How Syria's architecture laid the foundation for brutal war | Marwa Al-Sabouni

128,404 views ใƒป 2016-08-11

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:19
Hi. My name is Marwa, and I'm an architect.
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ื”ื™ื™. ืฉืžื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช.
00:23
I was born and raised in Homs,
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืก,
00:25
a city in the central western part of Syria,
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ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
00:27
and I've always lived here.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ.
00:29
After six years of war,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
00:31
Homs is now a half-destroyed city.
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ื—ื•ืžืก ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื”.
00:34
My family and I were lucky; our place is still standing.
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ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืชืœื•
00:37
Although for two years, we were like prisoners at home.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
00:40
Outside there were demonstrations and battles and bombings and snipers.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืฆืœืคื™ื,
00:46
My husband and I used to run an architecture studio
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
00:49
in the old town main square.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:51
It's gone, as is most of the old town itself.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื”.
00:54
Half of the city's other neighborhoods
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
00:56
are now rubble.
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ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืขืช.
00:58
Since the ceasefire in late 2015,
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ืžืื– ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2015,
01:00
large parts of Homs have been more or less quiet.
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื˜ื™ื.
01:03
The economy is completely broken, and people are still fighting.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืจื•ืกืงืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื.
01:07
The merchants who had stalls in the old city market
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ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
01:09
now trade out of sheds on the streets.
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ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื›ืขืช ืžืชื•ืš ืกื›ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:12
Under our apartment, there is a carpenter,
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ืชื—ืช ื“ื™ืจืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ื’ืจ,
01:14
sweetshops, a butcher, a printing house, workshops, among many more.
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ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื, ืงืฆื‘, ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:20
I have started teaching part-time,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
01:22
and with my husband, who juggles several jobs,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™, ืฉืžืœื”ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช,
01:24
we've opened a small bookshop.
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ืคืชื—ื ื• ื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”.
01:26
Other people do all sorts of jobs to get by.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ.
01:30
When I look at my destroyed city, of course, I ask myself:
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™:
01:34
What has led to this senseless war?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืกืจืช ื˜ืขื ื–ื•?
01:36
Syria was largely a place of tolerance,
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ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช,
01:39
historically accustomed to variety,
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ืžื•ืจื’ืœืช ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
01:41
accommodating a wide range of beliefs, origins, customs,
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื,
01:44
goods, food.
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ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
01:46
How did my country --
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ --
01:47
a country with communities living harmoniously together
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ื—ื“
01:50
and comfortable in discussing their differences --
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ื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ --
01:52
how did it degenerate into civil war, violence, displacement
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืขืงื™ืจื”
01:56
and unprecedented sectarian hatred?
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ื•ืฉื ืื” ืขื“ืชื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื?
02:00
There were many reasons that had led to the war --
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ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” -
02:03
social, political and economic.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:05
They all have played their role.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ.
02:07
But I believe there is one key reason that has been overlooked
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื”
02:11
and which is important to analyze,
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ื•ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืชื—,
02:13
because from it will largely depend
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
02:15
whether we can make sure that this doesn't happen again.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:19
And that reason is architecture.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช.
02:21
Architecture in my country has played an important role
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื™ ืžืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:24
in creating, directing and amplifying conflict between warring factions,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื,
02:28
and this is probably true for other countries as well.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:31
There is a sure correspondence between the architecture of a place
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื
02:35
and the character of the community that has settled there.
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ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื.
02:38
Architecture plays a key role in whether a community crumbles
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืชืคื•ืจืจืช
02:42
or comes together.
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ืื• ืžืชืื—ื“ืช.
02:44
Syrian society has long lived the coexistence
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื
02:46
of different traditions and backgrounds.
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ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:48
Syrians have experienced the prosperity of open trade
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ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
02:51
and sustainable communities.
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ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื
02:53
They have enjoyed the true meaning of belonging to a place,
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ื”ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื,
02:56
and that was reflected in their built environment,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:59
in the mosques and churches built back-to-back,
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ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื’ื‘ ืืœ ื’ื‘,
03:01
in the interwoven souks and public venues,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
03:04
and the proportions and sizes based on principles of humanity and harmony.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”.
03:08
This architecture of mixity can still be read in the remains.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
03:12
The old Islamic city in Syria was built over a multilayered past,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™,
03:16
integrating with it and embracing its spirit.
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ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืื™ืชื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงืช ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•.
03:18
So did its communities.
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ื›ืš ืขืฉื• ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”.
