats --
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最近,我们还尝试训练医疗犬,
荒野静修等等——
01:18
many things which may
temporarily relieve stress,
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很多能够短期减缓压力的方式,
01:21
but which don't actually eliminate
PTSD symptoms over the long term.
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但并不能长期彻底根除
PTSD造成的症状。
01:26
But things have changed.
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但是事情已经有所改善了。
01:28
And I am here to tell you
that we can now eliminate PTSD,
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我今天来是想告诉你们,
我们已经可以彻底根除PTSD了,
01:33
not just manage the symptoms,
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不仅仅是缓解症状,
01:35
and in huge numbers of veterans.
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而且对大量的退伍军人都有效。
01:37
Because new scientific research
has been able to show,
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因为最新的科学研究已经能够
01:40
objectively, repeatedly,
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客观地,重复地表明
01:42
which treatments actually
get rid of symptoms and which do not.
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哪些治疗能真正消除病症,
而哪些不能。
01:45
Now as it turns out,
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结果表明,
01:47
the best treatments for PTSD use
many of the very same training principles
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对于PTSD的最佳治疗方式,
是使用许多与军队训练战士
01:52
that the military uses
in preparing its trainees for war.
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备战时相同的原则。
01:58
Now, making war --
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制造战争——
02:00
this is something that we are good at.
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这是我们擅长的事情。
02:02
We humans have been making war
since before we were even fully human.
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我们人类一直都在制造战争,甚至
当我们还没有完全进化就开始了。
自从那时起,
我们已经从使用石头和肌腱,
02:08
And since then, we have gone
from using stone and sinew
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02:11
to developing the most sophisticated
and devastating weapon systems imaginable.
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发展到了使用能够想象到的
最复杂的,最具毁灭性的武器。
02:16
And to enable our warriors
to use these weapons,
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为了使我们的战士
能够使用这些武器,
02:18
we employ the most cutting-edge
training methods.
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我们会使用最先进的
训练方式训练他们。
02:20
We are good at making war.
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我们善于制造战争。
02:22
And we are good at training
our warriors to fight.
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我们还善于锻炼我们的战士去作战。
02:26
Yet, when we consider the experience
of the modern-day combat veteran,
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但是,当我们考虑当今老兵的经历,
02:30
we begin to see that we
have not been as good
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我们就会意识到,我们并不善于
02:33
at preparing them to come home.
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为他们回家做准备。
02:35
Why is that?
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为什么会这样呢?
02:37
Well, our ancestors lived
immersed in conflict,
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我们的祖先生活在冲突当中,
他们就在他们生活的地方进行斗争。
02:41
and they fought right where they lived.
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所以直到进化史的近代阶段,
02:44
So until only very recently
in our evolutionary history,
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02:47
there was hardly a need to learn
how to come home from war,
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人类都几乎没有学习
如何从战场回家的需求,
因为我们从来没有真正这样做过。
02:50
because we never really did.
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02:53
But thankfully, today,
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但值得庆幸的是,当今,
02:54
most of humanity lives
in far more peaceful societies,
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大多数人类都居住在和平社会当中,
02:57
and when there is conflict,
we, especially in the United States,
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当冲突发生时,我们,
特别是美国,
03:01
now have the technology to put
our warriors through advanced training,
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有这些科技,可以让
我们的士兵进行先进的训练,
03:05
drop them in to fight
anywhere on the globe
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把他们扔在世界的任何角落去打仗,
03:08
and when they're done,
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当战争结束时,
03:09
jet them back to peacetime suburbia.
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再把他们载回和平地区。
03:12
But just imagine for a moment
what this must feel like.
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但是让我们想象一下这种感受。
我和那些退伍战士聊过,
他们告诉我,
03:17
I've spoken with veterans who've told me
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曾经他们身处阿富汗残暴的交火当中,
03:19
that one day they're in a brutal
firefight in Afghanistan
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03:22
where they saw carnage and death,
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目睹杀戮和死亡,
03:25
and just three days later,
they found themselves
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而三天后他们就要
03:28
toting an ice chest
to their kid's soccer game.
