Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food

Prevodilac: Aleksandra Krstić Lektor: Mile Živković

I am a plant geneticist.

Ja sam genetičar biljaka.

I study genes that make plants resistant to disease

Proučavam gene koje čine biljke otpornim na bolesti

and tolerant of stress.

i tolerantnim na stres.

In recent years,

Poslednjih godina,

millions of people around the world have come to believe

milioni ljudi širom sveta počeli su da veruju

that there's something sinister about genetic modification.

da postoji nešto zlo u vezi sa genetskom modifikacijom.

Today, I am going to provide a different perspective.

Danas ću vam pokazati drugačiju perspektivu.

First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.

Prvo da vam predstavim svog supruga Raula.

He's an organic farmer.

On uzgaja organsku hranu.

On his farm, he plants a variety of different crops.

Na svojoj farmi uzgaja različite vrste useva.

This is one of the many ecological farming practices

Ovo je jedan od mnogih ekoloških procesa uzgajanja

he uses to keep his farm healthy.

koje on koristi da bi održao farmu zdravom.

Imagine some of the reactions we get:

Zamislite neke od reakcija koje dobijamo:

"Really? An organic farmer and a plant geneticist?

"Zaista? Uzgajivač organske hrane i genetičar biljaka?

Can you agree on anything?"

Možete li se složiti oko bilo čega?"

Well, we can, and it's not difficult, because we have the same goal.

Pa, možemo i to lako, zato što imamo isti cilj.

We want to help nourish the growing population

Želimo da pomognemo u ishrani populacije koja raste

without further destroying the environment.

bez daljeg uništavanja sredine.

I believe this is the greatest challenge of our time.

Verujem da je to trenutno najveći izazov našeg doba.

Now, genetic modification is not new;

Dakle, genetska modifikacija nije ništa novo;

virtually everything we eat has been genetically modified

skoro sve što jedemo je genetski modifikovano

in some manner.

na neki način.

Let me give you a few examples.

Pokazaću vam nekoliko primera.

On the left is an image

Sa leve strane je slika

of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.

pretka današnjeg kukuruza.

You see a single roll of grain that's covered in a hard case.

Možete da vidite jedan red zrnevlja pokriven tvrdom ljuskom.

Unless you have a hammer,

Osim ako nemate čekić,

teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.

tiosint je neupotrebljiv za pravljenje tortilja.

Now, take a look at the ancient ancestor of banana.

Sada, pogledajte pretka banane.

You can see the large seeds.

Možete videti veliko semenje.

And unappetizing brussel sprouts,

Neukusan briselski brokelj,

and eggplant, so beautiful.

plavi patlidžan, jako lep.

Now, to create these varieties,

Sada, da bi dobili ove vrste,

breeders have used many different genetic techniques over the years.

uzgajivači koriste razne genetske tehnike već godinama.

Some of them are quite creative,

Neke od njih su prilično kreativne,

like mixing two different species together

poput ukrštanja dveju različitih vrsta

using a process called grafting

koristeći proces koji se zove kalemljenje

to create this variety that's half tomato and half potato.

da bi dobili ovu vrstu - pola paradajz, pola krompir.

Breeders have also used other types of genetic techniques,

Uzgajivači, takođe, koriste i druge vrste genetskih tehnika,

such as random mutagenesis,

kao što su nasumična mutageneza,

which induces uncharacterized mutations

koja uključuje nekarakteristične mutacije

into the plants.

kod biljaka.

The rice in the cereal that many of us fed our babies

Pirinač u žitaricama, kojim mnogi od nas hrane svoje bebe,

was developed using this approach.

razvijen je korišćenjem ovog pristupa.

Now, today, breeders have even more options to choose from.

U današnje vreme, uzgajivači imaju još veći izbor.

Some of them are extraordinarily precise.

Neke opcije su izuzetno precizne.

I want to give you a couple examples from my own work.

Dala bih vam nekoliko primera iz svog rada.

I work on rice, which is a staple food for more than half the world's people.

Ja radim na pirinču, koji je osnovna hrana za više od polovinu ljudi na svetu.

