Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?

48,092 views ・ 2011-06-09

TED


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譯者: Chueh-chen Wang 審譯者: Jenny Yang
00:15
In 2007,
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在2007年時,
00:17
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize
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我覺得我們需要重新思考
00:19
how we thought about economic development.
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我們如何看經濟發展
00:21
Our new goal should be
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我們的新目標應該是
00:23
that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,
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當任何一個家庭在思考他們想住哪裡時
00:26
they should be able to choose between
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他們都應該要能夠從
00:28
at least a handful
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至少幾個
00:30
of different cities
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不同
00:32
that were all competing to attract new residents.
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爭著吸引新居民的城市中做出選擇
00:35
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.
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我們現在離那個目標還相當遠
00:38
There are billions of people in developing countries
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在開發中國家裡有上百萬的人民
00:41
who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.
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是沒有任何一個城市願意歡迎他們的
00:44
But the amazing thing about cities
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但是,關於城市,最讓人驚奇的是
00:46
is they're worth so much more
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它們的價值遠超過
00:48
than it costs to build them.
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建造它們的成本
00:50
So we could easily supply the world
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所以,我們能夠很容易地在這世界上蓋起
00:53
with dozens, maybe hundreds,
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幾十座,可能幾百座
00:55
of new cities.
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新城市
00:57
Now this might sound preposterous to you
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關於這點,如果你從未認真思考過城市
00:59
if you've never thought about new cities.
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你可能覺得這聽起來很荒謬
01:01
But just substitute apartment building for cities.
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但是,只要用城市去取代公寓建築
01:03
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;
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想像一下,在想要住公寓的人們裡,一半的人已經擁有公寓可住了
01:06
the other half aren't there yet.
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另一半的人還沒有
01:08
You could try and expand the capacity
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你可以試著藉由在現有公寓上加蓋
01:11
by doing additions on all the existing apartments.
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來擴大容積
01:14
But you know what you'd run into
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但你知道你會碰到的情況是
01:16
is those apartments and the surrounding areas
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那些公寓及周遭區域
01:18
have rules to avoid discomfort
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都有的規定以避免不適
01:20
and the distractions of construction.
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以及工程所帶來的干擾
01:23
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.
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所以要做那些加蓋是非常難的
01:25
But you could go out someplace brand new,
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然而,你可以去一個全新的環境
01:27
build a brand new apartment building,
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蓋一棟全新的公寓大樓
01:30
as long as the rules there
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只要那裡的規定是
01:32
were ones that facilitated construction
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方便工程進行
01:34
rather than getting in the way.
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而非帶來阻撓的
01:36
So I proposed
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因此,我建議
01:38
that governments create new reform zones
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政府創造全新的「改革區」
01:41
big enough to hold cities
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是大到可以容納城市
01:43
and gave them a name: charter cities.
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並且將它取名為「特區市」
01:46
Later I learned that at about this same time,
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後來我發現大約在我提出這個看法的同一時間
01:48
Javier and Octavio
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哈維爾及奧克塔維歐
01:50
were thinking about the challenge of reform
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也正在思考在宏都拉斯
01:52
in Honduras.
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改革的挑戰
01:54
They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year
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他們知道每年大約有75,000宏都拉斯人
01:58
would leave to go to the United States,
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會離鄉,前往美國
02:00
and they wanted to ask, what could they do
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所以他們想問問,他們可以做些什麼
02:02
to make sure that those people could stay
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以確保這些人會留下來
02:04
and do the same things in Honduras.
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並且在宏都拉斯做一樣的工作
02:07
At one point, Javier said to Octavio,
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就在某個時間點,哈維爾告訴奧克塔維歐
02:09
"What if we took some of our empty land --
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「假如我們將國內一部分的空地
02:11
what if we just gave it to an embassy --
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直接送給一個大使館
02:13
give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --
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一部分送給美國大使館,一部分送給加拿大大使館
02:16
and then if people want to go work
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然後假如人們想要
02:18
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,
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在加拿大的法規或美國的法規下工作
02:20
they can go get jobs,
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他們可以在那裡找到工作
02:22
do everything they do on those embassy grounds
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在那些大使館領土上做所有他們正在做的工作
02:24
that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"
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而非必須到加拿大或美國才能做,這樣的結果會如何?」
02:29
In the summer of 2009,
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在2009年夏天
02:31
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.
