How Syria's architecture laid the foundation for brutal war | Marwa Al-Sabouni

128,404 views ・ 2016-08-11

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Hi. My name is Marwa, and I'm an architect.
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I was born and raised in Homs,
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a city in the central western part of Syria,
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and I've always lived here.
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After six years of war,
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Homs is now a half-destroyed city.
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My family and I were lucky; our place is still standing.
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Although for two years, we were like prisoners at home.
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Outside there were demonstrations and battles and bombings and snipers.
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My husband and I used to run an architecture studio
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in the old town main square.
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It's gone, as is most of the old town itself.
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Half of the city's other neighborhoods
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are now rubble.
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Since the ceasefire in late 2015,
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large parts of Homs have been more or less quiet.
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The economy is completely broken, and people are still fighting.
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The merchants who had stalls in the old city market
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now trade out of sheds on the streets.
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Under our apartment, there is a carpenter,
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sweetshops, a butcher, a printing house, workshops, among many more.
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I have started teaching part-time,
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and with my husband, who juggles several jobs,
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we've opened a small bookshop.
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Other people do all sorts of jobs to get by.
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When I look at my destroyed city, of course, I ask myself:
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What has led to this senseless war?
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Syria was largely a place of tolerance,
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historically accustomed to variety,
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accommodating a wide range of beliefs, origins, customs,
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goods, food.
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How did my country --
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a country with communities living harmoniously together
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and comfortable in discussing their differences --
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how did it degenerate into civil war, violence, displacement
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and unprecedented sectarian hatred?
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There were many reasons that had led to the war --
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social, political and economic.
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They all have played their role.
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But I believe there is one key reason that has been overlooked
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and which is important to analyze,
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because from it will largely depend
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whether we can make sure that this doesn't happen again.
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And that reason is architecture.
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Architecture in my country has played an important role
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in creating, directing and amplifying conflict between warring factions,
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and this is probably true for other countries as well.
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There is a sure correspondence between the architecture of a place
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and the character of the community that has settled there.
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Architecture plays a key role in whether a community crumbles
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or comes together.
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Syrian society has long lived the coexistence
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of different traditions and backgrounds.
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Syrians have experienced the prosperity of open trade
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and sustainable communities.
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They have enjoyed the true meaning of belonging to a place,
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and that was reflected in their built environment,
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in the mosques and churches built back-to-back,
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in the interwoven souks and public venues,
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and the proportions and sizes based on principles of humanity and harmony.
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This architecture of mixity can still be read in the remains.
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The old Islamic city in Syria was built over a multilayered past,
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integrating with it and embracing its spirit.
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So did its communities.
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People lived and worked with each other
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in a place that gave them a sense of belonging
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and made them feel at home.
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They shared a remarkably unified existence.
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But over the last century,
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gradually this delicate balance of these places has been interfered with;
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first, by the urban planners of the colonial period,
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when the French went enthusiastically about,
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transforming what they saw as the un-modern Syrian cities.
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They blew up city streets and relocated monuments.
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They called them improvements,
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and they were the beginning of a long, slow unraveling.
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The traditional urbanism and architecture of our cities
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assured identity and belonging not by separation,
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but by intertwining.
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But over time, the ancient became worthless, and the new, coveted.
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The harmony of the built environment and social environment
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got trampled over by elements of modernity --
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brutal, unfinished concrete blocks,
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neglect, aesthetic devastation,
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divisive urbanism that zoned communities by class, creed or affluence.
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And the same was happening to the community.
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As the shape of the built environment changed,
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so the lifestyles and sense of belonging of the communities
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also started changing.
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From a register of togetherness, of belonging,
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architecture became a way of differentiation,
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and communities started drifting apart
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from the very fabric that used to unite them,
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and from the soul of the place that used to represent their common existence.
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While many reasons had led to the Syrian war,
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we shouldn't underestimate the way in which,
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by contributing to the loss of identity and self-respect,
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urban zoning and misguided, inhumane architecture
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have nurtured sectarian divisions and hatred.
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Over time, the united city has morphed into a city center
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with ghettos along its circumference.
