How Syria's architecture laid the foundation for brutal war | Marwa Al-Sabouni

翻译人员: Chen Zou 校对人员: Emma Gao

Hi. My name is Marwa, and I'm an architect.

嗨，我的名字是马尔瓦 我是一个建筑师

I was born and raised in Homs,

我出生成长在霍姆斯

a city in the central western part of Syria,

一个位于叙利亚中西部的城市

and I've always lived here.

我从来没离开过这里

After six years of war,

在为期六年的战争之后

Homs is now a half-destroyed city.

霍姆斯现在已经是一个被摧毁掉一半的城市

My family and I were lucky; our place is still standing.

我的家庭和我是幸运的 我们的家仍然存在

Although for two years, we were like prisoners at home.

尽管在这两年中 我们就像囚犯一般呆在家中

Outside there were demonstrations and battles and bombings and snipers.

在外面，示威运动，战争 炸弹和狙击手无处不在

My husband and I used to run an architecture studio

我丈夫和我曾经 运营一个建筑工作室

in the old town main square.

在老城区的中心广场

It's gone, as is most of the old town itself.

它被摧毁了，就像 大部分老城区一样

Half of the city's other neighborhoods

城市其它地区的一半

are now rubble.

现在是断壁残璋

Since the ceasefire in late 2015,

自从2015后半叶的停火开始

large parts of Homs have been more or less quiet.

霍姆斯的大部分地区 都或多或少的萧条了

The economy is completely broken, and people are still fighting.

经济被完全破坏 人们还在相互争斗

The merchants who had stalls in the old city market

商人们不再在老城区的商场营业

now trade out of sheds on the streets.

而在街上搭棚子进行交易

Under our apartment, there is a carpenter,

在我们的公寓下面，

有着木工店，糖果店，肉店，印刷店， 小作坊以及更多小商铺

sweetshops, a butcher, a printing house, workshops, among many more.

I have started teaching part-time,

我开始在业余时间教课

and with my husband, who juggles several jobs,

而我的丈夫在多个工作中挣扎

we've opened a small bookshop.

我们开了个小书店

Other people do all sorts of jobs to get by.

其他人做各种工作来维持生计

When I look at my destroyed city, of course, I ask myself:

当我看着我被摧毁的家乡 无法避免地， 我问我自己：

What has led to this senseless war?

是什么导致了这场毫无意义的战争？

Syria was largely a place of tolerance,

叙利亚是个包容的城市

historically accustomed to variety,

历史上的包容多样性

accommodating a wide range of beliefs, origins, customs,

广泛地接纳不同的信仰 血统，文化

goods, food.

商品和食物

How did my country --

我的国家是如何

a country with communities living harmoniously together

一个从前所有人都能 和谐地生活在一起

and comfortable in discussing their differences --

而且乐于讨论 他们的不同的国家--

how did it degenerate into civil war, violence, displacement

是怎么堕落进内战 变得充斥着暴力，人们流离失所

and unprecedented sectarian hatred?

并且陷入这个前所未有的宗教仇恨中的？

There were many reasons that had led to the war --

我觉得，有很多原因导致了这场战争--

social, political and economic.

社会的，政治的以及经济的原因

They all have played their role.

它们都在这场战争中饰演了推动者。

But I believe there is one key reason that has been overlooked

但是我觉得有一个关键的因素被人们忽视了，

and which is important to analyze,

而且这个因素对理解这一切非常重要，

because from it will largely depend

因为通过它，可以极大程度上地判定

whether we can make sure that this doesn't happen again.

我们是否可以让它不再发生。

And that reason is architecture.

这个原因，就是建筑学。

Architecture in my country has played an important role

建筑学在我的国家扮演了一个重要的角色，

in creating, directing and amplifying conflict between warring factions,

在创造，引导和扩大敌对双方的冲突方面

and this is probably true for other countries as well.

这可能对于其他国家也有同样的作用。

There is a sure correspondence between the architecture of a place

一个地方的建筑和这个地方社区的个性

and the character of the community that has settled there.

有着明显的相关。

Architecture plays a key role in whether a community crumbles

建筑扮演者关键的角色，无论是在分散的社区

or comes together.