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带着冰袋去参加孩子的足球比赛。
“思想混乱”是他们最常使用的词汇。
03:32
"Mindfuck" is the most common term.
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03:35
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:36
It's the most common term
I've heard to describe that experience.
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这是我听到过的最常用于
描述那种经历的术语。
03:39
And that's exactly what that is.
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但那就是他们所经历的。
03:41
Because while our warriors
spend countless hours training for war,
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因为当我们的战士
正花费大量的时间准备战争,
03:45
we've only recently come to understand
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我们却最近才意识到,
他们中的许多也需要
被训练如何回归平民生活。
03:47
that many require training
on how to return to civilian life.
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03:51
Now, like any training, the best
PTSD treatments require repetition.
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就像任何训练一样,
最佳的PTSD治疗方案也需要被反复进行。
03:55
In the military,
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在军队中,
03:56
we don't simply hand trainees
Mark-19 automatic grenade launchers
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我们不会简单地递给新兵
Mark-19自动榴弹枪,
然后说:“这里是扳机,
还有一些弹药,祝你好运。”
04:00
and say, "Here's the trigger,
here's some ammo and good luck."
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04:03
No. We train them, on the range
and in specific contexts,
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不。我们训练他们,
在场地中,在不同的环境下,
04:08
over and over and over
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一遍又一遍的,
04:09
until lifting their weapon
and engaging their target
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直到举起武器瞄准目标的行为,
04:12
is so engrained into muscle memory
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根深蒂固的刻在肌肉记忆当中;
04:14
that it can be performed
without even thinking,
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直到即使在你们能想象的
最紧张的时刻,
04:16
even under the most stressful
conditions you can imagine.
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这一系列行为也能够
不经思考的被正确执行。
04:20
Now, the same holds
for training-based treatments.
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以训练为基础的治疗也是一样的道理。
04:23
The first of these treatments
is cognitive therapy,
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治疗的第一步是认知疗法,
04:27
and this is a kind
of mental recalibration.
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这是一种心理的重新校准。
04:31
When veterans come home from war,
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当退伍军人从战争回家时,
04:32
their way of mentally framing
the world is calibrated
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他们对世界的认知是被校对过的,
04:35
to an immensely
more dangerous environment.
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以适应那种极度危险的战争环境。
04:38
So when you try to overlay that mind frame
onto a peacetime environment,
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所以当你试图将这种认知
嫁接于和平环境之上时,
04:44
you get problems.
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就会出现问题。
04:45
You begin drowning in worries
about dangers that aren't present.
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你就会沉浸在对那些
本不存在的危险的忧虑当中。
04:49
You begin not trusting family or friends.
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你开始不信任家人和朋友。
04:53
Which is not to say there are no
dangers in civilian life; there are.
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不是说平民生活中就没有危险;
危险是存在的。
只是说遇到危险的几率,
04:58
It's just that the probability
of encountering them
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05:01
compared to combat
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相比战争中而言,
05:02
is astronomically lower.
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是极低的。
05:05
So we never advise veterans
to turn off caution completely.
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所以我们从不建议退伍军人
彻底关闭他们的警惕性。
05:08
We do train them, however,
to adjust caution
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而是训练他们,去根据所处环境,
05:11
according to where they are.
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调整他们的警惕程度。
05:13
If you find yourself
in a bad neighborhood,
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如果你在一个治安很差的社区,
05:16
you turn it up.
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你就要开启警惕性。
05:17
Out to dinner with family?
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和家人一起在外吃饭呢?
05:19
You turn it way down.
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你就应该把它调节到很低。
05:21
We train veterans to be fiercely rational,
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我们训练退伍军人,
让他们变得绝对理性化,
05:25
to systematically gauge
the actual statistical probability
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让他们能够系统化的衡量他们在
05:28
of encountering, say, an IED
here in peacetime America.
