请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Conway Ye
校对人员: Junyi Sha
00:12
You are a high-ranking
military service member
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你是一个高级军官,
00:16
deployed to Afghanistan.
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现服役于阿富汗。
00:19
You are responsible for the lives
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你要对上百个
00:22
of hundreds of men and women,
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男兵女兵的生命负责。
00:24
and your base is under attack.
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你的基地遭到袭击。
00:27
Incoming mortar rounds
are exploding all around you.
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散落的炮弹
在你的身边爆炸。
在尘埃和烟雾中,
你挣扎着想看清,
00:32
Struggling to see
through the dust and the smoke,
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00:35
you do your best to assist the wounded
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去尽最大努力帮助伤者,
并爬到附近的掩体。
00:38
and then crawl to a nearby bunker.
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00:41
Conscious but dazed by the blasts,
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时而有意识,
时而为爆炸所迷茫,
你躺下,尝试
思考刚刚发什么了。
00:44
you lay on your side and attempt
to process what has just happened.
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00:49
As you regain your vision,
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当你重新获得
你的视觉的时候,
你看到了一个
流血的脸庞,
00:52
you see a bloody face
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00:54
staring back at you.
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盯着你。
00:57
The image is terrifying,
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这个画面让人恐惧,
01:00
but you quickly come to understand
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但是你很快明白,
01:02
it's not real.
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这不是真的。
01:06
This vision continues to visit you
multiple times a day and in your sleep.
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这个画面在白天和夜里
多次出现,并持续侵扰着你,
01:11
You choose not to tell anyone
for fear of losing your job
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你决定闭口不谈,
害怕会失去工作,
01:14
or being seen as weak.
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或被当成弱者。
你给这个画面
取了一个名字,
01:18
You give the vision a name,
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掩体下血腥的脸,
01:20
Bloody Face in Bunker,
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简称“掩体血脸”。
01:22
and call it BFIB for short.
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01:25
You keep BFIB locked away in your mind,
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你把“掩体血脸”
封锁在你的脑海里,
不为人知地侵扰着你,
01:29
secretly haunting you,
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01:30
for the next seven years.
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整整七年。
01:35
Now close your eyes.
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现在闭上你的眼睛,
你能看到“掩体血脸”吗?
01:39
Can you see BFIB?
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01:43
If you can, you're beginning
to see the face
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如果你可以,
你就能够看到
01:46
of the invisible wounds of war,
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战争无形创伤的样子,
01:48
commonly known
as post-traumatic stress disorder
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称作“创伤后应激障碍”
01:51
and traumatic brain injury.
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或者创伤性脑损伤。
01:54
While I can't say I have
post-traumatic stress disorder,
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虽然我没有得过
创伤后应激障碍,
但是我对它并不陌生。
01:57
I've never been a stranger to it.
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01:59
When I was a little girl, I would visit
my grandparents every summer.
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当我还是个小女孩的时候,
我会在每个夏天拜访祖父母,
02:04
It was my grandfather
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我的祖父,
他告诉我了战争的心理影响。
02:06
who introduced me to the effects
of combat on the psyche.
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02:10
While my grandfather was serving
as a Marine in the Korean War,
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当我祖父在朝鲜战争
服役海军的时候,
02:14
a bullet pierced his neck
and rendered him unable to cry out.
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一颗子弹穿过他的脖子,
让他无法叫出声。
02:19
He watched as a corpsman passed him over,
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他看见医护兵
从他身边走过,
02:21
declaring him a goner,
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以为他已经无药可治,
02:23
and then leaving him to die.
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把他留下等待死亡。
02:26
Years later, after his
physical wounds had healed
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几年过后,
当身体的伤痊愈,
02:29
and he'd returned home,
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他回到家,
02:31
he rarely spoke of his
experiences in waking life.
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他却很少在清醒的时候
说过自己的经历,
02:35
But at night I would hear him
shouting obscenities
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但是晚上,
我能够听到他的怒号
02:38
from his room down the hall.
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从走廊尽头的房间里传来。
白天我会提醒他,
然后进入房间,
02:41
And during the day I would announce myself
as I entered the room,
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02:44
careful not to startle or agitate him.
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小心翼翼地,
生怕惊吓或激怒他。
02:48
He lived out the remainder of his days
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他就这样,
度过了剩下的日子,
02:51
isolated and tight-lipped,
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孤独和紧张的,
02:53
never finding a way to express himself,
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找不到一个表达自己的方式,
02:56
and I didn't yet
have the tools to guide him.
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那时候我还没有找到
能够引导他的方式。
03:01
I wouldn't have a name
for my grandfather's condition
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我也不知道
他那种疾病的名字,
直到我20岁的时候。
03:04
until I was in my 20s.
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03:06
Seeking a graduate degree in art therapy,
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攻读艺术治疗的学位,
03:09
I naturally gravitated
towards the study of trauma.
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我自然而然地
倾向创伤的研究,
03:14
And while sitting in class learning
about post-traumatic stress disorder,
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当我在教室
学习创伤后应激障碍时,
03:17
or PTSD for short,
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简称PTSD,
03:20
my mission to help service members
who suffered like my grandfather
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帮助像我祖父一样
的军人的目标
开始在我心中确立。
03:24
began to take form.
