We train soldiers for war. Let's train them to come home, too | Hector Garcia

87,336 views ・ 2016-12-06

TED


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譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Ellen Tung
00:12
Carlos,
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卡洛斯,
00:14
the Vietnam vet Marine
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越戰海軍陸戰隊老兵,
00:16
who volunteered for three tours and got shot up in every one.
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他自願參與了三次戰役, 每次戰役他都受了槍傷。
00:20
In 1971, he was medically retired
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在 1971年, 他因身體上的問題退役了。
00:22
because he had so much shrapnel in his body
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因為他體內有太多的子彈碎片
會觸發金屬探測儀。
00:25
that he was setting off metal detectors.
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在接下來的 42 年當中, 他惡夢連連,
00:28
For the next 42 years, he suffered from nightmares,
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00:31
extreme anxiety in public,
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在公共場所會極度不安,
00:33
isolation, depression.
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感到孤立、沮喪。
00:35
He self-medicated with alcohol.
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他用酒精麻醉自己。
00:37
He was married and divorced three times.
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結婚三次又離婚三次。
00:40
Carlos had post-traumatic stress disorder.
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卡洛斯患有 創傷後壓力症候群(PTSD)。
現在,我成為一名幫助人們 減輕痛苦的心理學家,
00:44
Now, I became a psychologist to help mitigate human suffering,
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00:47
and for the past 10 years, my target has been the suffering caused by PTSD,
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在過去的 10 年,我專注在
像卡洛斯這樣受 PTSD 所苦的退伍軍人,
00:52
as experienced by veterans like Carlos.
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他們是我的研究目標。
00:55
Until recently, the science of PTSD just wasn't there.
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直到最近,有關 PTSD 的 科學研究才慢慢出來,
因此,我們以前 並不知道應該怎樣做。
01:01
And so, we didn't know what to do.
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01:03
We put some veterans on heavy drugs.
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我們讓一部分退伍軍人大量服藥。
01:05
Others we hospitalized and gave generic group therapy,
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另一部分則讓他們住院觀察, 進行一般性的團體治療,
01:08
and others still we simply said to them,
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其他的我們只是對他們說:
01:10
"Just go home and try to forget about your experiences."
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「回家吧,試著忘掉你的過去。」
最近,我們還嘗試用 治療犬、野外療養——
01:15
More recently, we've tried therapy dogs, wilderness retreats --
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01:18
many things which may temporarily relieve stress,
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很多能夠短期減緩壓力的方式,
01:21
but which don't actually eliminate PTSD symptoms over the long term.
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但並不能長期根除 PTSD 的症狀。
但是事情已經有所改變了。
01:26
But things have changed.
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我今天來是想告訴各位, 我們已經可以徹底根除 PTSD 了,
01:28
And I am here to tell you that we can now eliminate PTSD,
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01:33
not just manage the symptoms,
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不僅僅是控制那些症狀,
01:35
and in huge numbers of veterans.
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而且可以運用在 大量的退伍軍人身上。
因為最新的科學研究已經
01:37
Because new scientific research has been able to show,
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客觀的、重覆的顯示
01:40
objectively, repeatedly,
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01:42
which treatments actually get rid of symptoms and which do not.
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哪些治療可以消除症狀, 而哪些不行。
01:45
Now as it turns out,
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現在,結果表明,
01:47
the best treatments for PTSD use many of the very same training principles
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PTSD 的最佳治療方式,
與軍隊訓練士兵備戰的準則 有幾分相似。
01:52
that the military uses in preparing its trainees for war.
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而製造戰爭——
01:58
Now, making war --
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02:00
this is something that we are good at.
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是我們擅長的事情。
02:02
We humans have been making war since before we were even fully human.
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我們人類一直都在製造戰爭,
甚至在我們還沒 成為人類之前就開始了。
從那之後,我們從使用石頭、肌腱,
02:08
And since then, we have gone from using stone and sinew
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02:11
to developing the most sophisticated and devastating weapon systems imaginable.
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到發展你能想像到最複雜、 最具毀滅性的武器系統。
且為了使我們的戰士 能夠使用這些武器,
02:16
And to enable our warriors to use these weapons,
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02:18
we employ the most cutting-edge training methods.
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我們會用最先進的 訓練方式訓練他們。
02:20
We are good at making war.
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我們善於製造戰爭。
02:22
And we are good at training our warriors to fight.
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我們善於鍛鍊我們的士兵去作戰。
02:26
Yet, when we consider the experience of the modern-day combat veteran,
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但是,當我們思考 現代戰爭老兵的經歷時,
02:30
we begin to see that we have not been as good
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我們就會意識到,
我們在協助老兵回家 這件事上並不擅長。
02:33
at preparing them to come home.
