Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food

Prevoditelj: Kristina Vukovic Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I am a plant geneticist.

Bavim se biljnom genetikom.

Proučavam gene odgovorne za otpornost biljaka na bolesti

I study genes that make plants resistant to disease

and tolerant of stress.

i toleranciju na stres.

In recent years,

Posljednjih godina,

millions of people around the world have come to believe

milijuni ljudi diljem svijeta vjeruju

that there's something sinister about genetic modification.

da ima nešto zlokobno u pogledu genetičke modifikacije.

Today, I am going to provide a different perspective.

Danas želim predstaviti drugačiju perspektivu.

Najprije vam želim predstaviti svoga muža, Roula.

First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.

He's an organic farmer.

On se bavi organskom poljoprivredom.

On his farm, he plants a variety of different crops.

Na svojoj farmi uzgaja mnoštvo različitih biljnih vrsta.

This is one of the many ecological farming practices

Ovo je jedna od brojnih ekoloških uzgojnih praksi

he uses to keep his farm healthy.

koje koristi kako bi očuvao farmu u dobrom stanju.

Imagine some of the reactions we get:

Zamislite reakcije ljudi:

"Really? An organic farmer and a plant geneticist?

"Doista? Organska poljoprivreda i biljna genetika?

Can you agree on anything?"

Slažete li se u ičemu?"

Well, we can, and it's not difficult, because we have the same goal.

Pa, slažemo se, i nije teško jer imamo isti cilj.

We want to help nourish the growing population

Želimo pomoći u ishrani rastuće svjetske populacije

without further destroying the environment.

bez daljnjeg uništavanja okoliša.

I believe this is the greatest challenge of our time.

Vjerujem da je to najveći izazov našeg vremena.

Now, genetic modification is not new;

Danas genetička modifikacija nije novost;

praktično sve što jedemo, genetički je modificirano

virtually everything we eat has been genetically modified

in some manner.

na neki način.

Evo nekoliko primjera.

Let me give you a few examples.

On the left is an image

S lijeve strane nalazi se slika

of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.

drevnog pretka modernog kukuruza.

Vidite svitak zrna prekriven tvrdom opnom.

You see a single roll of grain that's covered in a hard case.

Unless you have a hammer,

Osim ako nemate čekić,

teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.

od teosinte nećete moći napraviti tortilje.

Now, take a look at the ancient ancestor of banana.

A sada pogledajmo drevnog pretka banane.

You can see the large seeds.

Možete vidjeti velike sjemenke.

And unappetizing brussel sprouts,

Te neukusne klice prokulica.

and eggplant, so beautiful.

Te patlidžan. Kako lijepo.

Now, to create these varieties,

U stvaranju tih sorti,

breeders have used many different genetic techniques over the years.

uzgajivači su godinama koristili različite genetičke tehnike.

Some of them are quite creative,

Neke su prilično kreativne,

like mixing two different species together

poput križanja dviju različitih vrsta

using a process called grafting

korištenjem procesa zvanog kalemljenje

to create this variety that's half tomato and half potato.

kako bi stvorili sortu koja je pola rajčica a pola krumpir.

Breeders have also used other types of genetic techniques,

Uzgajivači su, također, koristili i druge vrste genetičkih tehnika

such as random mutagenesis,

poput slučajne mutageneze,

which induces uncharacterized mutations

koja inducira nekarakteristične mutacije

into the plants.

u biljkama.

The rice in the cereal that many of us fed our babies

Riža u žitaricama kojima mnogi od nas hrane svoju djecu

was developed using this approach.

razvijena je korištenjem ovog pristupa.

Now, today, breeders have even more options to choose from.

Danas uzgajivači imaju puno više mogućnosti.

Some of them are extraordinarily precise.

Neke od njih su izvanredno precizne.

I want to give you a couple examples from my own work.

Želim vam dati nekoliko primjera iz vlastitog rada.

I work on rice, which is a staple food for more than half the world's people.

Radim na riži, koja je osnovna hrana za više od polovice svjetske populacije.

Each year, 40 percent of the potential harvest

Svake godine, 40 posto potencijalnog uroda

is lost to pest and disease.

biva izgubljeno usljed štetnika i bolesti.

For this reason, farmers plant rice varieties

Iz tog razloga, poljoprivrednici sade sorte riže

that carry genes for resistance.

koje nose gene za otpornost.

Ovakav pristup primjenjivan je gotovo 100 godina.

This approach has been used for nearly 100 years.