Each year, 40 percent of the potential harvest

Svake godine, 40% potencijalne žetve

is lost to pest and disease.

se gubi na štetočine i bolesti.

For this reason, farmers plant rice varieties

Zbog toga, farmeri uzgajaju različite vrste pirinča

that carry genes for resistance.

koje su genetski otporne na bolesti.

This approach has been used for nearly 100 years.

Ovaj se metod koristi skoro 100 godina.

Yet, when I started graduate school,

Ipak, kada sam počela postdiplomske studije,

no one knew what these genes were.

niko nije znao koji su to geni.

It wasn't until the 1990s that scientists finally uncovered

Tako je bilo do devedesetih kada su naučnici konačno otkrili

the genetic basis of resistance.

genetsku osnovu otpornosti.

In my laboratory, we isolated a gene for immunity to a very serious

U mojoj smo laboratoriji izolovali gen imun na jako ozbiljne

bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.

bakterijske bolesti u Aziji i Africi.

We found we could engineer the gene into a conventional rice variety

Otkrili smo da bismo mogli unaprediti gen u konvencijalnu vrstu pirinča

that's normally susceptible,

koja je normalno podložna

and you can see the two leaves on the bottom here

i možete videti da su ova dva lista na dnu ovde

are highly resistant to infection.

jako otporna na zarazu.

Now, the same month that my laboratory published

Sad, istog meseca kada je moja laboratorija objavila

our discovery on the rice immunity gene,

naše otkriće o imunom genu pirinča,

my friend and colleague Dave Mackill stopped by my office.

moj prijatelj i kolega Dejv Mekil je svratio do moje kancelarije.

He said, "Seventy million rice farmers are having trouble growing rice."

Rekao je: "70 miliona uzgajivača pirinča ima problem sa njegovim uzgajanjem."

That's because their fields are flooded,

To je tako zato što su njihova polja potopljena,

and these rice farmers are living on less than two dollars a day.

a ti uzgajivači žive sa manje od 2 dolara na dan.

Although rice grows well in standing water,

Iako pirinač dobro raste u stajaćoj vodi,

most rice varieties will die if they're submerged

većina vrsta pirinča će izumreti ako bude potopljeno

for more than three days.

više od 3 dana.

Flooding is expected to be increasingly problematic

Očekuje se da poplave budu sve veći problem,

as the climate changes.

kako se klima menja.

He told me that his graduate student Kenong Xu and himself

On mi je rekao da su njegov student Kenong Šu i on lično

were studying an ancient variety of rice that had an amazing property.

proučavali staru vrstu pirinča koji ima neverovatnu osobinu.

It could withstand two weeks of complete submergence.

Može da izdrži više od 2 nedelje pod vodom.

He asked if I would be willing to help them isolate this gene.

Pitao me je da li bih pristala da im pomognem i izdvojim gen.

I said yes -- I was very excited, because I knew if we were successful,

Rekla sam "da" - bila sam jako uzbuđena jer sam znala da ako budemo uspešni,

we could potentially help millions of farmers grow rice

mogli bismo da pomognemo milionima uzgajivača u uzgajanju pirinča

even when their fields were flooded.

čak i kada su njihova polja potopljena.

Kenong spent 10 years looking for this gene.

Kenong je proveo 10 godina tražeći ovaj gen.

Then one day, he said,

A onda je jednog dana rekao:

"Come look at this experiment. You've got to see it."

"Dođi da pogledaš ovaj eksperiment. Moraš da ga vidiš."

I went to the greenhouse and I saw

Otišla sam do staklenika i videla sam

that the conventional variety that was flooded for 18 days had died,

da je obična vrsta koja je bila potopljena više od 18 dana umrla,

but the rice variety that we had genetically engineered

ali da je ona vrsta koju smo mi genetski modifikovali

with a new gene we had discovered, called Sub1, was alive.

sa novim genima koje smo otkrili, pod nazivom Sub1, bila živa.

Kenong and I were amazed and excited

Kenong i ja smo bili očarani i uzbuđeni

that a single gene could have this dramatic effect.

da bi jedan gen mogao da ima ovako dramatičan efekat.