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02:35
Why is that?
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為什麼會這樣呢?
我們的祖先生活在衝突當中,
02:37
Well, our ancestors lived immersed in conflict,
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他們會在他們生活的地方進行戰鬥。
02:41
and they fought right where they lived.
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所以直到人類的進代進化史,
02:44
So until only very recently in our evolutionary history,
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人類不需要學習如何回家,
02:47
there was hardly a need to learn how to come home from war,
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因為我們從來不這麼做。
02:50
because we never really did.
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但如今值得慶幸的是,
02:53
But thankfully, today,
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02:54
most of humanity lives in far more peaceful societies,
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大多數人都居住在相當 和平的社會中,
02:57
and when there is conflict, we, especially in the United States,
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當衝突發生時,特別是我們美國人,
03:01
now have the technology to put our warriors through advanced training,
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我們有先進的科技可以訓練士兵,
03:05
drop them in to fight anywhere on the globe
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把他們送到世界各地打仗,
當戰爭結束時,
03:08
and when they're done,
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03:09
jet them back to peacetime suburbia.
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再把他們載回和平地區。
03:12
But just imagine for a moment what this must feel like.
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但是讓我們想像一下這種感受。
我和那些退伍戰士聊過, 他們告訴我,
03:17
I've spoken with veterans who've told me
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當你有一天身處阿富汗 殘暴的戰火之中,
03:19
that one day they're in a brutal firefight in Afghanistan
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03:22
where they saw carnage and death,
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目睹到殺戮和死亡,
03:25
and just three days later, they found themselves
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只要三天的時間,他們就會發現
03:28
toting an ice chest to their kid's soccer game.
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他們竟在孩子的足球比賽中 找冰桶當掩護。
「腦袋作怪」是他們 最常使用的詞匯。
03:32
"Mindfuck" is the most common term.
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03:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:36
It's the most common term I've heard to describe that experience.
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這是我最常聽到 用於描述那種經歷的術語。
03:39
And that's exactly what that is.
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而那就是他們所經歷的。
03:41
Because while our warriors spend countless hours training for war,
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因為我們花大量的時間讓士兵備戰,
03:45
we've only recently come to understand
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卻直到最近才意識到
03:47
that many require training on how to return to civilian life.
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他們也需要被訓練學習 如何回歸平民生活。
如同任何訓練一樣,
03:51
Now, like any training, the best PTSD treatments require repetition.
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最佳的 PTSD 治療方式 也需要重複進行。
03:55
In the military,
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在軍隊中,
03:56
we don't simply hand trainees Mark-19 automatic grenade launchers
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我們不會丟一把 Mark-19 自動榴彈槍給新兵,
04:00
and say, "Here's the trigger, here's some ammo and good luck."
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然後跟他說:「這裡是扳機, 還有一些彈藥,祝你好運。」
04:03
No. We train them, on the range and in specific contexts,
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不,我們會在不同的領域 及特定背景中訓練他們,
一遍又一遍的訓練,
04:08
over and over and over
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04:09
until lifting their weapon and engaging their target
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直到他們拿起武器, 瞄準目標的行為,
04:12
is so engrained into muscle memory
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深深地刻在肌肉的記憶當中,
04:14
that it can be performed without even thinking,
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即使在任何你能想像到的緊張時刻,
04:16
even under the most stressful conditions you can imagine.
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這一系列行為也能夠 不經思索的被執行出來。
這些也同樣適用於 以訓練為基礎的治療上。
04:20
Now, the same holds for training-based treatments.
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04:23
The first of these treatments is cognitive therapy,
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治療的第一步是認知治療,
04:27
and this is a kind of mental recalibration.
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這是一種「精神重新修正」的療程。
當退伍軍人從戰場中回到家裡時,
04:31
When veterans come home from war,
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04:32
their way of mentally framing the world is calibrated
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因為長時間在危險環境中生活
04:35
to an immensely more dangerous environment.
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造成他們對世界的認知方式有誤。
04:38
So when you try to overlay that mind frame onto a peacetime environment,
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所以當你試圖將和平環境 覆蓋掉他的認知時,
麻煩就會出現。
04:44
you get problems.
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04:45
You begin drowning in worries about dangers that aren't present.
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你會煩惱沈浸在一種 不存在的危險當中。
04:49
You begin not trusting family or friends.
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你開始不信任家人和朋友。
我並不是說平民生活中 就沒有危險;還是有。
04:53
Which is not to say there are no dangers in civilian life; there are.