Yet, when I started graduate school,

Međutim, u vrijeme početka mojeg postdiplomskog studija,

no one knew what these genes were.

uloga ovih gena bila je nepoznata.

It wasn't until the 1990s that scientists finally uncovered

Tek 1990-ih znanstvenici su konačno otkrili

the genetic basis of resistance.

genetsku osnovu otpornosti.

In my laboratory, we isolated a gene for immunity to a very serious

U mojem laboratoriju izoliran je gen odgovoran za imunost prema vrlo ozbiljnoj

bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.

bakterijskoj bolesti u Aziji i Africi.

We found we could engineer the gene into a conventional rice variety

Otkrili smo mogućnost inženjeringa toga gena u konvencionalnu sortu riže

that's normally susceptible,

inače osjetljivu,

and you can see the two leaves on the bottom here

te možete uočiti da su dva lista pri dnu

are highly resistant to infection.

visoko-otporna na infekciju.

Now, the same month that my laboratory published

Nadalje, istog mjeseca kada je moj laboratorij objavio

our discovery on the rice immunity gene,

naše otkriće na genu odgovornom za imunost kod riže,

my friend and colleague Dave Mackill stopped by my office.

posjetio me moj prijatelj i kolega Dave Mackill.

He said, "Seventy million rice farmers are having trouble growing rice."

Rekao je, "Sedamdeset milijuna uzgajivača riže ima problem pri uzgoju."

That's because their fields are flooded,

Razlog tomu su poplavljena polja,

and these rice farmers are living on less than two dollars a day.

te uzgajivači žive na manje od dva dolara po danu.

Although rice grows well in standing water,

Iako riža dobro uspijeva u stajaćim vodama,

most rice varieties will die if they're submerged

većina sorti ne može preživjeti u submerznim uvjetima

for more than three days.

više od tri dana.

Flooding is expected to be increasingly problematic

Očekuje se da će plavljenje postati izrazito problematično

as the climate changes.

s klimatskim promjenama.

He told me that his graduate student Kenong Xu and himself

Rekao mi je da je zajedno sa svojim studentom Kenong Xu-om

were studying an ancient variety of rice that had an amazing property.

proučavao drevnu sortu riže nevjerojatnog svojstva.

It could withstand two weeks of complete submergence.

Može izdržati dva tjedna u potpuno submerznim uvjetima.

Upitao me da li im želim pomoći u izolaciji toga gena.

He asked if I would be willing to help them isolate this gene.

Rekla sam da -- Bila sam vrlo uzbuđena, jer sam znala da ako budemo uspješni,

I said yes -- I was very excited, because I knew if we were successful,

we could potentially help millions of farmers grow rice

potencijalno možemo pomoći milijunima poljoprivrednika u uzgoju riže,

even when their fields were flooded.

čak i kada su njihova polja poplavljena.

Kenong spent 10 years looking for this gene.

Kenong je proveo 10 godina tražeći ovaj gen.

Then one day, he said,

Onda je jednog dana rekao,

"Come look at this experiment. You've got to see it."

"Dođi pogledaj ovaj eksperiment. Moraš to vidjeti."

Otišla sam u staklenik i vidjela

I went to the greenhouse and I saw

that the conventional variety that was flooded for 18 days had died,

da konvencionalna sorta, poplavljena 18 dana, nije preživjela,

but the rice variety that we had genetically engineered

dok je genetički modificirana sorta

with a new gene we had discovered, called Sub1, was alive.

s novootkrivenim genom nazvanim Sub1, preživjela.

Kenong and I were amazed and excited

Kenong i ja smo bili oduševljeni i uzbuđeni

that a single gene could have this dramatic effect.

činjenicom da jedan gen može imati tako dramatičan učinak.

But this is just a greenhouse experiment.

No ovo je samo eksperiment u stakleniku.

Would this work in the field?

Bi li ovo funkcioniralo u polju?

Now, I'm going to show you a four-month time lapse video

Sada ću vam pokazati ubrzanu snimku četiri mjeseca

taken at the International Rice Research Institute.

snimljenu na Međunarodnom institutu za istraživanje riže.

Breeders there developed a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene

Tamošnji uzgajivači razvili su sortu koja nosi Sub1 gen

using another genetic technique called precision breeding.

primjenom genetičke tehnike zvane precizna oplodnja.

S lijeva možete vidjeti Sub1 sortu,

On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,

and on the right is the conventional variety.

dok je s desna konvencionalna sorta.