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宏都拉斯經歷一場折磨人的憲法危機
02:34
At the next regularly scheduled election,
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在隔一次的正規選舉中
02:37
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide
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派比羅柏獲得壓倒性勝利
02:39
on a platform that promised reform,
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他在競選中不只承諾了改革
02:42
but reconciliation as well.
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也承諾了和解
02:45
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.
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他聘奧克塔維歐擔任他的參謀長
02:49
Meanwhile, I was getting ready
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同時間,我正準備要
02:51
to give a talk at TEDGlobal.
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在TEDGlobal上進行一場演說
02:53
Through a process of refinement,
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透過一個改良過程
02:55
trial and error, a lot of user testing,
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透過反覆試驗,許多使用者的測試
02:58
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city
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我試著將這個複雜的「特區市」觀念
03:01
down to the bare essentials.
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簡化到其本質
03:05
The first point was the importance of rules,
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第一個重點是,法規的重要性
03:07
like those rules that say
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像是那些說
03:09
you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.
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你不能進來之後去打擾現有公寓住戶的規定
03:12
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,
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我們很關心新科技
03:14
but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,
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但要有所進展,是必須同時靠科技與法規
03:17
and it's usually the rules that hold us back.
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而且常見的情況是,法規會限制我們
03:21
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala
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在2010年的秋天,一位來自瓜地馬拉的朋友
03:24
sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.
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寄一個TEDTalk的網址連結給奧克塔維歐
03:27
He showed it to Javier.
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然後他又把連結秀給哈維爾看
03:29
They called me.
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然後他們倆跟我聯絡
03:31
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."
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他們說:「我們把這個概念提議給我們國家的領導吧」
03:34
So in December we met in Miami,
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所以十二月時,我們在邁阿密見了面
03:37
in a hotel conference room.
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在一間飯店的會議室裡
03:39
I tried to explain this point
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我試著解釋這個概念
03:41
about how valuable cities are,
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就是城市是多麼有價值
03:43
how much more valuable they are than they cost.
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城市的價值遠高過它們的建造成本
03:45
And I used this slide
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而且我用這張投影片
03:47
showing how valuable the raw land is
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秀出在紐約市裡的空地
03:49
in a place like New York City:
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是多麼有價值
03:51
notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,
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請注意,在某些例子裡,土地一平方公尺
03:54
per square meter.
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就價值好幾千元美金
03:56
But it was a fairly abstract discussion,
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但那是一場很抽象的討論
03:59
and at some point when there was a pause,
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在過程中的某個時點出現一陣靜默
04:02
Octavio said,
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然後,奧克塔維歐就說:
04:04
"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."
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「保羅,也許我們應該看一下那場TEDTalk。」
04:07
(Laughing)
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(笑聲)
04:09
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,
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所以,那場TEDTalk很清楚地解釋道
04:12
a charter city is a place
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一個「特區市」是
04:14
where you start with uninhabited land,
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你以一塊無人居住的土地為基礎
04:17
a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there
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一個明文規定適用於此地法規的憲章
04:20
and then a chance for people to opt in,
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以及一個讓人們選擇是否加入的機會
04:22
to go live under those rules or not.
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一個選擇是否在那些法規之下生活的機會
04:26
So I was asked by the president of Honduras
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那我就被宏都拉斯總統詢問
04:29
who said that we need to do this project,
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他說他們需要這樣的計畫
04:31
this is important,
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這是相當重要的
04:33
this could be the way forward for our country.