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和平时期的美国遭遇到
比如,简易爆炸装置的可能性。
通过足够的练习,那些
被校正的认知就会留存。
05:33
With enough practice,
those recalibrations stick.
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05:39
The next of these treatments
is exposure therapy,
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治疗的下一步是暴露疗法,
05:41
and this is a kind of field training,
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就好像实地演习,
05:44
and the fastest of the proven
effective treatments out there.
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也是所有被证明
有效的疗法中见效最快的。
05:47
You remember Carlos?
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你们还记得卡洛斯吗?
05:49
This was the treatment that he chose.
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这就是他选择的治疗方案。
05:51
And so we started off
by giving him exercises,
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我们从给他一些练习开始,
05:54
for him, challenging ones:
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对他来说,最具挑战性的是:
05:55
going to a grocery store,
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去杂货店,
05:57
going to a shopping mall,
going to a restaurant,
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去商场,餐厅,
06:00
sitting with his back to the door.
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背对着门坐着。
而且,最重要的是——
06:03
And, critically --
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要停留在这些环境当中。
06:05
staying in these environments.
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06:07
Now, at first he was very anxious.
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刚开始的时候,他表现得非常不安。
06:09
He wanted to sit
where he could scan the room,
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他希望能够坐在一个
可以扫视整个餐厅的位置,
这样他就可以计划逃脱路线,
06:12
where he could plan escape routes,
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06:13
where he could get his hands
on a makeshift weapon.
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这样他就可以随手拿取临时武器。
06:17
And he wanted to leave, but he didn't.
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他很想离开那儿,但是他没有。
他想起了在海军陆战队的训练,
06:20
He remembered his training
in the Marine Corps,
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06:23
and he pushed through his discomfort.
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他战胜了自己的不安情绪。
06:25
And every time he did this,
his anxiety ratcheted down a little bit,
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每当他这样做时,
焦虑感就会逐渐减少,
06:28
and then a little bit more
and then a little bit more,
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然后再减少一点点,
再减少一点儿,
06:31
until in the end,
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直到最后,
06:32
he had effectively relearned
how to sit in a public space
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他重新学会了如何坐在公共场所当中,
06:38
and just enjoy himself.
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仅仅是享受他自己的时光。
06:41
He also listened to recordings
of his combat experiences,
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他也会听他战时经历的录音,
06:45
over and over and over.
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一遍又一遍的。
06:47
He listened until those memories
no longer generated any anxiety.
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他听这些录音,直到
不再对其产生焦虑。
06:52
He processed his memories so much
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他不断消化那些记忆,
06:55
that his brain no longer needed
to return to those experiences
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以至于不需要再在梦里
06:58
in his sleep.
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回到那些记忆当中。
07:00
And when I spoke with him
a year after treatment had finished,
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当我在他治疗结束一年之后
再与他交流时,
07:03
he told me,
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他告诉我:
07:05
"Doc, this is the first time in 43 years
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“医生,这是我在43年当中
07:10
that I haven't had nightmares."
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第一次没有做噩梦。”
07:13
Now, this is different
than erasing a memory.
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然而,这并不是清除记忆的过程。
07:18
Veterans will always remember
their traumatic experiences,
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退伍军人们会永远记得
他们的创痛经历,
07:21
but with enough practice,
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但是通过足够量的训练,
07:22
those memories are no longer as raw
or as painful as they once were.
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那些记忆将不再像以往
那样鲜活,那样让人痛苦。
07:28
They don't feel emotionally
like they just happened yesterday,
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他们情感上不再觉得
那些经历依然历历在目,
07:31
and that is an immensely
better place to be.
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这是一个巨大的进步。
07:37
But it's often difficult.
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但这常常也很困难。
07:39
And, like any training,
it may not work for everybody.
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而且,就像是任何训练一样,
它不一定适用于所有人。
此外还存在着信任问题。
07:44
And there are trust issues.
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07:45
Sometimes I'm asked,
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有时,我会被问道:
07:47
"If you haven't been there, Doc,
how can you help me?"
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“如果你从没上过战场,医生,
你要怎么帮我呢?“
07:49
Which is understandable.