Both varieties do very well at first,

Obje sorte u početku dobro uspijevaju,

but then the field is flooded for 17 days.

no nakon toga polje 17 dana biva poplavljeno.

You can see the Sub1 variety does great.

Možete vidjeti da Sub1 sorta odlično uspijeva.

In fact, it produces three and a half times more grain

Zapravo, ova sorta donosi trostruko veći urod

u odnosu na konvencionalnu sortu.

than the conventional variety.

I love this video

Volim ovaj video

because it shows the power of plant genetics to help farmers.

jer prikazuje koliko biljna genetika može pomoći poljoprivrednicima.

Last year, with the help of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,

Prošle godine, uz pomoć zaklade Bill i Melinda Gates,

three and a half million farmers grew Sub1 rice.

tri i pol milijuna poljoprivredinka uzgajalo je Sub1 rižu.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Now, many people don't mind genetic modification

Nadalje, mnogim ljudima ne smeta genetička modifikacija

when it comes to moving rice genes around,

kada je u pitanju prijenos gena riže,

geni riže u biljke riže,

rice genes in rice plants,

or even when it comes to mixing species together

ili kada je u pitanju križanje vrsta

through grafting or random mutagenesis.

kalemljenjem ili slučajnom mutagenezom.

Ali, kada se radi o uzimanju gena iz virusa i bakterija

But when it comes to taking genes from viruses and bacteria

and putting them into plants,

i njihovoj ugradnji u biljke,

a lot of people say, "Yuck."

puno ljudi će reći: "Fuj."

Why would you do that?

Zašto biste to uradili?

The reason is that sometimes it's the cheapest, safest,

Zbog toga što je to nekad najjeftinija, najsigurnija

and most effective technology

i najučinkovitija tehnologija

for enhancing food security and advancing sustainable agriculture.

za povećanje sigurnosti ishrane i unaprijeđivanje agrikulturalne održivosti.

I'm going to give you three examples.

Dati ću vam tri primjera.

First, take a look at papaya. It's delicious, right?

Prvo, pogledajmo papaju. Ukusna je, zar ne?

But now, look at this papaya.

No, sada pogledajte ovu papaju.

This papaya is infected with papaya ringspot virus.

Zaražena je "Papaya ringspot" virusom.

In the 1950s, this virus nearly wiped out the entire production

1950-ih ovaj virus je gotovo uništio cijelu proizvodnju

of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.

papaje na otoku Oahu na Havajima.

Many people thought that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,

Ljudi su mislili da je havajanska papaja ukleta,

but then, a local Hawaiian,

no tada se, lokalni stanovnik Havaja,

a plant pathologist named Dennis Gonsalves,

biljni patolog Dennis Gonslaves,

decided to try to fight this disease using genetic engineering.

odlučio primjenom genetičkog inženjeringa boriti protiv ove bolesti.

He took a snippet of viral DNA and he inserted it

Uzeo je odsječak viralne DNA i umetnuo ga

into the papaya genome.

u genom papaje.

This is kind of like a human getting a vaccination.

Nešto poput cijepljenja kod ljudi.

Now, take a look at his field trial.

Pogledajte sada poljski pokus.

You can see the genetically engineered papaya in the center.

Možete vidjeti genetički modificiranu papaju u sredini.

It's immune to infection.

Imuna je na infekciju.

Konvencionalna papaja koja je okružuje teško je inficirana virusom.

The conventional papaya around the outside is severely infected with the virus.

Dennis' pioneering work is credited with rescuing the papaya industry.

Dennisovom pionirskom radu pripisano je spašavanje industrije papaje.

Today, 20 years later, there's still no other method to control this disease.

Danas, 20 godina kasnije, ne postoji druga metoda za kontrolu ove bolesti.

Ne postoji organska kao ni konvencionalna metoda.

There's no organic method. There's no conventional method.

Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered.

Osamdeset posto havajanske papaje genetički je modificirano.

Now, some of you may still feel a little queasy about viral genes in your food,

Neki od vas su još uvijek osjetljivi na viralne gene u hrani,

but consider this:

no razmislite:

The genetically engineered papaya carries just a trace amount of the virus.

genetički modificirana papaja nosi samo tračak virusa.

If you bite into an organic or conventional papaya

Ako zagrizete u organsku ili konvencionalnu papaju

that is infected with the virus,

zaraženu virusom,

you will be chewing on tenfold more viral protein.

žvakati ćete deseterostruko više viralnog proteina.

Now, take a look at this pest feasting on an eggplant.

Pogledajte sada ovu gozbu štetnika na patlidžanu.

