Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?

48,092 views ・ 2011-06-09

TED


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Prevoditelj: Ana Puhač Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:15
In 2007,
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2007. godine,
00:17
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize
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odlučio sam kako trebamo rekonceptualizirati
00:19
how we thought about economic development.
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način na koji razmišljamo o ekonomskom razvoju.
00:21
Our new goal should be
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Naš novi cilj bi trebao biti da,
00:23
that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,
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kada svaka obitelj razmišlja o tome gdje želi živjeti i raditi,
00:26
they should be able to choose between
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omogućimo da ona može izabrati između
00:28
at least a handful
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bar par
00:30
of different cities
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različitih gradova
00:32
that were all competing to attract new residents.
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koji se međusobno natječu da privuku nove građane.
00:35
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.
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Trenutno smo jako daleko od tog cilja.
00:38
There are billions of people in developing countries
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Postoje milijarde ljudi u razvijenim zemljama
00:41
who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.
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koji nemaju niti jedan grad koji bi bio voljan primiti ih.
00:44
But the amazing thing about cities
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Ali, odlična stvar u vezi gradova je
00:46
is they're worth so much more
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kako su oni vrijedni mnogo više
00:48
than it costs to build them.
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nego troškovi njihove izgradnje.
00:50
So we could easily supply the world
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Dakle, mi bismo mogli lako opskrbiti svijet
00:53
with dozens, maybe hundreds,
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s desecima ili čak stotinjak
00:55
of new cities.
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novih gradova.
00:57
Now this might sound preposterous to you
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To vam sada može zvučati apsurdno
00:59
if you've never thought about new cities.
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ako nikada niste razmišljali o novim gradovima.
01:01
But just substitute apartment building for cities.
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Ali samo zamislite zgrade sa stanovima kao gradove.
01:03
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;
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Polovina ljudi koja je željela biti u stanovima je već živjela u stanovima;
01:06
the other half aren't there yet.
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dok druga polovina nije niti imala stanove.
01:08
You could try and expand the capacity
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Mogli bi probati i proširiti kapacitet
01:11
by doing additions on all the existing apartments.
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gradeći dodatke na svim postojećim stanovima.
01:14
But you know what you'd run into
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Ali ono sa čime bi se suočili
01:16
is those apartments and the surrounding areas
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jest to da ti stanovi i okružnice
01:18
have rules to avoid discomfort
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imaju pravila za izbjegavanje neudobnosti
01:20
and the distractions of construction.
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i ometanja gradnje.
01:23
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.
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Prema tome, iznimno je teško napraviti sve te dodatke.
01:25
But you could go out someplace brand new,
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Ali mogli biste izaći na neko potpuno novo mjesto,
01:27
build a brand new apartment building,
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izgraditi potpuno novu zgradu sa stanovima,
01:30
as long as the rules there
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toliko dugo dok su pravila tamo
01:32
were ones that facilitated construction
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takva da ubrzavaju i potiču gradnju,
01:34
rather than getting in the way.
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a ne da joj stoje na putu.
01:36
So I proposed
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Tako sam ja predložio
01:38
that governments create new reform zones
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da vlade stvore nove zone reformi
01:41
big enough to hold cities
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koje su dovoljno velike da uzdržavaju gradove
01:43
and gave them a name: charter cities.
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i dao sam im ime: čarter-gradovi.
01:46
Later I learned that at about this same time,
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Kasnije sam naučio da su, u otprilike isto vrijeme,
01:48
Javier and Octavio
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Javier i Octavio
01:50
were thinking about the challenge of reform
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razmišljali o izazovu reforme
01:52
in Honduras.
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u Hondurasu.
01:54
They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year
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Oni su znali da oko 75.000 Hunduraca svake godine
01:58
would leave to go to the United States,
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odlazi u Sjedinjene Države.
02:00
and they wanted to ask, what could they do
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Željeli su pitati što mogu učiniti
02:02
to make sure that those people could stay
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da osiguraju da ti ljudi mogu ostati
02:04
and do the same things in Honduras.
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i ostvariti iste stvari u Hondurasu.
02:07
At one point, Javier said to Octavio,
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U jednom trenutku, Javier je rekao Octaviu:
02:09
"What if we took some of our empty land --
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"Što ako bismo uzeli nešto naše prazne zemlje --
02:11
what if we just gave it to an embassy --
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što ako bismo to dali ambasadi --
02:13
give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --
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dali bismo je ambasadi Sjedinjenih Država; dali bismo je Kanadskoj ambasadi --
02:16
and then if people want to go work
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i onda, ako ljudi žele raditi
02:18
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,
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unutar pravila Kanade ili Sjedinjenih Država,
02:20
they can go get jobs,
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mogli bi dobiti posao,
02:22
do everything they do on those embassy grounds
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raditi sve na posjedu te ambasade
02:24
that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"
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za što bi inače otišli u Kanadu ili SAD?"