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只是說遇到危險的幾率,
04:58
It's just that the probability of encountering them
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相比戰爭中而言,
05:01
compared to combat
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05:02
is astronomically lower.
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是極低的。
所以我們從不建議退伍軍人 徹底關閉他們的警惕性。
05:05
So we never advise veterans to turn off caution completely.
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05:08
We do train them, however, to adjust caution
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而是訓練他們,根據所處的環境,
05:11
according to where they are.
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調整他們的警惕程度。
05:13
If you find yourself in a bad neighborhood,
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如果你發現身處在惡劣的環境中,
05:16
you turn it up.
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你就要開啟警惕。
05:17
Out to dinner with family?
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和家人一起在外吃飯呢?
05:19
You turn it way down.
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你就應該把它調節到很低。
05:21
We train veterans to be fiercely rational,
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我們訓練退伍軍人, 讓他們變得相當理智,
讓他們能夠系統化的衡量 目前所處的環境,
05:25
to systematically gauge the actual statistical probability
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05:28
of encountering, say, an IED here in peacetime America.
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比如說,身處在和平時期的美國 被安裝土製炸彈的可能性。
有了足夠的練習, 那些重新校正的認知就會留存。
05:33
With enough practice, those recalibrations stick.
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05:39
The next of these treatments is exposure therapy,
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治療的下一步是暴露療法,
05:41
and this is a kind of field training,
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就好像實地演習,
也是所有被證明 有效的療法中最快見效的。
05:44
and the fastest of the proven effective treatments out there.
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05:47
You remember Carlos?
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你們還記得卡洛斯嗎?
05:49
This was the treatment that he chose.
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這就是他選擇的治療方案。
05:51
And so we started off by giving him exercises,
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所以我們從給他一些練習開始,
05:54
for him, challenging ones:
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像是對他來說,最具挑戰性的:
05:55
going to a grocery store,
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去雜貨店、
05:57
going to a shopping mall, going to a restaurant,
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去商場、餐廳、
06:00
sitting with his back to the door.
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背對著門坐著。
而且,最重要的——
06:03
And, critically --
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要停留在這些環境當中。
06:05
staying in these environments.
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剛開始的時候,他表現的非常不安。
06:07
Now, at first he was very anxious.
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06:09
He wanted to sit where he could scan the room,
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他希望能夠坐在一個 可以掃視整個餐廳的位置,
讓他可以計劃逃脫路線,
06:12
where he could plan escape routes,
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06:13
where he could get his hands on a makeshift weapon.
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讓他可以隨手拿到臨時武器的地方。
他很想離開那兒,但是他沒有。
06:17
And he wanted to leave, but he didn't.
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他想起了他在海軍陸戰隊的訓練,
06:20
He remembered his training in the Marine Corps,
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06:23
and he pushed through his discomfort.
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他戰勝了他的不安情緒。
06:25
And every time he did this, his anxiety ratcheted down a little bit,
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每當他這樣做時, 他的焦慮感就會逐漸減少,
06:28
and then a little bit more and then a little bit more,
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然後再減少一點點, 再減少一點點,
06:31
until in the end,
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直到最後,
06:32
he had effectively relearned how to sit in a public space
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他就能夠重新學會 如何坐在公共場所當中,
好好地享受他自己的時光。
06:38
and just enjoy himself.
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06:41
He also listened to recordings of his combat experiences,
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他也會聽他戰時經歷的錄音,
一遍又一遍地聽。
06:45
over and over and over.
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06:47
He listened until those memories no longer generated any anxiety.
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他不斷聽這些錄音, 直到不再對它們產生不安情緒。
06:52
He processed his memories so much
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他不斷地經歷那些回憶,
讓他在睡夢中,腦子不再需要
06:55
that his brain no longer needed to return to those experiences
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06:58
in his sleep.
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回到那些經歷中。
在他治療結束一年之後與他交流時,
07:00
And when I spoke with him a year after treatment had finished,
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07:03
he told me,
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他告訴我:
07:05
"Doc, this is the first time in 43 years
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「醫生,這是我在 43 年當中
第一次沒有做惡夢。」
07:10
that I haven't had nightmares."
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07:13
Now, this is different than erasing a memory.
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這不同於清除你的回憶。
退伍軍人會永遠記得 他們的創痛經歷,
07:18
Veterans will always remember their traumatic experiences,
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但透過足夠的訓練,
07:21
but with enough practice,
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07:22
those memories are no longer as raw or as painful as they once were.