But this is just a greenhouse experiment.

Ali to je bio samo eksperiment u stakleniku.

Would this work in the field?

Da li će biti tako i na polju?

Now, I'm going to show you a four-month time lapse video

Pokazaću vam sada video sniman 4 meseca

taken at the International Rice Research Institute.

u Međunarodnom institutu za istraživanje pirinča.

Breeders there developed a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene

Uzgajivači su razvili pirinač koji nosi u sebi Sub1 gen

using another genetic technique called precision breeding.

koristeći genetsku tehniku zvanu precizno uzgajanje.

On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,

Sa leve strane, možete da vidite vrstu koja nosi Sub1,

and on the right is the conventional variety.

a sa desne, konvencionalnu vrstu.

Both varieties do very well at first,

Obema vrstama u početku ide vrlo dobro,

but then the field is flooded for 17 days.

ali onda je polje potopljeno na 17 dana.

You can see the Sub1 variety does great.

Možete videti da vrsta sa Sub1 genom i dalje raste.

In fact, it produces three and a half times more grain

Zapravo, proizvodi tri i po puta više pirinča

than the conventional variety.

nego konvencionalna vrsta.

I love this video

Obožavam ovaj video,

because it shows the power of plant genetics to help farmers.

jer pokazuje moć nauke o genetici biljaka kako pomaže farmerima.

Last year, with the help of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,

Poslednje godine, uz pomoć fondacije Bila i Melinde Gejts,

three and a half million farmers grew Sub1 rice.

3,5 miliona farmera uzgaja Sub1 pirinač.

(Applause)

(aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Now, many people don't mind genetic modification

Sada, mnogi ljudi ne obraćaju pažnju na genetsku modifikaciju

when it comes to moving rice genes around,

kada se radi o modifikaciji gena pirinča,

gena pirinča u stabljikama pirinča,

rice genes in rice plants,

or even when it comes to mixing species together

ili čak kada se govori o ukrštanju vrsta

through grafting or random mutagenesis.

kroz kalemljenje ili nasumičnu mutagenezu.

But when it comes to taking genes from viruses and bacteria

Ali, što se tiče uzimanje gena od virusa i bakterija

and putting them into plants,

i njihovog ugrađivanja u biljke,

a lot of people say, "Yuck."

mnogi kažu: "Bljak."

Why would you do that?

Zašto bi to učinili?

The reason is that sometimes it's the cheapest, safest,

Razlog je taj što je to ponekad najjeftinija,

and most effective technology

najbezbednija i najefikasnija metoda

for enhancing food security and advancing sustainable agriculture.

za poboljšanje bezbednosti hrane i unapređenje održive poljoprivrede.

I'm going to give you three examples.

Daću vam tri primera.

First, take a look at papaya. It's delicious, right?

Pogledajte prvo papaju. Izgleda ukusno, zar ne?

But now, look at this papaya.

A pogledajte sada ovu.

This papaya is infected with papaya ringspot virus.

Ovaj plod je inficiran prstenastim virusom papaje.

In the 1950s, this virus nearly wiped out the entire production

Pedesetih godina, ovaj je virus zamalo izbrisao celu proizvodnju

of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.

papaje na ostrvu Oahu na Havajima.

Many people thought that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,

Mnogi su mislili da je havajska papaja propala,

but then, a local Hawaiian,

ali onda je lokalni Havajčanin,

a plant pathologist named Dennis Gonsalves,

patolog biljaka, Denis Gonsalves,

decided to try to fight this disease using genetic engineering.

odlučio da proba da se izbori sa ovom bolešću koristeći genetski inženjering.

He took a snippet of viral DNA and he inserted it

Uzeo je komad zaražene DNK i ubacio ga

into the papaya genome.

u genom papaje.

This is kind of like a human getting a vaccination.

Ovo je slično kao kada čovek primi vakcinu.

Now, take a look at his field trial.

Sada, pogledajte video njegovog polja.

You can see the genetically engineered papaya in the center.

Možete videti genetski modifikovanu papaju u centru.

It's immune to infection.

Imuna je na infekciju.

