Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?

翻译人员: Bear Jin 校对人员: Angelia King

In 2007,

2007年

I decided that we needed to reconceptualize

我觉得我们需要重新定义

how we thought about economic development.

我们意识中的经济发展的概念。

Our new goal should be

我们新目标应该致力于

that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,

当每个家庭考虑他们想住和工作的地方的时候

they should be able to choose between

他们能有至少5个

at least a handful

不同的

of different cities

可以选择

that were all competing to attract new residents.

有竞争力吸引新住户的城市。

Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.

对于这个目标我们还有很长的路要走。

There are billions of people in developing countries

在发展中国家有几十亿的人

who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.

处于没有一个城市愿意接纳他们的阶段。

But the amazing thing about cities

但是城市的惊人之处在于

is they're worth so much more

它的利用价值

than it costs to build them.

要比建造消耗价值要多的多。

So we could easily supply the world

所以我们能很轻松的为世界

with dozens, maybe hundreds,

建造几十，或者上百的

of new cities.

新城。

Now this might sound preposterous to you

你可能觉得这听起来很荒谬

if you've never thought about new cities.

如果你从来没有考虑过新城。

But just substitute apartment building for cities.

但是这只是替代城市的住宅建筑而已。

Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;

想象下半数的想住在公寓的人已经入住了；

the other half aren't there yet.

另外半数还没有入住。

You could try and expand the capacity

你可以加盖已有的住宅

by doing additions on all the existing apartments.

来试着扩大面积。

But you know what you'd run into

但是你知道你经手的

is those apartments and the surrounding areas

住宅和周边地块

have rules to avoid discomfort

是受法律保护保证其舒适性的

and the distractions of construction.

和娱乐性的建筑。

So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.

做这些加盖是十分的困难的。

But you could go out someplace brand new,

但是你能在未开发的地区

build a brand new apartment building,

建设一幢新的大楼，

as long as the rules there

就像俗话说的

were ones that facilitated construction

重新开始强过

rather than getting in the way.

停滞不前。

So I proposed

所以我提议

that governments create new reform zones

政府划定新的足够容纳

big enough to hold cities

城市的地域

and gave them a name: charter cities.

并起名为：宪章城市。

Later I learned that at about this same time,

大约我了解这些的同时，

Javier and Octavio

哈维尔和奥克塔维奥

were thinking about the challenge of reform

正在思考在洪都拉斯重新规划的

in Honduras.

问题。

They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year

据说大约每年7万5千洪都拉斯人

would leave to go to the United States,

移民到美国

and they wanted to ask, what could they do

他们想问，他们能做什么

to make sure that those people could stay

来确保能让这些人留下来

and do the same things in Honduras.

在洪都拉斯做同样的工作，生活下来。

At one point, Javier said to Octavio,

有一次，哈维尔对奥克塔维奥说

"What if we took some of our empty land --

“如果我们把我们闲置的土地--

what if we just gave it to an embassy --

如果我们把它送给大使馆会怎么样--

give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --

一些给美国大使馆；一些给加拿大大使馆--

and then if people want to go work

届时如果想在

under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,

加拿大或者美国规则下本土找工作的话

they can go get jobs,

他们就能找到工作，

do everything they do on those embassy grounds

在这些大使馆本土地区做工作

that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"

否则就得去加拿大或美国找工作？”

In the summer of 2009,

2009年夏天

Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.

洪都拉斯经历了一次铁血的军事政变。

At the next regularly scheduled election,

在下一届例行选举中

Pepe Lobo won in a landslide

佩佩·洛沃凭借选举演讲

on a platform that promised reform,

上许诺改革以及和谈

but reconciliation as well.

赢得了压倒性的优势。

He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.

他邀请奥克塔维奥作为他的参谋长。

Meanwhile, I was getting ready

同时，我在准备一个

to give a talk at TEDGlobal.

TEDGlobal上的演讲。

Through a process of refinement,

通过一系列的改良

trial and error, a lot of user testing,

试错，大量用户的测试

I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city

我试着把这宪章城市复杂的概念

down to the bare essentials.