02:29
In the summer of 2009,
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U ljeto 2009.,
02:31
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.
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Honduras je prošao kroz naglu upravnu krizu.
02:34
At the next regularly scheduled election,
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Na redovitim ugovorenim izborima koji su slijedili,
02:37
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide
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Pepe Lobo je odnio pobijedu
02:39
on a platform that promised reform,
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na platformi koja je obećavala reformu,
02:42
but reconciliation as well.
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ali također i usklađenje.
02:45
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.
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On je pitao Octavia da bude njegov šef osoblja.
02:49
Meanwhile, I was getting ready
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U međuvremenu, ja sam se pripremao
02:51
to give a talk at TEDGlobal.
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održati govor na TEDGlobal-u.
02:53
Through a process of refinement,
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Kroz proces usavršavanja,
02:55
trial and error, a lot of user testing,
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pokušaja i pogrešaka, puno korisničkog isprobavanja,
02:58
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city
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želio sam doći do osnove tog kompliciranog koncepta
03:01
down to the bare essentials.
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čarter-grada.
03:05
The first point was the importance of rules,
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Prva stavka bila je važnost pravila,
03:07
like those rules that say
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poput onih pravila koja govore da
03:09
you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.
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ne smiješ doći i uznemiravati sve postojeće stanovnike.
03:12
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,
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Mi obraćamo veliku pozornost na nove tehnologije,
03:14
but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,
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ali potrebne su tehnologije i pravila da se dođe do napretka.
03:17
and it's usually the rules that hold us back.
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I obično su pravila ta koja nas sputavaju.
03:21
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala
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U jesen 2010., moj prijatelj iz Gvatemale
03:24
sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.
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je poslao Octaviu poveznicu za TED govor.
03:27
He showed it to Javier.
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Pokazao je govor Javieru.
03:29
They called me.
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Nazvali su me.
03:31
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."
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Rekli su: "Pokažimo ovo predvodnicima države."
03:34
So in December we met in Miami,
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U prosincu smo otišli u Miami,
03:37
in a hotel conference room.
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u konferencijsku sobu hotela.
03:39
I tried to explain this point
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Pokušao sam objasniti
03:41
about how valuable cities are,
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kako su gradovi vrijedni,
03:43
how much more valuable they are than they cost.
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koliko mnogo više vrijede nego što koštaju.
03:45
And I used this slide
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Koristio sam slajd
03:47
showing how valuable the raw land is
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koji je pokazivao koliko je vrijedna gola zemlja
03:49
in a place like New York City:
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u mjestu kao što je New York City.
03:51
notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,
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U nekim slučajevima, zemlja je vrijedna tisuće dolara,
03:54
per square meter.
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po metru kvadratnom.
03:56
But it was a fairly abstract discussion,
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Ali to je bila prilično apstraktna rasprava,
03:59
and at some point when there was a pause,
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i u jednom trenutku kada je bila stanka,
04:02
Octavio said,
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Octavio je rekao,
04:04
"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."
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"Paul, možda bismo mogli pogledati TED govor."
04:07
(Laughing)
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(Pljesak)
04:09
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,
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Tako da je TED govor iznio na veoma jednostavan način,
04:12
a charter city is a place
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kako je čarter-grad mjesto
04:14
where you start with uninhabited land,
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gdje možeš započeti s nenaseljenom zemljom,
04:17
a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there
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čarterom (čarter - darovnica) koja određuje pravila koja će se ondje provoditi
04:20
and then a chance for people to opt in,
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s prilikom koju možeš dati ljudima da biraju između više opcija,
04:22
to go live under those rules or not.
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hoće li živjeti unutar tih pravila ili ne.
04:26
So I was asked by the president of Honduras
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Predsjednik Hondurasa mi je rekao
04:29
who said that we need to do this project,
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da trebamo učiniti ovaj projekt,
04:31
this is important,
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da je to važno,
04:33
this could be the way forward for our country.
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i da bi to mogao biti put za napredak naše države.
04:36
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa
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Zamolio me da dođem u Tegucigalpu
04:38
and talk again on January fourth and fifth.
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i ponovno održim govor 4. i 5. siječnja.