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我很理解这种想法。
但是考虑到回归平民生活,
07:52
But at the point of returning
to civilian life,
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07:56
you do not require
somebody who's been there.
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你们并不需要一个经历过战场的人。
07:59
You don't require training
for operations on the battlefield;
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你们不需要训练战场上的行为;
08:03
you require training on how to come home.
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你们需要被训练如何回到家中。
08:10
For the past 10 years of my work,
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在我过去十年的工作经历当中,
08:13
I have been exposed to detailed accounts
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我已经接触过了你们能够想象到的
08:16
of the worst experiences
that you can imagine,
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最糟糕的,能具体到琐碎细节的
08:18
daily.
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日常情况。
08:19
And it hasn't always been easy.
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事情并不总是那么顺利。
08:22
There have been times
where I have just felt my heart break
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很多时候,我会感到疲惫,
08:25
or that I've absorbed too much.
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或者太过专注。
08:28
But these training-based
treatments work so well,
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但是这些基于训练的
治疗方法效果出奇的好,
08:31
that whatever this work takes out of me,
it puts back even more,
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无论我花费多少功夫,
它都能给我带来更多回报,
08:34
because I see people get better.
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因为我看到了人们正在康复。
08:38
I see people's lives transform.
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我看到了人们的生活正在发生转变。
08:42
Carlos can now enjoy outings
with his grandchildren,
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卡洛斯已经能和他的
孙子孙女们出去玩了,
曾经他甚至无法和他自己的
孩子们一起这样做。
08:46
which is something he couldn't even do
with his own children.
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08:49
And what's amazing to me
is that after 43 years of suffering,
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最令我惊讶的,
是在43年的折磨之后,
08:53
it only took him 10 weeks
of intense training to get his life back.
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仅仅花费了10周时间进行
高强度训练,他就重获了自己的人生。
当我和他交流的时候,他告诉我:
08:58
And when I spoke with him, he told me,
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09:00
"I know that I can't get those years back.
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“我知道我无法重获那些错过的岁月。
但至少现在,无论在这世上
我还剩下多少时间,
09:05
But at least now, whatever days
that I have left on this Earth,
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我都可以在平静中度过。”
09:10
I can live them in peace."
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09:13
He also said, "I hope that these
younger veterans don't wait
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他还说:“我希望那些年轻的退伍军人
09:16
to get the help they need."
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不再需要苦苦等候迟来的帮助。”
09:18
And that's my hope, too.
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那也是我所希望的。
因为,
09:21
Because ...
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人生是短暂的,
09:23
this life is short,
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09:25
and if you are fortunate enough
to have survived war
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如果你们有幸在战争当中
09:28
or any kind of traumatic experience,
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或是各种创伤性经历中幸存下来,
09:30
you owe it to yourself
to live your life well.
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你们亏欠自己一个美好的人生。
09:34
And you shouldn't wait
to get the training you need
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不该浪费时间去等待那些帮助你们
09:37
to make that happen.
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实现美好人生的训练。
09:40
Now, the best way of ending
human suffering caused by war
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事实上,能够避免战后创伤的最佳方式,
09:46
is to never go to war.
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就是避免战争。
09:49
But we are just not there
yet as a species.
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但是我们这个物种
还没有达到那样的境界。
但在那之前,
09:52
Until we are,
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09:53
the mental suffering that we create
in our sons and in our daughters
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当我们把子女送去战场,
09:58
when we send them off to fight
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给他们造成的精神折磨
10:00
can be alleviated.
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是可以被缓解的。
10:03
But we must ensure that the science,
the energy level, the value
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但是我们必须要确保
那些科学成果,能源供给,
10:09
that we place on sending them off to war
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我们将他们送去战场时的价值观,
10:13
is at the very least mirrored
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至少是要能够体现
10:15
in how well we prepare them
to come back home to us.
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我们准备让他们回到家中的。
10:19
This much, we owe them.
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我们欠他们的,就是这么多。
10:22
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:23
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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