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那些回憶將不再像以往 那樣鮮活、那樣痛苦。
07:28
They don't feel emotionally like they just happened yesterday,
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他們不再感到那些經歷恍如昨日,
07:31
and that is an immensely better place to be.
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這是一個巨大的進步。
07:37
But it's often difficult.
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但這並不簡單。
07:39
And, like any training, it may not work for everybody.
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而且,就像是任何訓練一樣, 它不一定適用於所有人。
而且,還存在信任問題。
07:44
And there are trust issues.
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07:45
Sometimes I'm asked,
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有時,我會被問道:
07:47
"If you haven't been there, Doc, how can you help me?"
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「醫生,如果你從未經歷戰場, 你要如何幫我?」
07:49
Which is understandable.
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這是可以被理解的。
07:52
But at the point of returning to civilian life,
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但是要回歸平民生活,
07:56
you do not require somebody who's been there.
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你並不需要一個經歷過戰場的人。
07:59
You don't require training for operations on the battlefield;
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你不需要訓練戰場上的行為;
你需要訓練如何回到家中。
08:03
you require training on how to come home.
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08:10
For the past 10 years of my work,
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在我過去十年的工作經歷當中,
08:13
I have been exposed to detailed accounts
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我已經接觸過任何你們能想像到
最糟糕的經歷細節,
08:16
of the worst experiences that you can imagine,
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08:18
daily.
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幾乎每天都會接觸到。
08:19
And it hasn't always been easy.
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那的確不容易,
很多時候,我會感到心痛,
08:22
There have been times where I have just felt my heart break
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08:25
or that I've absorbed too much.
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或者太過投入。
但是這些以訓練為基礎的 治療方法太有效了,
08:28
But these training-based treatments work so well,
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08:31
that whatever this work takes out of me, it puts back even more,
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因此,無論這個工作都辛苦, 我都覺得很有價值,
08:34
because I see people get better.
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因為我看到了人們正在變好。
08:38
I see people's lives transform.
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我看到了人們的生活正在發生轉變。
08:42
Carlos can now enjoy outings with his grandchildren,
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卡洛斯已經可以和他的 孫子們一起出去玩了,
甚至玩一些以前他無法跟 自己孩子一起玩的東西。
08:46
which is something he couldn't even do with his own children.
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08:49
And what's amazing to me is that after 43 years of suffering,
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對我來說最驚喜的是 在 43 年的折磨之後,
08:53
it only took him 10 weeks of intense training to get his life back.
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他只花了十周進行高強度的訓練, 他就重獲了他的人生。
當我和他交流的時候,他告訴我:
08:58
And when I spoke with him, he told me,
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09:00
"I know that I can't get those years back.
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「我知道我無法挽回 那些錯過的歲月。
但至少現在,無論在這世上 我還剩下多少時間,
09:05
But at least now, whatever days that I have left on this Earth,
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我可以在平靜中度過。」
09:10
I can live them in peace."
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他還說:「我希望那些 年輕的退伍軍人
09:13
He also said, "I hope that these younger veterans don't wait
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09:16
to get the help they need."
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不要為他們需要的幫助猶豫。」
09:18
And that's my hope, too.
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那也是我所希望的。
因為,
09:21
Because ...
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人生是短暫的,
09:23
this life is short,
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09:25
and if you are fortunate enough to have survived war
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如果你們有幸在戰爭當中
09:28
or any kind of traumatic experience,
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或是各種創傷性經歷中幸存下來,
09:30
you owe it to yourself to live your life well.
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你虧欠自己一個美好的人生。
09:34
And you shouldn't wait to get the training you need
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所以,你們不該等待接受那些
09:37
to make that happen.
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幫助你獲得美好人生的訓練。
09:40
Now, the best way of ending human suffering caused by war
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現在,能夠避免 戰後創傷的最佳方式,
09:46
is to never go to war.
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就是避免戰爭。
09:49
But we are just not there yet as a species.
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但是我們人類 還沒有達到那樣的境界。
在那之前,
09:52
Until we are,
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09:53
the mental suffering that we create in our sons and in our daughters
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當我們把子女送去戰場,
09:58
when we send them off to fight
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所造成的精神折磨
10:00
can be alleviated.
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是可以被緩解的。
10:03
But we must ensure that the science, the energy level, the value
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但是我們必須要確保 我們將他們送去戰場時
那些科學、資源水準、價值觀,
10:09
that we place on sending them off to war
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10:13
is at the very least mirrored
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至少是要能夠反應
10:15
in how well we prepare them to come back home to us.
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我們會好好地準備 讓他們回到家中的水準。
10:19
This much, we owe them.
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因為我們欠他們的, 遠比我們給的多。
10:22
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:23
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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