04:41
So I presented
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Pa sam održao
04:43
another fact-filled lecture
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još jedno činjenično predavanje
04:45
that included a slide like this,
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koje je uključivalo slajd poput ovog,
04:47
which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,
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koji je pokušavao objasniti ukazanje da, ako želiš izgraditi puno vrijednosti u gradu,
04:50
it has to be very big.
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on mora biti jako velik.
04:52
This is a picture of Denver,
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Ovo je slika Denvera
04:54
and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.
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a ova kontura je nova zračna luka koja je izgrađena u Denveru.
04:56
This airport alone
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Samo ta zračna luka
04:58
covers more than 100 square kilometers.
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pokriva više od 100 kvadratnih kilometara.
05:00
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,
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Pokušavao sam uvjeriti Hondurance da,
05:02
if you build a new city,
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ako gradiš novi grad,
05:04
you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.
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moraš početi s lokacijom veličine najmanje 1000 kilometara kvadratnih.
05:07
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.
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To je više od 250 stotina tisuća jutara.
05:13
Everybody applauded politely.
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Svi su uljudno zapljeskali.
05:15
The faces in the audience
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Lica u publici
05:17
were very serious and attentive.
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su bila veoma ozbiljna i pozorna.
05:20
The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,
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Vođa kongresa je došao na pozornicu i rekao:
05:23
"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,
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"Profesore Romer, puno vam hvala na vašem predavanju,
05:26
but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.
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ali možda bismo mogli pogledati TED govor.
05:29
I've got it here on my laptop."
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Imam ga ovdje na laptopu."
05:33
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.
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Sjeo sam, a oni su pustili TED govor.
05:36
And it got to the essence,
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I došlo je do osnove,
05:38
which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.
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a koja je da bi novi grad mogao ponuditi nove izbore za ljude.
05:41
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to
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Postojao bi izbor grada u koji biste mogli ići
05:43
which could be in Honduras,
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koji bi bio u Hondurasu,
05:45
instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.
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umjesto na stotinama milja dalekom Sjeveru.
05:47
And it also involved new choices for leaders.
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I uključivao bi nove izbore za rukovoditelje.
05:49
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras
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Zato što bi glavari u vladi tamo u Hondurasu
05:52
would need help from partner countries,
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trebali pomoć od zemalja-suradnika
05:54
who could benefit from partner countries
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koje bi bile povlaštene od zemalja-suradnika
05:56
who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,
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koje njima pomažu izložiti pravila u darovnici i provedbi,
05:59
so everybody can trust
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tako da svi mogu vjerovati
06:01
that the charter really will be enforced.
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da ugovor zaista može biti proveden.
06:04
And the insight of President Lobo
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Uvid predsjednika Loboa
06:06
was that that assurance of enforcement
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je bio taj da je osiguranje provedbe,
06:09
that I was thinking about
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o kojoj sam ja razmišljao,
06:11
as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city
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kao načinu pomoću kojeg bi se dobilo strane ulagače da dođu i izgrade grad,
06:14
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras
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jednako važno za sve stranke u Hondurasu
06:17
who had suffered for so many years
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koje su patile tolikih godina
06:19
from fear and distrust.
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od straha i nepovjerenja.
06:21
We went and looked at a site.
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Otišli smo i pogledali lokaciju.
06:23
This picture's from there.
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Ovo je slika lokacije.
06:25
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.
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Lako bi mogla imati tisuću kvadratnih kilometara.
06:28
And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,
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Kratko nakon toga, 19. siječnja,
06:31
they voted in the congress to amend their constitution
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oni su glasali u kongresu za izmjenu njihovog uređenja
06:34
to have a constitutional provision
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za proviziju uređenja,
06:36
that allows for special development regions.
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koja dozvoljava posebna područja za razvoj.
06:38
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,
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U zemlji koja je upravo prošla kroz naglu krizu,
06:41
the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment
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glas u kongresu za pristanak te upravne izmjene
06:44
was 124 to one.
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je bio 124 prema jedan.
06:47
All parties, all factions in society, backed this.
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Sve stranke i sve grupe su poduprle izmjenu.
06:50
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.
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Ako nešto želi postati dio uređenja, mora proći dva puta u kongresu.
06:53
On February 17th they passed it again
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17. veljače je opet prošlo u kongresu
06:56
with another vote of 114 to one.
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s ponovnim glasom od 114 prema jedan.