还是在统一的社区。

Syrian society has long lived the coexistence

在叙利亚，不同的传统和背景

of different traditions and backgrounds.

已经共存了很长时间。

Syrians have experienced the prosperity of open trade

叙利亚在开放贸易和构建和谐社会上经验丰富。

and sustainable communities.

They have enjoyed the true meaning of belonging to a place,

他们享受着真正的归属感，

and that was reflected in their built environment,

这个也体现在他们的建筑情况上

in the mosques and churches built back-to-back,

体现在伊斯兰教寺院和基督教堂紧贴的围墙上；

in the interwoven souks and public venues,

体现在各种交织的露天市场和各类公共场所上；

and the proportions and sizes based on principles of humanity and harmony.

以及各种从人性与和谐原则上设计的各种尺寸和大小。

This architecture of mixity can still be read in the remains.

这种混合的建筑风格即使只剩下残骸，依然可以被人们认出。

The old Islamic city in Syria was built over a multilayered past,

叙利亚的老伊斯兰教城建立于更为复杂的过去。

integrating with it and embracing its spirit.

它整合和容纳了各种精神。

So did its communities.

当地的人们也是如此。

People lived and worked with each other

他们生活在一起，工作在一起，

in a place that gave them a sense of belonging

在一个给予他们归属感的地方，

and made them feel at home.

让他们有家的感觉。

They shared a remarkably unified existence.

他们共同拥有了一个极为和谐的共生环境。

But over the last century,

但是在上个世纪，

gradually this delicate balance of these places has been interfered with;

渐渐地，这种地方间的脆弱的平衡被打破了：

first, by the urban planners of the colonial period,

首先，那些殖民时期的城市规划者，

when the French went enthusiastically about,

当法国人热忱地在叙利亚城市里到处走动，

transforming what they saw as the un-modern Syrian cities.

他们认为叙利亚是一个不符合时代，未发展的城市。

They blew up city streets and relocated monuments.

他们炸掉了城市街道还转移了纪念碑。

They called them improvements,

他们美其名曰改良，

and they were the beginning of a long, slow unraveling.

然后他们开始了一个又长又慢的拆毁。

The traditional urbanism and architecture of our cities

霍姆斯的传统城市和建筑

assured identity and belonging not by separation,

确保了特征和和归属感并不是依靠分裂，

but by intertwining.

而是依靠不同文化之间的交流，融合。

But over time, the ancient became worthless, and the new, coveted.

但是随着时间流去，这些古老的东西失去了其意义，而新的事物取代了它们。

The harmony of the built environment and social environment

建筑环境和社会环境之间的和谐

got trampled over by elements of modernity --

被现代元素取代--

brutal, unfinished concrete blocks,

被那些残忍的，未完成的混凝土砖块，

neglect, aesthetic devastation,

和对文化的忽视，对审美的破化，

divisive urbanism that zoned communities by class, creed or affluence.

被那些用社会等级，宗教信仰和经济情况来划分人民的城市分裂主义踩在脚下

And the same was happening to the community.

而这同样发生在了社会阶层上。

As the shape of the built environment changed,

当建筑环境发生了改变，

so the lifestyles and sense of belonging of the communities

生活方式和人民的归属感

also started changing.

也开始改变。

From a register of togetherness, of belonging,

建筑，从一个亲密和归属的象征，

architecture became a way of differentiation,

变成了一种区别人民的方法。

and communities started drifting apart

人们开始相互疏远。

from the very fabric that used to unite them,

她原是一个用来团结人们的结构，

and from the soul of the place that used to represent their common existence.

原是一个用来象征他们和谐共存的地方精神。

While many reasons had led to the Syrian war,

尽管许多原因最终导致了这场战争

we shouldn't underestimate the way in which,

但是我们不应该低估这个因素：

by contributing to the loss of identity and self-respect,

随着特征和自尊的消失，

urban zoning and misguided, inhumane architecture

城市的分区，和错误，薄情的的建筑

have nurtured sectarian divisions and hatred.

培育了宗教的分裂和仇恨。

Over time, the united city has morphed into a city center

长久以来，和谐的社会已经变得

with ghettos along its circumference.