03:20
People lived and worked with each other
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
03:22
in a place that gave them a sense of belonging
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช
03:24
and made them feel at home.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
03:26
They shared a remarkably unified existence.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืงื• ืงื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
03:29
But over the last century,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
03:31
gradually this delicate balance of these places has been interfered with;
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ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคืจืข ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”;
03:35
first, by the urban planners of the colonial period,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช,
03:38
when the French went enthusiastically about,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ,
03:40
transforming what they saw as the un-modern Syrian cities.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื›ืขืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
03:43
They blew up city streets and relocated monuments.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช.
03:48
They called them improvements,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
03:50
and they were the beginning of a long, slow unraveling.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช,
03:53
The traditional urbanism and architecture of our cities
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:56
assured identity and belonging not by separation,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื”,
03:59
but by intertwining.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘.
04:01
But over time, the ancient became worthless, and the new, coveted.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ืคืš ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš, ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื ื—ืฉืง.
04:05
The harmony of the built environment and social environment
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ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
04:08
got trampled over by elements of modernity --
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ื ืจืžืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช --
04:11
brutal, unfinished concrete blocks,
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ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
04:13
neglect, aesthetic devastation,
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ื”ื–ื ื—ื”, ื”ืจืก ืืกืชื˜ื™,
04:16
divisive urbanism that zoned communities by class, creed or affluence.
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ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืžื“, ืืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืขื•ืฉืจ.
04:21
And the same was happening to the community.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
04:24
As the shape of the built environment changed,
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ื›ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”,
04:26
so the lifestyles and sense of belonging of the communities
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ื›ืš ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
04:30
also started changing.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
04:32
From a register of togetherness, of belonging,
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ืžื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช,
04:34
architecture became a way of differentiation,
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
04:37
and communities started drifting apart
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ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื–ื• ืžื–ื•
04:39
from the very fabric that used to unite them,
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ืžื”ืžืจืงื ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื,
04:42
and from the soul of the place that used to represent their common existence.
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ื•ืžื ืฉืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:47
While many reasons had led to the Syrian war,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช,
04:49
we shouldn't underestimate the way in which,
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”,
04:51
by contributing to the loss of identity and self-respect,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
04:55
urban zoning and misguided, inhumane architecture
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ืื–ืจื•ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:59
have nurtured sectarian divisions and hatred.
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ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื”.
05:02
Over time, the united city has morphed into a city center
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจ
05:05
with ghettos along its circumference.
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ืขื ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœื”.
05:08
And in turn, the coherent communities became distinct social groups,
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช,
05:12
alienated from each other and alienated from the place.
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ืžื ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื•ืžื ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื.
05:17
From my point of view,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™,
05:18
losing the sense of belonging to a place
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื
05:20
and a sense of sharing it with someone else
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื• ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
05:22
has made it a lot easier to destroy.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจืก ืœืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:25
The clear example can be seen in the informal housing system,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
05:28
which used to host, before the war, over 40 percent of the population.
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ืฉืื™ื›ืกื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืขืœ ืœ-40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
05:33
Yes, prior to the war, almost half of the Syrian population
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ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช
05:37
lived in slums,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™,
05:38
peripheral areas without proper infrastructure,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”,
05:41
made of endless rows of bare block boxes
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื
05:44
containing people,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:46
people who mostly belonged to the same group,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
05:48
whether based on religion, class, origin or all of the above.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ืช, ืžืขืžื“, ืžื•ืฆื ืื• ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
05:53
This ghettoized urbanism proved to be a tangible precursor of war.
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ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื–ื ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”,
05:58
Conflict is much easier between pre-categorized areas --
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ -
06:01
where the "others" live.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”"ืื—ืจื™ื" ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:03
The ties that used to bind the city together --
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ --
06:06
whether they were social, through coherent building,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช,
06:08
or economic, through trade in the souk,
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ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
06:11
or religious, through the coexistent presence --
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ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื --
06:14
were all lost in the misguided and visionless modernization
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ืื‘ื“ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
06:17
of the built environment.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”.
06:19
Allow me an aside.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ,
06:21
When I read about heterogeneous urbanism in other parts of the world,
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ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:25
involving ethnic neighborhoods in British cities
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
06:28
or around Paris or Brussels,
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ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ืก ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ,
06:30
I recognize the beginning of the kind of instability
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
06:33
we have witnessed so disastrously here in Syria.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”
06:38
We have severely destroyed cities,
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ื”ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
06:40
such as Homs, Aleppo, Daraa and many others,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืก, ื—ืืœื‘, ื“ืจืขื ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:43
and almost half of the population of the country is now displaced.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:47
Hopefully, the war will end,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื,
06:49
and the question that, as an architect, I have to ask, is:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื:
06:53
How do we rebuild?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
06:55
What are the principles that we should adopt
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ืžื”ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืžืฅ?