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创伤后应激障碍有很多名字,
03:27
We've had various names
for post-traumatic stress
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03:29
throughout the history of war:
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在战争历史上:
03:32
homesickness,
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乡愁,
03:34
soldier's heart,
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神经性循环衰弱,
03:36
shell shock,
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炮弹休克症,
03:38
thousand-yard stare, for instance.
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目光呆滞等等。
03:41
And while I was pursuing my degree,
a new war was raging,
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在我攻读学位的时候,
一场战争爆发,
03:45
and thanks to modern body armor
and military vehicles,
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感谢现代装备和军用交通工具,
03:48
service members were surviving
blast injuries they wouldn't have before.
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军人爆炸受伤
的存活率达到历史新高。
03:53
But the invisible wounds
were reaching new levels,
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但是无形伤疤也达到新高,
03:56
and this pushed military doctors
and researchers
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这使得军医和研究人员
03:59
to try and truly understand the effects
that traumatic brain injury, or TBI,
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尝试真正理解创伤性脑损伤,
也就是TBI,
04:05
and PTSD have on the brain.
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和PTSD对脑的影响。
04:08
Due to advances
in technology and neuroimaging,
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因为科技的进步
和神经影像的发展,
我们现在知道脑部的
布罗卡氏区,就是大脑语言部分
04:12
we now know there's
an actual shutdown in the Broca's,
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04:15
or the speech-language area of the brain,
after an individual experiences trauma.
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会在个人创伤经历后停止工作。
04:21
This physiological change,
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这个生理变化,
04:23
or speechless terror as it's often called,
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就是经常被称作的失语症,
04:26
coupled with mental health stigma,
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伴随心理创伤,
04:28
the fear of being judged
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怕被歧视和误解
04:30
or misunderstood,
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的那种恐惧感,
04:31
possibly even removed
from their current duties,
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即使调离了军人岗位,
04:34
has led to the invisible struggles
of our servicemen and women.
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都有可能造成
的无形的痛苦。
04:39
Generation after generation of veterans
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一代一代的退伍军人
04:43
have chosen not to talk
about their experiences,
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都选择对他们
的经历闭口不谈,
04:46
and suffer in solitude.
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一个人受苦。
04:50
I had my work cut out for me
when I got my first job
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我的第一份工作非常适合我,
04:53
as an art therapist at the nation's
largest military medical center,
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是在国家最大的军用医疗中心,
沃尔特-里德陆军医疗中心,
04:57
Walter Reed.
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担任一名艺术治疗医师。
04:59
After working for a few years
on a locked-in patient psychiatric unit,
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在一个心理疾病部门
工作几年后,
05:03
I eventually transferred to the National
Intrepid Center of Excellence, NICoE,
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我被调到国家优秀勇士中心,
NICoE,
05:08
which leads TBI care
for active duty service members.
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NICoE在军人TBI
看护有领先地位。
05:12
Now, I believed in art therapy,
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我相信艺术治疗,
05:14
but I was going to have
to convince service members,
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但是我需要说服一些军人,
强壮的男子气概的军人,
05:18
big, tough, strong, manly military men,
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05:21
and some women too,
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和一些女兵,
05:23
to give art-making as
a psychotherapeutic intervention a try.
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让他们尝试把艺术
当作心理治疗。
05:28
The results have been
nothing short of spectacular.
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结果非常可观。
被我们的军人创造了
05:34
Vivid, symbolic artwork
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05:36
is being created
by our servicemen and women,
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那些生动,
具有象征性的作品。
05:39
and every work of art tells a story.
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每一件作品讲述着一个故事。
05:43
We've observed that the process
of art therapy bypasses
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我们发现艺术治疗的过程
绕过了脑部的失语症。
05:46
the speech-language issue with the brain.
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艺术创作接触到了
被封锁的大脑创伤。
05:49
Art-making accesses the same sensory
areas of the brain that encode trauma.
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05:54
Service members can use the art-making
to work through their experiences
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军人能够用艺术创作
表达他们的经历
05:57
in a nonthreatening way.
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通过一个无害的方式。
06:00
They can then apply words
to their physical creations,
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他们能够把文字
用在创作上,
06:03
reintegrating the left
and the right hemispheres of the brain.
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重新连接左半边
和右半边大脑。
06:08
Now, we've seen this can work
with all forms of art --
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我们发现各种形式
的艺术都可以,
绘画,素描,拼贴,
06:12
drawing, painting, collage --
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06:15
but what seems to have the most impact
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但是似乎影响最大的
06:18
is mask-making.
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是面具制作。
最终,这些无形的伤疤
不仅仅有了一个名字,
06:21
Finally, these invisible wounds
don't just have a name,
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06:25
they have a face.
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还有了脸。
06:29
And when service members
create these masks,
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当军人创造这些面具的时候,
06:31
it allows them to come to grips,
literally, with their trauma.