贫民区紧贴着中心城区。

And in turn, the coherent communities became distinct social groups,

同时，紧密联系着的人们分成了不同的团体，

alienated from each other and alienated from the place.

相互之间开始疏离，疏远。

From my point of view,

我觉得，

losing the sense of belonging to a place

一个地方的归属感

and a sense of sharing it with someone else

和人们交流意愿的消失

has made it a lot easier to destroy.

让它变得非常容易被摧毁。

The clear example can be seen in the informal housing system,

一个明显的例子就是简陋的住房制度：

which used to host, before the war, over 40 percent of the population.

在战争之前，这里居住着超过百分之四十的人口。

Yes, prior to the war, almost half of the Syrian population

是的，在战争之前，大约一半的叙利亚人民

lived in slums,

居住在贫民窟。

peripheral areas without proper infrastructure,

外围地区没有完好的基础设施，

made of endless rows of bare block boxes

一行行的简陋毛料组成了这片区域，

containing people,

容纳着人们。

people who mostly belonged to the same group,

人民基本上都属于同一个团体，

whether based on religion, class, origin or all of the above.

基于宗教，阶级，出身或其他因素。

This ghettoized urbanism proved to be a tangible precursor of war.

这种集中营似的城市 被证明是一种明显的战争先兆。

Conflict is much easier between pre-categorized areas --

在被疏远的地区之间， 冲突变得更加容易发生--

where the "others" live.

也就是在 ‘其他人’ 居住的地方。

The ties that used to bind the city together --

曾经使城市连接在一起的纽带--

whether they were social, through coherent building,

建筑物紧密联合，连接了不同阶级；

or economic, through trade in the souk,

露天市场的交易连接了不同经济基础的人们；

or religious, through the coexistent presence --

这些共生的存在连接了不同信仰的人们，

were all lost in the misguided and visionless modernization

都已经消失在了建筑环境的误导

of the built environment.

和未经考虑的现代化之中

Allow me an aside.

请允许我说句题外话

When I read about heterogeneous urbanism in other parts of the world,

当我了解到存在于世界另一个部分的各种城市化，

involving ethnic neighborhoods in British cities

例如，英国城市的民族聚集区

or around Paris or Brussels,

巴黎周边 和 布鲁塞尔，

I recognize the beginning of the kind of instability

我感觉到了不稳定的开始。

we have witnessed so disastrously here in Syria.

这种不稳定我们已经在叙利亚的灾难中见识到了，

We have severely destroyed cities,

我们已经狠狠地摧毁了几个城市

such as Homs, Aleppo, Daraa and many others,

像霍姆斯，阿勒颇，德拉以及很多其他城市

and almost half of the population of the country is now displaced.

大约一半的人口已经被取代。

Hopefully, the war will end,

但愿，战争将会结束，

and the question that, as an architect, I have to ask, is:

作为一个建筑师，我必须问一个问题：

How do we rebuild?

我们要如何去重建？

What are the principles that we should adopt

我们应该采取的原则又是什么？

in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes?

这是为了避免我们再犯同样的错误。

From my point of view, the main focus should be on creating places

以我来看，我们应该建造

that make their people feel they belong.

让人们能有归属感的房屋。

Architecture and planning need to recapture

建筑和规划需要重新使用

some of the traditional values that did just that,

那些能创造和平共处环境的

creating the conditions for coexistence and peace,

传统价值观，

values of beauty that don't exhibit ostentation,

重拾对美的审视，而不仅仅是追求排场，

but rather, approachability and ease,

而是追求更重要的，亲和性和实用性，

moral values that promote generosity and acceptance,

以及慷慨和包容的道德观。

architecture that is for everyone to enjoy, not just for the elite,

建筑是让任何人都可以享受的东西， 不应只是为了精英们。

just as used to be in the shadowed alleys of the old Islamic city,

就像以前在老叙利亚城市里的小巷一样，

mixed designs that encourage a sense of community.

多方混合的设计促进了人民之间团结。

There is a neighborhood here in Homs that's called Baba Amr

在霍姆斯有一个地区叫做巴巴阿姆鲁，

that has been fully destroyed.