06:59
Immediately after that vote,
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Odmah nakon tog glasanja,
07:01
on February 21st to the 24th,
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od 21. do 24. veljače,
07:04
a delegation of about 30 Hondurans
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delegacija od otprilike 30 Honduranaca
07:06
went to the two places in the world
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je otišla na dva mjesta na svijetu
07:08
that are most interested in getting into the city building business.
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koja su najviše zainteresirana u stavljanje grada u građevinski posao.
07:10
One is South Korea.
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Jedno takvo mjesto je Južna Koreja.
07:12
This is a picture of a big, new city center
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Ovo je slika velikog, novog gradskog centra
07:14
that's being built in South Korea --
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koji se gradi u Južnoj Koreji --
07:16
bigger than downtown Boston.
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veći je nego centar Bostona.
07:18
Everything you see there was built in four years,
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Sve ovo što vidite je izgrađeno u četiri godine,
07:20
after they spent four years getting the permits.
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nakon što su proveli četiri godine u dobivanju dozvola.
07:24
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.
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Drugo mjesto koje ima veliko zanimanje za izgradnju grada je Singapur.
07:26
They've actually built two cities already in China
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Oni su zapravo već izgradili dva grada u Kini
07:28
and are preparing the third.
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i pripremaju treći.
07:30
So if you think about this practically,
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Dakle, ako mislite praktično o ovome,
07:32
here's where we are.
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evo gdje smo mi.
07:34
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.
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Imaju mjesto; oni već razmišljaju o ovom mjestu za drugi grad.
07:37
They're putting in place a legal system
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Stavljaju mjesto u zakonski sustav
07:39
that could allow for managers to come in,
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koji bi omogućio da dođu menadžeri
07:41
and also an external legal system.
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i također da se ostvari vanjski zakonski sustav.
07:43
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court
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Jedna zemlja je već dobrovoljno sudjelovala da dopusti da njen nadležni sud
07:46
be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.
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bude najpoželjniji model za pravni sustav u gradu.
07:49
There's designers and builders of cities
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Postoje dizajneri i građevinari gradova
07:51
who are very interested.
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koji su jako zainteresirani.
07:53
They even can bring with them some financing.
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Oni čak mogu sa sobom donijeti nešto financija.
07:55
But the one thing you know they've already solved
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Ali jedna stvar je, znate, koju su oni već riješili
07:57
is that there's lots of tenants.
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da već postoji puno zakupaca.
07:59
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,
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Postoji puno poduzeća koja bi željela smjestiti Amerikance,
08:02
especially in a place with a free trade zone,
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osobito na mjestu sa zonom slobodnog tržišta,
08:04
and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.
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i postoji puno ljudi koji bi željeli ići ondje.
08:07
Around the world, there's 700 million people
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Diljem svijeta, postoji 700 milijuna ljudi
08:09
who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.
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koji govore kako bi se željeli dugoročno preseliti na neko drugo mjesto.
08:12
There's a million a year
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Postoji milijun ljudi godišnje
08:14
who leave Latin America to go to the United States.
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koji napuštaju Latinsku Ameriku i odlaze u Sjedinjene Države.
08:16
Many of these are a father
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Mnogi su od njih očevi
08:18
who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --
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koji moraju napustiti obitelj zbog pronalaska posla --
08:20
sometimes a single mother
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ponekad samohrana majka,
08:22
who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.
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koja mora nabaviti dovoljno novca da samo plati hranu i odjeću.
08:25
Sadly, sometimes there are even children
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Nažalost, nekad čak i djeca,
08:27
who are trying to get reunited with their parents
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koja pokušavaju pronaći svoje roditelje
08:29
that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.
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koje nisu vidjeli, u nekim slučajevima, jedno desetljeće.
08:34
So what kind of an idea is it
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Dakle, kakva je ovo ideja,
08:36
to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?
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razmišljati o gradnji novog grada u Hondurasu?
08:38
Or to build a dozen of these,
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Ili o gradnju desetaka takvih,
08:40
or a hundred of these, around the world?
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ili čak stotinjak diljem svijeta?
08:42
What kind of an idea is it
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Kakva je to ideja,
08:44
to think about insisting
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razmišljati o inzistiranju
08:46
that every family have a choice of several cities
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da svaka obitelj ima izbor između nekoliko gradova
08:49
that are competing to attract new residents?
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koji se natječu da privuku nove stanovnike?
08:52
This is an idea worth spreading.
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To je ideja vrijedna širenja.
08:55
And my friends from Honduras
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I moji prijatelji iz Hondurasa
08:57
asked me to say thank you, TED.
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su me zamolili da zahvalim TED-u.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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