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真的,他们能够抓住创伤。
06:35
And it's amazing
how often that enables them
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他们能够打破和开始修复创伤,
06:38
to break through the trauma
and start to heal.
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真令人惊奇。
06:42
Remember BFIB?
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记得“掩体血脸”吗?
06:46
That was a real experience
for one of my patients,
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那是一位我的病人
的真实经历,
06:49
and when he created his mask,
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当他创作面具的时候,
06:50
he was able to let go
of that haunting image.
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他能够摆脱画面的困扰。
06:54
Initially, it was a daunting process
for the service member,
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刚开始,对军人来说,
这是一个吓人的过程,
06:57
but eventually he began
to think of BFIB as the mask,
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但是最后,他开始把
“掩体血脸”当成面具,
07:00
not his internal wound,
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而不是他的内心世界。
07:02
and he would go to leave each session,
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他离开治疗时,
07:04
he would hand me the mask,
and say, "Melissa, take care of him."
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他给我那个面具,并说:
“梅丽莎,照顾好他。”
07:08
Eventually, we placed BFIB in a box
to further contain him,
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最后,我们把“掩体血脸”
放在盒子里,
07:12
and when the service member
went to leave the NICoE,
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当那个军人
离开NICoE的时候,
07:15
he chose to leave BFIB behind.
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他选择留下“掩体血脸”。
07:18
A year later, he had only seen BFIB twice,
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一年后,他只见到“掩体血脸”两次,
07:20
and both times BFIB was smiling
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而且“掩体血脸”在笑,
07:22
and the service member
didn't feel anxious.
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军人不再感到紧张。
现在,当那个军人
被创伤记忆所侵扰时,
07:26
Now, whenever that service member
is haunted by some traumatic memory,
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07:29
he continues to paint.
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他会继续绘画。
每一次他画这些
令人不安的画面时,
07:32
Every time he paints
these disturbing images,
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07:34
he sees them less or not at all.
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他很少或者不会看到它们。
哲学家告诉我们上千年来,
07:39
Philosophers have told us
for thousands of years
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07:42
that the power to create
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创造的力量,
是和摧毁的力量
紧紧相关的。
07:44
is very closely linked
to the power to destroy.
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07:47
Now science is showing us
that the part of the brain
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现在科学告诉我们
07:50
that registers a traumatic wound
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造成创伤的大脑部分
07:52
can be the part of the brain
where healing happens too.
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也是发生修复的部分。
07:55
And art therapy is showing us
how to make that connection.
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艺术治疗展示我们
如何将它们连接起来。
08:00
We asked one of our service members
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我们让一个军人
08:02
to describe how mask-making
impacted his treatment,
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去形容面具制作
是怎样影响他的治疗的,
08:05
and this is what he had to say.
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这是他的回复-
08:07
(Video) Service Member:
You sort of just zone out into the mask.
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(音频)
军人:你好像进入了面具中,
08:10
You zone out into the drawing,
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你进入了绘画中,
08:12
and for me, it just released the block,
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对于我来说,它释放了积压,
08:16
so I was able to do it.
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所以我能够做下去。
08:19
And then when I looked at it
after two days, I was like,
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然后当我在两天后看着
它的时候,我说:
08:23
"Holy crap, here's the picture,
here's the key, here's the puzzle,"
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“我的天哪,这就是那个画面,
就是那个钥匙,就是那个谜团,”
08:26
and then from there it just soared.
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然后它就这样离开。
08:28
I mean, from there
my treatment just when out of sight,
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我的意思是,
治疗就这样结束了,
因为他们让我解释一下这些,
08:32
because they were like,
Kurt, explain this, explain this.
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08:34
And for the first time in 23 years,
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然后23年来第一次,
08:36
I could actually talk about stuff
openly to, like, anybody.
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我能够像普通人一样
谈论这些事情。
08:39
I could talk to you about it
right now if I wanted to,
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如果我想,我现在
就能够告诉你们,
08:42
because it unlocked it.
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因为它的封锁被解除了。
08:45
It's just amazing.
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太神奇了。
08:46
And it allowed me to put 23 years of PTSD
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它能够把我23年的PTSD
08:52
and TBI stuff together in one place
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和TBI抛之脑后,
08:58
that has never happened before.
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从来没有过。
不好意思。
09:02
Sorry.
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09:03
Melissa Walker: Over the past five years,
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梅丽莎 沃尔克:过去的五年里,
09:05
we've had over 1,000 masks made.
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我们制作了一千个面具。
09:09
It's pretty amazing, isn't it?
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很神奇,对吗?
09:12
Thank you.
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谢谢。
09:13
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
09:19
I wish I could have shared
this process with my grandfather,
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我希望我能够跟
我的祖父分享这个过程,
09:23
but I know that he would be thrilled
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我知道他会很激动,
因为我们发现了
09:27
that we are finding ways
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09:28
to help today's and tomorrow's
service members heal,
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帮助现在和未来军人治愈
09:33
and finding the resources within them
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和找到内心痛苦
的源头的方法,
09:36
that they can call upon
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让他们能够自省
09:38
to heal themselves.
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并自我治愈。
09:41
Thank you.
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谢谢。
09:42
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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