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這可能是我們國家的未來之路
04:36
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa
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我被邀請到德古斯加巴(宏都拉斯首都)
04:38
and talk again on January fourth and fifth.
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於一月四日及五日再做一次演說
04:41
So I presented
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所以我就給了
04:43
another fact-filled lecture
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又一場引述大量實際資料的演說
04:45
that included a slide like this,
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其中包含一張像這樣的投影片
04:47
which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,
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這張投影片的重點是,如果你想要為一座城市創造很多的價值
04:50
it has to be very big.
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它必須很大
04:52
This is a picture of Denver,
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這是一張丹佛市的照片
04:54
and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.
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那個外框是丹佛市的新蓋機場
04:56
This airport alone
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光是機場本身
04:58
covers more than 100 square kilometers.
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就佔地超過100平方公里
05:00
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,
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所以,我當時就試著說服宏都拉斯人
05:02
if you build a new city,
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假如你要建造一座新城市
05:04
you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.
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你必須從一塊至少1000平方公里大的土地開始
05:07
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.
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那是超過兩億英畝的土地
05:13
Everybody applauded politely.
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每個人都很禮貌地鼓掌
05:15
The faces in the audience
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觀眾的表情
05:17
were very serious and attentive.
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看起來很嚴肅又專注
05:20
The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,
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會議的主席就走上台,說:
05:23
"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,
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「羅默教授,謝謝您今天的演講,
05:26
but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.
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但也許我們可以看一下那場TEDTalk。」
05:29
I've got it here on my laptop."
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我這台筆記型電腦裡有檔案
05:33
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.
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所以我就坐下來,他們就播放那場TEDTalk
05:36
And it got to the essence,
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那場演講觸及到「特區市」概念的本質
05:38
which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.
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也就是,一個可以提供人們機會的新城市
05:41
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to
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會有讓你選擇居住城市的機會
05:43
which could be in Honduras,
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這個城市會在宏都拉斯境內
05:45
instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.
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而非在幾百公里遠的北方
05:47
And it also involved new choices for leaders.
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而且這也為領導者提供了新的選擇
05:49
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras
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因為宏都拉斯境內的政府領導者
05:52
would need help from partner countries,
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會需要合作國家的協助
05:54
who could benefit from partner countries
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也會受惠於那些有合作關係的國家
05:56
who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,
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這些國家協助憲章裡法規的建立及執行
05:59
so everybody can trust
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那麼所有人都可以相信
06:01
that the charter really will be enforced.
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那個憲章會被落實
06:04
And the insight of President Lobo
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而羅柏總統的洞見是
06:06
was that that assurance of enforcement
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對於我所想的
06:09
that I was thinking about
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對於執行上的保證
06:11
as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city
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會是吸引外國投資人進來建造城市的一種方式
06:14
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras
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這也對宏都拉斯境內的所有團體都是同等重要的
06:17
who had suffered for so many years
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這些團體都承受了這麼多年的
06:19
from fear and distrust.
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恐懼及不信任
06:21
We went and looked at a site.
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我們來到一個地點進行視察
06:23
This picture's from there.
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這張照片是在那裡拍的
06:25
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.
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那裡絕對超過一千平方公里
06:28
And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,
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在那不久之後,於一月十九日
06:31
they voted in the congress to amend their constitution
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他們在國會上修訂了憲法
06:34
to have a constitutional provision
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增訂一則憲法條文
06:36
that allows for special development regions.
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允許特殊發展區域的存在
06:38
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,
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在一個才剛經歷這樣一場折磨人的危機的國家裡
06:41
the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment
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國會裡的投票結果中,贊成這項憲法修訂文
06:44
was 124 to one.
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是124票贊成對1票反對
06:47
All parties, all factions in society, backed this.
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整個社會的所有政黨、派系皆支持
06:50
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.
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要成為憲法的一部分,必須要讓條文在國會中通過兩次
06:53
On February 17th they passed it again
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在二月十七日,他們再度通過法案
06:56
with another vote of 114 to one.