压缩成最基本的精华。

The first point was the importance of rules,

第一点是法令的重要性，

like those rules that say

就像法令所说的

you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.

你不能骚扰已经入住的住户一样。

We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,

我们关注新的科技

but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,

但是新科技需要技术和要求来执行。

and it's usually the rules that hold us back.

通常是这些要求拖我们的后腿。

In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala

在2010年秋，一个危地马拉的朋友

sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.

发给奥克塔维奥这个TEDTalk的链接。

He showed it to Javier.

他把它展示给哈维尔

They called me.

他们打给我电话

They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."

说，“让我们把这个展示给我们总统吧。”

So in December we met in Miami,

12月我们就在迈阿密

in a hotel conference room.

在一个宾馆的会议室碰了面。

I tried to explain this point

我试着解释这些城市

about how valuable cities are,

的价值所在

how much more valuable they are than they cost.

以及相比它的消耗它的价值会有多少。

And I used this slide

我用这张幻灯片

showing how valuable the raw land is

展示了像纽约这块地区

in a place like New York City:

一块未开发地块的价值。

notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,

注意，在某些点，地价要

per square meter.

每平方米几千美金。

But it was a fairly abstract discussion,

但是这是一个大致的抽象的讨论

and at some point when there was a pause,

当某些间隙的时候

Octavio said,

奥克塔维奥说，

"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."

“保罗，也许我们可以观看TEDTalk。”

(Laughing)

（掌声）

So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,

TEDTalk用简单的方式就讲明了

a charter city is a place

宪章城市是一个

where you start with uninhabited land,

起始于无人居住的地域，

a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there

宪章细化了执行的条例

and then a chance for people to opt in,

也是人们选择是否入住

to go live under those rules or not.

是否生活在这些条例下的一个机会。

So I was asked by the president of Honduras

洪都拉斯总统向我提问

who said that we need to do this project,

那个表态说我们需要这个项目的人

this is important,

这是关键

this could be the way forward for our country.

这会是引领我们国家前进的道路。

I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa

我被邀请造访特古西加尔巴

and talk again on January fourth and fifth.

在1月4日，5日重述此项目。

So I presented

我展示了

another fact-filled lecture

另外一个包括了这张幻灯片

that included a slide like this,

的案例课

which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,

试着讲述这个观点，如果你想在城市创造巨大价值的话

it has to be very big.

它必须也是很巨大的。

This is a picture of Denver,

这是丹佛市的照片

and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.

高亮出的是丹佛新建的机场。

This airport alone

单这机场

covers more than 100 square kilometers.

就占地超过100平方千米。

So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,

我试着说服洪都拉斯总统

if you build a new city,

如果你要建一座新城

you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.

你就要在至少1000平方千米的区域入手。

That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.

这要比2500万英亩还大。

Everybody applauded politely.

每个人都很有礼貌地鼓着掌。

The faces in the audience

观众的表情

were very serious and attentive.

都是严肃而警惕的。

The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,

大会主席走到台前说

"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,

“罗摩教授，很感谢你的讲课

but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.

但也许我们能看看TEDTalk。

I've got it here on my laptop."

我笔记本上现在就有。”

So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.

于是我坐下，他们则看起了TEDTalk。

And it got to the essence,

它同时也抓住了精髓

which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.

就是新的城市带给了人们新的选择。

There would be a choice of a city which you could go to

这是一个你会前往城市的选择

which could be in Honduras,

也许在洪都拉斯

instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.

而不是几百公里远的北方。

And it also involved new choices for leaders.

它也给了领导者新的选择。

Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras

因为洪都拉斯政府的领导

would need help from partner countries,

需要友国的帮助

who could benefit from partner countries

那些从友国中获得利益

who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,

那些帮助他们设定并实行宪章中的条例

so everybody can trust

来让每个人都会相信

that the charter really will be enforced.

宪章实际上会得到实行。

And the insight of President Lobo

总统洛沃的领悟

was that that assurance of enforcement

就是对实行能力的保证

that I was thinking about

我认为

as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city

作为一个吸引外商投资建造的城市的方法

could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras

应该和洪都拉斯经历了多年

who had suffered for so many years

恐惧和怀疑的不同党派

from fear and distrust.