已经完全的被摧毁了。

Almost two years ago, I introduced this design

大约在两年前，为了重建它

into a UN-Habitat competition for rebuilding it.

我向联合国人居署介绍了这种设计。

The idea was to create an urban fabric inspired by a tree,

这种设计是为了创造一种以树为原型的城市结构，

capable of growing and spreading organically,

它能有机的增长和扩张。

echoing the traditional bridge hanging over the old alleys,

它模仿了老街巷的传统桥梁

and incorporating apartments, private courtyards, shops,

并且合并了公寓，私人庭院，超市

workshops, places for parking and playing and leisure,

小作坊，停车场，娱乐和休闲场所，

trees and shaded areas.

植物和遮阳区域。

It's far from perfect, obviously.

很明显，它离完美还有很远的距离。

I drew it during the few hours of electricity we get.

我是在电力恢复的几个小时中画了它。

And there are many possible ways to express belonging and community

建筑上，还有很多的方法去展示

through architecture.

归属感和共同性。

But compare it with the freestanding, disconnected blocks

但是政府为了重建巴巴阿姆鲁而设立的

proposed by the official project for rebuilding Baba Amr.

社区却是无情冰冷的。

Architecture is not the axis around which all human life rotates,

建筑不是生命转动的核心

but it has the power to suggest and even direct human activity.

但是它有指示，甚至引导人类行为的力量。

In that sense, settlement, identity and social integration

在这种意义上，移民，一致性和社会一体化

are all the producer and product of effective urbanism.

都是有效的城市化的生产者和产品。

The coherent urbanism of the old Islamic city

在老伊斯兰城，

and of many old European towns, for instance,

和许多其他老的欧洲城市，

promote integration,

尽管他们提倡融合，

while rows of soulless housing or tower blocks,

但是这些一排排奢华的房屋和高楼大厦

even when they are luxurious,

是没有灵魂的，

tend to promote isolation and "otherness."

这些条例清楚的都市化都倾向于宣传孤立主义和排他性。

Even simple things

在这些城市中，甚至最简单的事情，

like shaded places or fruit plants or drinking water inside the city

像遮阳，水果种植，喝水，

can make a difference in how people feel towards the place,

都会让人们感受到地位的不同

and whether they consider it a generous place that gives,

无论政府认为它是一个大方的，

a place that's worth keeping, contributing to,

值得留念的，值得奉献的地方；

or whether they see it as an alienating place,

还是视它为一个疏远的地方，

full of seeds of anger.

都让这个地方充满了愤怒的种子。

In order for a place to give, its architecture should be giving, too.

为了让一个地点给予人们东西， 它的建筑也应该有所给予。

Our built environment matters.

我们的建筑环境很重要。

The fabric of our cities is reflected in the fabric of our souls.

我们社会的结构反射了我们灵魂的结构。

And whether in the shape of informal concrete slums

无论在非正规的水泥贫民窟，

or broken social housing

还是被破坏的社会建筑，

or trampled old towns

或者被践踏的老城，

or forests of skyscrapers,

或是摩天大楼的森林，

the contemporary urban archetypes

这个在整个中东地区出现的

that have emerged all across the Middle East

当代的都市形态

have been one cause of the alienation and fragmentation of our communities.

已经成为了社区异化和碎片化的原因之一。

We can learn from this.

我们可以从中学习。

We can learn how to rebuild in another way,

我们可以学习如何用另一种方式重建它，

how to create an architecture that doesn't contribute only

学习如何去建造一个不仅仅

to the practical and economic aspects of people's lives,

从实际和经济方面帮助人们，

but also to their social, spiritual and psychological needs.

而且对于社会，精神和心理需要能有所帮助的建筑。

Those needs were totally overlooked in the Syrian cities before the war.

这些需求在战争之前被完全地忽视了。

We need to create again cities that are shared

我们需要再一次建设

by the communities that inhabit them.

被居民们所共有，居民乐于去分享的城市。

If we do so, people will not feel the need

如果这样做，人们就不会再需要去追求

to seek identities opposed to the other identities all around,

人和人之间的差异，

because they will all feel at home.

因为他们会感受到家的温暖。

Thank you for listening.

谢谢你们的聆听。