The conventional papaya around the outside is severely infected with the virus.

Konvencionalna papaja oko centra je teško inficirana virusom.

Dennis' pioneering work is credited with rescuing the papaya industry.

Denisov pionirski rad je zaslužan za spašavanje industrije papaje.

Today, 20 years later, there's still no other method to control this disease.

Danas, 20 godina kasnije, i dalje ne postoji

drugi metod za kontrolu ove bolesti.

There's no organic method. There's no conventional method.

Ne postoji organski metod. Ne postoji konvencionalni metod.

Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered.

Osamdeset posto havajske papaje je genetski modifikovano.

Now, some of you may still feel a little queasy about viral genes in your food,

Sada, neki su i dalje pomalo uznemireni zbog zaraznog gena u svojoj hrani,

but consider this:

ali uzmite u obzir ovo:

The genetically engineered papaya carries just a trace amount of the virus.

genetski modifikovana papaja nosi samo trag virusa.

If you bite into an organic or conventional papaya

Ako načnete organsku ili običnu papaju

that is infected with the virus,

koja je inficirana virusom,

you will be chewing on tenfold more viral protein.

žvakali biste desetostruko više zaraznog proteina.

Now, take a look at this pest feasting on an eggplant.

Pogledajte sada ovu štetočinu kako se hrani plavim patlidžanom.

The brown you see is frass,

Ovo braon što vidite je izmet,

what comes out the back end of the insect.

koji izlazi sa zadnjeg kraja insekta.

To control this serious pest,

Da bi se kontrolisala ova opasna štetočina,

which can devastate the entire eggplant crop in Bangladesh,

koja može da uništi kompletne useve patlidžana na Bangladešu,

Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides

farmeri na Bangladešu prskaju insekticide

two to three times a week,

dva do tri puta nedeljno,

sometimes twice a day, when pest pressure is high.

nekad dva puta dnevno, kada štetočina ima mnogo.

But we know that some insecticides are very harmful to human health,

Ali mi znamo da su neki insekticidi jako štetni po ljudsko zdravlje,

especially when farmers and their families

posebno kada farmeri i njihove porodice

cannot afford proper protection, like these children.

ne mogu da priušte adekvatnu zaštitu, kao ova deca.

In less developed countries, it's estimated that 300,000 people

U manje razvijenim zemljama, ustanovljeno je da 300.000 ljudi

die every year because of insecticide misuse and exposure.

umre svake godine od zloupotrebe insekticida i izlaganju sredstvu.

Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists decided to fight this disease

Kornel i bangladeški naučnici su odlučili da se bore sa ovom bolešću

using a genetic technique that builds on an organic farming approach.

koristeći genetsku tehniku koja je zasnovana na organskom pristupu uzgajanja.

Organic farmers like my husband Raoul spray an insecticide called B.T.,

Organski farmeri poput mog muža Raula koriste insekticid pod nazivom B.T.,

which is based on a bacteria.

koji se zasniva na jednoj bakteriji.

This pesticide is very specific to caterpillar pests,

Posebno se koristi za gusenice,

and in fact, it's nontoxic to humans, fish and birds.

i zapravo, nije otrovan za ljude, ribe i ptice.

It's less toxic than table salt.

Manje je toksičan od kuhinjske soli.

But this approach does not work well in Bangladesh.

Ali ovaj pristup nije pogodan za Bangladeš.

That's because these insecticide sprays

Tako je zato što su ovi sprejevi

are difficult to find, they're expensive,

teški za nalaženje, skupi,

and they don't prevent the insect from getting inside the plants.

i ne sprečavaju insekte da uđu u biljake.

In the genetic approach, scientists cut the gene out of the bacteria

Ovim genetskim pristupom, naučnici uzimaju gen iz bakterije

and insert it directly into the eggplant genome.

i ugrađuju ga direktno u genom plavog patlidžana.

Will this work to reduce insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?

Da li će ovaj način smanjiti prskanje insekticidama u Bangladešu?

Definitely.

Definitivno.

Last season, farmers reported they were able to reduce their insecticide use

Prošle sezone, farmeri su uspeli da smanje upotrebu insekticida

by a huge amount, almost down to zero.

u velikoj količini, skoro na nulu.