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And in turn, the coherent communities became distinct social groups,
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alienated from each other and alienated from the place.
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From my point of view,
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losing the sense of belonging to a place
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and a sense of sharing it with someone else
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has made it a lot easier to destroy.
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The clear example can be seen in the informal housing system,
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which used to host, before the war, over 40 percent of the population.
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Yes, prior to the war, almost half of the Syrian population
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lived in slums,
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peripheral areas without proper infrastructure,
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made of endless rows of bare block boxes
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containing people,
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people who mostly belonged to the same group,
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whether based on religion, class, origin or all of the above.
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This ghettoized urbanism proved to be a tangible precursor of war.
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Conflict is much easier between pre-categorized areas --
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where the "others" live.
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The ties that used to bind the city together --
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whether they were social, through coherent building,
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or economic, through trade in the souk,
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or religious, through the coexistent presence --
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were all lost in the misguided and visionless modernization
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of the built environment.
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Allow me an aside.
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When I read about heterogeneous urbanism in other parts of the world,
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involving ethnic neighborhoods in British cities
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or around Paris or Brussels,
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I recognize the beginning of the kind of instability
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we have witnessed so disastrously here in Syria.
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We have severely destroyed cities,
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such as Homs, Aleppo, Daraa and many others,
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and almost half of the population of the country is now displaced.
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Hopefully, the war will end,
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and the question that, as an architect, I have to ask, is:
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How do we rebuild?
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What are the principles that we should adopt
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in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes?
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From my point of view, the main focus should be on creating places
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that make their people feel they belong.
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Architecture and planning need to recapture
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some of the traditional values that did just that,
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creating the conditions for coexistence and peace,
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values of beauty that don't exhibit ostentation,
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but rather, approachability and ease,
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moral values that promote generosity and acceptance,
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architecture that is for everyone to enjoy, not just for the elite,
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just as used to be in the shadowed alleys of the old Islamic city,
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mixed designs that encourage a sense of community.
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There is a neighborhood here in Homs that's called Baba Amr
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that has been fully destroyed.
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Almost two years ago, I introduced this design
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into a UN-Habitat competition for rebuilding it.
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The idea was to create an urban fabric inspired by a tree,
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capable of growing and spreading organically,
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echoing the traditional bridge hanging over the old alleys,
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and incorporating apartments, private courtyards, shops,
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workshops, places for parking and playing and leisure,
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trees and shaded areas.
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It's far from perfect, obviously.
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I drew it during the few hours of electricity we get.
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And there are many possible ways to express belonging and community
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through architecture.
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But compare it with the freestanding, disconnected blocks
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proposed by the official project for rebuilding Baba Amr.
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Architecture is not the axis around which all human life rotates,
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but it has the power to suggest and even direct human activity.
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In that sense, settlement, identity and social integration
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are all the producer and product of effective urbanism.
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The coherent urbanism of the old Islamic city
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and of many old European towns, for instance,
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promote integration,
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while rows of soulless housing or tower blocks,
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even when they are luxurious,
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tend to promote isolation and "otherness."
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Even simple things
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like shaded places or fruit plants or drinking water inside the city
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can make a difference in how people feel towards the place,
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and whether they consider it a generous place that gives,
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a place that's worth keeping, contributing to,
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or whether they see it as an alienating place,
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full of seeds of anger.
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In order for a place to give, its architecture should be giving, too.
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Our built environment matters.
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The fabric of our cities is reflected in the fabric of our souls.
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And whether in the shape of informal concrete slums
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or broken social housing
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or trampled old towns
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or forests of skyscrapers,
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the contemporary urban archetypes
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that have emerged all across the Middle East
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have been one cause of the alienation and fragmentation of our communities.
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We can learn from this.
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We can learn how to rebuild in another way,
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how to create an architecture that doesn't contribute only
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to the practical and economic aspects of people's lives,
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but also to their social, spiritual and psychological needs.
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Those needs were totally overlooked in the Syrian cities before the war.
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We need to create again cities that are shared
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by the communities that inhabit them.
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If we do so, people will not feel the need
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to seek identities opposed to the other identities all around,
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because they will all feel at home.
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Thank you for listening.
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