一样的重要。

We went and looked at a site.

我们实地考察了那块地区。

This picture's from there.

这是那里的一张照片。

It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.

这能轻易容纳一千平方千米。

And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,

之后不久，1月19日

they voted in the congress to amend their constitution

他们在国会中投票修改了宪法

to have a constitutional provision

来提供一个法律的支持

that allows for special development regions.

来许可特定的发展地区。

In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,

在刚经历过政变的这个国家

the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment

国会上赞成宪法修正案的票数

was 124 to one.

是124比1。

All parties, all factions in society, backed this.

社会上派系，所有党派都支持这修正案。

To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.

作为宪法的一部分，你实际需要在国会上通过两次。

On February 17th they passed it again

在2月17日他们以114比1

with another vote of 114 to one.

再次通过了法案。

Immediately after that vote,

立刻在投票之后

on February 21st to the 24th,

2月21到24日

a delegation of about 30 Hondurans

大约30个人的洪都拉斯代表团

went to the two places in the world

来到了世上

that are most interested in getting into the city building business.

两个建筑业最感兴趣的两个地方。

One is South Korea.

一个是韩国。

This is a picture of a big, new city center

这是一张韩国将建成的

that's being built in South Korea --

大型的，新市中心--

bigger than downtown Boston.

比波士顿商业区还大。

Everything you see there was built in four years,

所有你看到的刚建设了4年

after they spent four years getting the permits.

但他们得到许可来建设就花费了4年。

The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.

另外一个吸引建筑业的是新加坡。

They've actually built two cities already in China

他们实际上已经在中国建设了两个新城

and are preparing the third.

并准备建第三个。

So if you think about this practically,

如果你理性地考虑这个的话

here's where we are.

这就是我们当下处境。

They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.

他们有了地块，并已经考虑把它建设成第二城市。

They're putting in place a legal system

他们正步入一个法定的程序

that could allow for managers to come in,

来允许管理人员介入

and also an external legal system.

同时也有个外加的法律系统。

One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court

一个国家已经自愿让最高法院

be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.

为了这新的司法体系而成为最终上诉申请的法院。

There's designers and builders of cities

这是对其感兴趣的

who are very interested.

城市设计师和建筑师而言。

They even can bring with them some financing.

这些甚至能带给他们一些经济支持。

But the one thing you know they've already solved

但是有一件你了解的早被解决的事

is that there's lots of tenants.

是有很多的佃户。

There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,

有很多商家意向进驻美国

especially in a place with a free trade zone,

特别进驻到自由交易区

and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.

也有很多人想去那里。

Around the world, there's 700 million people

全世界，有7亿人

who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.

想立刻永久的移民到某些其他地方。

There's a million a year

每年100万人

who leave Latin America to go to the United States.

从拉丁美洲前往美国。

Many of these are a father

其中很多是远离

who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --

家庭的来寻找工作的父亲--

sometimes a single mother

有时是单亲妈妈

who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.

来赚钱为了衣食生计。

Sadly, sometimes there are even children

可悲的是，有时甚至是孩子

who are trying to get reunited with their parents

尝试着为了和很久未见的父母

that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.

有些时候，数十年，他们才团聚。

So what kind of an idea is it

这是个怎么样的愿景

to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?

来考虑在洪都拉斯建立一个新城？

Or to build a dozen of these,

或者建立十几个新城

or a hundred of these, around the world?

或者全世界建立几百个新城？

What kind of an idea is it

这又是个怎么样的愿景

to think about insisting

来考虑坚持

that every family have a choice of several cities

每个家庭都有数个具有竞争力吸引新住户

that are competing to attract new residents?

的城市的选择？

This is an idea worth spreading.

这是一个值得传播的观点。

And my friends from Honduras

我的洪都拉斯的朋友

asked me to say thank you, TED.

让我来说声感谢，TED。

(Applause)

（掌声）