They're able to harvest and replant for the next season.

Mogu da žanju i sade za narednu sezonu.

Now, I've given you a couple examples of how genetic engineering can be used

Sada, dala sam vam par primera kako se genetski inženjering da upotrebiti

to fight pests and disease

u borbi protiv štetočina i bolesti

and to reduce the amount of insecticides.

i kako njime smanjiti količinu insekticida.

My final example is an example

Moj poslednji primer je primer

where genetic engineering can be used to reduce malnutrition.

gde se genetski inženjering može upotrebiti

za smanjenje neuhranjenosti.

In less developed countries,

U manje razvijenim zemljama,

500,000 children go blind every year because of lack of Vitamin A.

500 000 dece oslepi svake godine zbog nedostatka vitamina A.

More than half will die.

Više od polovine će umreti.

For this reason, scientists supported by the Rockefeller Foundation

Zbog toga, naučnici su, podržani Fondacijom Rokfeler,

genetically engineered a golden rice

genetski modifikovali zlatni pirinač

to produce beta-carotene, which is the precursor of Vitamin A.

koji proizvodi beta-karotin, koji je prethodnik vitamina A.

This is the same pigment that we find in carrots.

To je isti pigment koji se nalazi u šargarepi.

Researchers estimate that just one cup of golden rice per day

Istraživači su ustanovili da će samo jedna šolja zlatnog pirinča na dan

will save the lives of thousands of children.

spasiti živote hiljade dece.

But golden rice is virulently opposed

Ali, zlatnom pirinču su se snažno suprotstavili

by activists who are against genetic modification.

aktivisti koji su protiv genetske modifikacije.

Just last year,

Prošle godine,

activists invaded and destroyed a field trial in the Philippines.

aktivisti su napali i uništili polje za testiranje na Filipinima.

When I heard about the destruction,

Kada sam čula o razaranju,

I wondered if they knew that they were destroying much more

pitala sam se da li oni znaju da su uništavali mnogo više

than a scientific research project,

od naučno-istraživačkog projekta,

that they were destroying medicines that children desperately needed

da su uništavali lekove koji su očajno neophodni deci

to save their sight and their lives.

da spase svoj vid i svoje živote.

Some of my friends and family still worry:

Neki od mojih prijatelja i rodbine i dalje brinu:

How do you know genes in the food are safe to eat?

kako znaš da su geni u hrani bezbedni za jelo?

I explained the genetic engineering,

Objasnila sam da se genetski inženjering,

the process of moving genes between species,

proces prenošenja gena među vrstama,

has been used for more than 40 years

koristi više od 40 godina

in wines, in medicine, in plants, in cheeses.

u vinima, medicini, biljkama, sirevima.

In all that time, there hasn't been a single case of harm

Za sve to vreme, nije bilo ni jednog slučaja štete

to human health or the environment.

po ljudsko zdravlje ili sredinu.

But I say, look, I'm not asking you to believe me.

Ali rekla sam, pazite, ne tražim od vas da mi verujete.

Science is not a belief system.

Nauka nije sistem verovanja.

My opinion doesn't matter.

Moje mišljenje nije bitno.

Let's look at the evidence.

Pogledajmo dokaze.

After 20 years of careful study and rigorous peer review

Posle 20 godina pažljivog izučavanja i rigorozne provere

by thousands of independent scientists,

od strane hiljade nezavisnih naučnika,

every major scientific organization in the world has concluded

svaka veća naučna organizacija u svetu je zaključila

that the crops currently on the market are safe to eat

da su trenutno usevi na tržištu bezbedni za ishranu

and that the process of genetic engineering

i da je proces genetskog inženjeringa

is no more risky than older methods of genetic modification.

ništa više riskantniji od starih metoda genetske modifikacije.

These are precisely the same organizations that most of us trust

To su tačno iste organizacije kojima većina nas veruje

when it comes to other important scientific issues

kada se govori o drugim bitnim naučnim problemima

such as global climate change or the safety of vaccines.

kao što su globalne klimatske promene ili bezbednost vakcina.