06:57
in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes?
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช?
07:01
From my point of view, the main focus should be on creating places
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
07:04
that make their people feel they belong.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
07:06
Architecture and planning need to recapture
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงื
07:09
some of the traditional values that did just that,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื”,
07:12
creating the conditions for coexistence and peace,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื“ื• ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื,
07:15
values of beauty that don't exhibit ostentation,
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช,
07:18
but rather, approachability and ease,
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ืืœื ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื”,
07:21
moral values that promote generosity and acceptance,
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ืขืจื›ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœื”,
07:24
architecture that is for everyone to enjoy, not just for the elite,
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื”,
07:28
just as used to be in the shadowed alleys of the old Islamic city,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืคืขื ื‘ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
07:32
mixed designs that encourage a sense of community.
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
07:36
There is a neighborhood here in Homs that's called Baba Amr
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืก ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืื‘ื ืขืžืจ
07:39
that has been fully destroyed.
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ืฉื ื”ืจืกื” ื›ืœื™ืœ.
07:41
Almost two years ago, I introduced this design
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ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
07:44
into a UN-Habitat competition for rebuilding it.
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื UN-Habitat ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
07:47
The idea was to create an urban fabric inspired by a tree,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจืงื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืขืฅ,
07:51
capable of growing and spreading organically,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
07:54
echoing the traditional bridge hanging over the old alleys,
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ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
07:57
and incorporating apartments, private courtyards, shops,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
08:01
workshops, places for parking and playing and leisure,
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ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืคื ืื™,
08:05
trees and shaded areas.
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ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื•ืช.
08:07
It's far from perfect, obviously.
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ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืœืœื ืกืคืง.
08:09
I drew it during the few hours of electricity we get.
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ืฉืจื˜ื˜ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
08:12
And there are many possible ways to express belonging and community
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”
08:16
through architecture.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช.
08:17
But compare it with the freestanding, disconnected blocks
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื
08:20
proposed by the official project for rebuilding Baba Amr.
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืื‘ื ืขืžืจ.
08:24
Architecture is not the axis around which all human life rotates,
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
08:28
but it has the power to suggest and even direct human activity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
08:33
In that sense, settlement, identity and social integration
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
08:37
are all the producer and product of effective urbanism.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
08:41
The coherent urbanism of the old Islamic city
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ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
08:44
and of many old European towns, for instance,
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:47
promote integration,
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ืžืงื“ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”,
08:49
while rows of soulless housing or tower blocks,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ืื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื,
08:52
even when they are luxurious,
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื,
08:54
tend to promote isolation and "otherness."
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•"ื–ื•ืœืชื™ื•ืช."
08:57
Even simple things
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
08:59
like shaded places or fruit plants or drinking water inside the city
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ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ืื• ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ
09:03
can make a difference in how people feel towards the place,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื
09:06
and whether they consider it a generous place that gives,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง,
09:09
a place that's worth keeping, contributing to,
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืจื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•,
09:12
or whether they see it as an alienating place,
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ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื›ืจ,
09:15
full of seeds of anger.
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ืžืœื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก.
09:17
In order for a place to give, its architecture should be giving, too.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืžืงื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
09:22
Our built environment matters.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
09:24
The fabric of our cities is reflected in the fabric of our souls.
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ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื ื•.
09:28
And whether in the shape of informal concrete slums
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ื•ืื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
09:31
or broken social housing
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ืื• ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ
09:33
or trampled old towns
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ืื• ืขืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืจืžื•ืกื•ืช
09:35
or forests of skyscrapers,
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ืื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื,
09:36
the contemporary urban archetypes
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•
09:39
that have emerged all across the Middle East
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ืฉืฆืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
09:41
have been one cause of the alienation and fragmentation of our communities.
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ื”ื™ื•ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:46
We can learn from this.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืš.
09:48
We can learn how to rebuild in another way,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
09:51
how to create an architecture that doesn't contribute only
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ืจืง
09:54
to the practical and economic aspects of people's lives,
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ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:57
but also to their social, spiritual and psychological needs.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
10:02
Those needs were totally overlooked in the Syrian cities before the war.
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ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
10:06
We need to create again cities that are shared
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืคื• ืื•ืชืŸ
10:09
by the communities that inhabit them.
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืื›ืœืกื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
10:11
If we do so, people will not feel the need
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš
10:14
to seek identities opposed to the other identities all around,
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
10:18
because they will all feel at home.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
10:22
Thank you for listening.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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