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結果是114票贊成對1票反對
06:59
Immediately after that vote,
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在那場投票不久後
07:01
on February 21st to the 24th,
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於二月二十一至二十四日間
07:04
a delegation of about 30 Hondurans
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一群大約30位宏都拉斯人組成的代表團
07:06
went to the two places in the world
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去了這世界上兩個
07:08
that are most interested in getting into the city building business.
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對城市建造最有興趣的地方
07:10
One is South Korea.
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一個是南韓
07:12
This is a picture of a big, new city center
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這張照片呈現一個巨大、全新的市中心
07:14
that's being built in South Korea --
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那是蓋在南韓
07:16
bigger than downtown Boston.
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比波士頓市中心還大
07:18
Everything you see there was built in four years,
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你看到的每一樣東西都是在花了四年拿到許可證之後
07:20
after they spent four years getting the permits.
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於四年之內蓋好的
07:24
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.
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另一個對城市建造很感興趣的地方是新加坡
07:26
They've actually built two cities already in China
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它們事實上已經在中國蓋了兩座城市
07:28
and are preparing the third.
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而且正準備蓋第三座
07:30
So if you think about this practically,
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所以,如果你就實際層面來看
07:32
here's where we are.
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我現在的位置在這裡
07:34
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.
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他們有了地點,他們已經在思考第二座城市的地點
07:37
They're putting in place a legal system
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他們在設立一個可以
07:39
that could allow for managers to come in,
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引進經理人的法治系統
07:41
and also an external legal system.
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以及一個外部法律系統
07:43
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court
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有一個國家已經自願以他們的最高法院
07:46
be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.
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當做這裡新司法系統中的最終判決的法院
07:49
There's designers and builders of cities
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另外還有非常感興趣的
07:51
who are very interested.
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城市設計師及建築師
07:53
They even can bring with them some financing.
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他們甚至可以引進一些資金
07:55
But the one thing you know they've already solved
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但是,你很清楚有一件問題是他們已經先解決了
07:57
is that there's lots of tenants.
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那就是有大量的房客
07:59
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,
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有許多的公司想要在美洲落地
08:02
especially in a place with a free trade zone,
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特別是在一個自由貿易區
08:04
and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.
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而且還有很多人想要去那裡
08:07
Around the world, there's 700 million people
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這世界上,有7億的人口
08:09
who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.
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說他們現在想要永久性地移居他地
08:12
There's a million a year
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一年有一百萬人
08:14
who leave Latin America to go to the United States.
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離開拉丁美洲,前往美國
08:16
Many of these are a father
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這些人中有很多是父親
08:18
who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --
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被迫離開他們的家庭,去找工作
08:20
sometimes a single mother
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有時候是一位單親媽媽
08:22
who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.
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必須賺足夠的錢來支付食物及衣服費用
08:25
Sadly, sometimes there are even children
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很讓人心痛的是,有時候甚至是小孩
08:27
who are trying to get reunited with their parents
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有些個案中,他們試圖跟他們十年未見的
08:29
that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.
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的父母親團員
08:34
So what kind of an idea is it
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那麼,思考在宏都拉斯裡蓋一個全新城市
08:36
to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?
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到底是什麼樣的想法?
08:38
Or to build a dozen of these,
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或者在全世界蓋十幾個這樣的城市
08:40
or a hundred of these, around the world?
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或者幾百個呢?
08:42
What kind of an idea is it
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堅持每一個家庭都能夠從
08:44
to think about insisting
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幾個積極爭取居民的城市中做挑選
08:46
that every family have a choice of several cities
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去做這樣的思考
08:49
that are competing to attract new residents?
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這又是什麼樣的想法呢?
08:52
This is an idea worth spreading.
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這是一個值得被傳播出去的想法
08:55
And my friends from Honduras
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最後,我在宏都拉斯的朋友們
08:57
asked me to say thank you, TED.
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請我們向TED說聲謝謝
08:59
(Applause)
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