Raoul and I believe that, instead of worrying about the genes in our food,

Raul i ja verujemo da, umesto da brinemo o bezbednosti gena u našoj hrani,

we must focus on how we can help children grow up healthy.

moramo se fokusirati kako možemo pomoći deci da rastu zdravo.

Moramo da se pitamo da li farmeri u ruralnim zajednicama mogu da napreduju

We must ask if farmers in rural communities can thrive,

and if everyone can afford the food.

i da li svi mogu da priušte hranu.

We must try to minimize environmental degradation.

Moramo probati da smanjimo degradaciju sredine.

What scares me most about the loud arguments and misinformation

Ono što me najviše plaši o glasnim argumentima i dezinformacijama

about plant genetics

o genetici biljaka

is that the poorest people who most need the technology

je to što je najsiromašnijim ljudima, kojima je najviše potrebna tehnologija,

may be denied access because of the vague fears and prejudices

možda zabranjen pristup zbog nejasnih strahova i predrasuda

of those who have enough to eat.

onih koji imaju dovoljno da jedu.

We have a huge challenge in front of us.

Imamo veliku izazov pred nama.

Let's celebrate scientific innovation and use it.

Hajde da slavimo naučne inovacije i iskoristimo ih.

It's our responsibility

Naša je odgovornost

to do everything we can to help alleviate human suffering

da učinimo sve što možemo da pomognemo u ublažavanju ljudske patnje

and safeguard the environment.

i zaštitimo sredinu.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.

Kris Anderson: Zaista uverljivo.

The people who argue against GMOs,

Ljudima koji se protive GMO,

as I understand it, the core piece comes from two things.

kako sam razumeo, ključni problem su dve stvari.

One, complexity and unintended consequence.

Prvo, kompleksnost i neželjene posledice.

Priroda je ova neverovatno kompleksna mašina.

Nature is this incredibly complex machine.

If we put out these brand new genes that we've created,

Ako izbacimo ove sasvim nove stvorene gene,

that haven't been challenged by years of evolution,

koje nisu oblikovani kroz godine evolucije,

and they started mixing up with the rest of what's going on,

i počnu se mešati sa postojećom prirodom,

couldn't that trigger some kind of cataclysm or problem,

ne bili to izazavalo neku vrstu kataklizme ili problema,

especially when you add in the commercial incentive

posebno kada uzmemo u obzir finansijski interes

that some companies have to put them out there?

pojedinih kompanija za njihovim unosom?

The fear is that those incentives

Strah je da taj interes

mean that the decision is not made on purely scientific grounds,

znači da odluka nije donešena na čistoj naučnoj bazi,

and even if it was, that there would be unintended consequences.

i da čak to bilo tako, imali bismo neželjene posledice.

How do we know that there isn't a big risk of some unintended consequence?

Kako znamo da nema velikog rizika od nekih neželjenih posledica?

Often our tinkerings with nature do lead to big, unintended consequences

Često naša intervencija sa prirodom vodi velikim neželjenim posledicama

and chain reactions.

i lančanim reakcijama.

Pamela Ronald: Okay, so on the commercial aspects,

Pamela Ronald: Okej, kod komercijalnih aspekata,

one thing that's really important to understand is that,

jedna star koju je jako važno razumeti je,

in the developed world, farmers in the United States,

u razvijenom svetu, farmeri u SAD,

almost all farmers, whether they're organic or conventional,

skoro svi farmeri, bili oni organski ili konvencionalni,

they buy seed produced by seed companies.

kupuju seme od kompanija.

So there's definitely a commercial interest to sell a lot of seed,

Dakle, svakako postoji komercijalni interes za prodaju semena,

but hopefully they're selling seed that the farmers want to buy.

ali nadajmo se da prodaju semenje koje farmeri žele kupiti.

It's different in the less developed world.

Drugačije je u manje razvijenom svetu.

Farmers there cannot afford the seed.

Farmeri ne mogu priuštiti semenje.

These seeds are not being sold.

Semenje se i ne prodaje.

These seeds are being distributed freely

To semenje se besplatno deli

through traditional kinds of certification groups,

kroz tradicionalne načine sertifikovanih grupa,

so it is very important in less developed countries

tako da je to jako važno da za manje razvijene zemlje

that the seed be freely available.

semenje bude slobodno dostupno.

CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this is actually part of the conspiracy?

KA: Neće li neki aktivisti reći da je to zapravo deo zavere?

Da je to poput strategije s heroinom.

This is the heroin strategy.

You seed the stuff, and people have no choice

Zasadiš stvar i ljudi nemaju izbora

but to be hooked on these seeds forever?

osim da se navuku na to semenje zauvek?

PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories for sure, but it doesn't work that way.

PR: Ima mnogo teorija zavere sigurno, ali to ne funkcioniše tako.

For example, the seed that's being distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,

Na primer, semenje koje se deli, pirinač tolerantan na poplave,

this is distributed freely

deli se besplatno

through Indian and Bangladeshi seed certification agencies,

kroz indijske i bangladeške sertifikovane agencije za semenje,

so there's no commercial interest at all.

tako da, uopšte nema komercijalnog interesa.

The golden rice was developed through support of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Zlatni pirinač je razvijen kroz podršku Fondacije Rokfeler.

Again, it's being freely distributed.

Ponovo, deli se besplatno.

There are no commercial profits

Nema komercijalnih profita

in this situation.

u ovom slučaju.

And now to address your other question about, well, mixing genes,

A sada da odgovorim na tvoje drugo pitanje o mešanju gena,

aren't there some unintended consequences?

nema li nekih neželjenih posledica.

Absolutely -- every time we do something different,

Svakako, svakog puta kada radimo nešto drugačije

there's an unintended consequence,

postoje neželjene posledice,

but one of the points I was trying to make

ali ono što sam želela da objasnim je da

is that we've been doing kind of crazy things to our plants,

ono što radimo biljkama je prilično ludo,

mutagenesis using radiation or chemical mutagenesis.

mutageneza izazvana zračenjem ili hemijska mutageneza.

This induces thousands of uncharacterized mutations,

To izaziva hiljade nekarakterističnih mutacija,

and this is even a higher risk of unintended consequence

a imamo čak i veći rizik od neželjenih posledica

than many of the modern methods.

nego li mnogih modernih metoda.

And so it's really important not to use the term GMO

Stoga, jako je bitno ne koristiti termin GMO,

because it's scientifically meaningless.

zato što to nema značenja u nauci.

I feel it's very important to talk about a specific crop

Osećam da je jako bitno pričati o specifičnim usevima

and a specific product, and think about the needs of the consumer.

i posebnim proizvodima i misliti o potrebama korisnika.

CA: So part of what's happening here is that there's a mental model

KA: Dakle, ono što se ovde delom dešava je mentalni model

in a lot of people that nature is nature, and it's pure and pristine,

u ljudima da je priroda - priroda, čista i netaknuta,

and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.

te je intervenisanje s njom - vandalizam.

It's making something that's pure dangerous in some way,

To je predstavljanje nečeg što je čisto opasnim na neki način

and I think you're saying that that whole model

i mislim da ono što ti govoriš je da celi model

just misunderstands how nature is.

samo ne razume kakva je priroda.

Nature is a much more chaotic interplay of genetic changes

Priroda je rezultat mnogih haotičnih međudelovanja genetičkih promena

that have been happening all the time anyway.

koje se odvijaju od početka vremena.

PR: That's absolutely true, and there's no such thing as pure food.

PR: To je u potpunosti tačno i ne postoji ništa poput čiste hrane.

I mean, you could not spray eggplant with insecticides

Mislim, možete da ne prskate plavi patlidžan insekticidima

or not genetically engineer it, but then you'd be stuck eating frass.

ili ne modifikovati ga genetski, ali onda bi završili jedući izmet.

So there's no purity there.

Tako da, nema čistote u tome.

CA: Pam Ronald, thank you. That was powerfully argued.

KA: Pam Ronald, hvala ti. To je bilo jako uverljivo.

PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.

PR: Mnogo hvala. Cenim to.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)