The brown you see is frass,

Smeđe mrlje su izmet,

what comes out the back end of the insect.

koji se izlučuje iz stražnjeg dijela kukca.

To control this serious pest,

Kako bi kontrolirali ovog štetnika,

which can devastate the entire eggplant crop in Bangladesh,

koji može uništiti cijeli usjev patlidžana u Bangladešu,

Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides

tamošnju poljoprivrednici prskaju insekticidima,

two to three times a week,

dva do tri puta tjedno,

sometimes twice a day, when pest pressure is high.

a ponekad i dva puta dnevno, kada je zahvaćenost štetnicima visoka.

But we know that some insecticides are very harmful to human health,

No znamo da su neki insekticidi vrlo štetni za ljudsko zdravlje,

especially when farmers and their families

osobito kada si poljoprivrednici i njihove obitelji

cannot afford proper protection, like these children.

ne mogu priuštiti odgovarajuću zaštitu, poput ove djece.

In less developed countries, it's estimated that 300,000 people

Procijenjeno je da, u manje razvijenim zemljama, 300 000 ljudi

die every year because of insecticide misuse and exposure.

umire svake godine uslijed lošeg postupanja i izloženosti insekticidima.

Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists decided to fight this disease

Sveučilište Cornell i znantvenici iz Bangladeša odlučili su suzbiti ovu bolest

using a genetic technique that builds on an organic farming approach.

primjenom genetičkih tehnika temeljenih na organskoj poljoprivredi.

Organic farmers like my husband Raoul spray an insecticide called B.T.,

Poljoprivrednici poput mog muža Roula, koriste insekticid B.T.

which is based on a bacteria.

temeljen na bakterijama.

This pesticide is very specific to caterpillar pests,

Ovaj pesticid je vrlo specifičan za nametničke gusjenice

and in fact, it's nontoxic to humans, fish and birds.

i zapravo, nije toksičan za ljude, ribe i ptice.

It's less toxic than table salt.

Manje je toksičan od kuhinjske soli.

But this approach does not work well in Bangladesh.

No ovaj pristup ne funkcionira u Bangladešu.

That's because these insecticide sprays

Ovakvi insekticidni sprejevi

are difficult to find, they're expensive,

teško su dostupni i skupi,

and they don't prevent the insect from getting inside the plants.

te ne djeluju na spriječavanje ulaska insekta u biljku.

In the genetic approach, scientists cut the gene out of the bacteria

Kod genetičkog pristupa, znanstvenici izrežu gen iz bakterije

and insert it directly into the eggplant genome.

i umetnu ga izravo u genom patlidžana.

Will this work to reduce insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?

Da li bi ovo smanjilo upotrebu insekticida u Bangladešu?

Definitely.

Svakako.

Last season, farmers reported they were able to reduce their insecticide use

Poljoprivrednici su izvjestili da su prošle sezone značajno smanjili

by a huge amount, almost down to zero.

upotrebu insekticida, gotovo u potpunosti.

They're able to harvest and replant for the next season.

Bili su u mogućnosti žeti i ponovno sijati za slijedeću sezonu.

Now, I've given you a couple examples of how genetic engineering can be used

Pokazala sam vam nekoliko primjera kako se genetički inženjering koristi

to fight pests and disease

u borbi protiv nametnika i bolesti

and to reduce the amount of insecticides.

te da bi se smanjila učestalost korištenja insekticida.

My final example is an example

Kao zadnji primjer navesti ću

where genetic engineering can be used to reduce malnutrition.

primjenu genetičkog inženjeringa u smanjenju pothranjenosti.

In less developed countries,

U slabije razvijenim zemljama

500,000 children go blind every year because of lack of Vitamin A.

500,000 djece godišnje oslijepi uslijed nedostatka vitamina A.

More than half will die.

Više od polovice će umrijeti.

For this reason, scientists supported by the Rockefeller Foundation

Iz tog razloga, znanstvenici podržani od strane Rockefeller zaklade

genetically engineered a golden rice

genetički su modificirali zlatnu rižu

to produce beta-carotene, which is the precursor of Vitamin A.

kako bi proizveli beta-karoten, prekursor vitamina A.

This is the same pigment that we find in carrots.

Beta-karoten je pigment koji nalazimo i u mrkvi.

Researchers estimate that just one cup of golden rice per day

Istraživači procjenjuju da samo jedna šalica zlatne riže dnevno

will save the lives of thousands of children.

može spasiti na tisuće djece.

But golden rice is virulently opposed

No zlatna riža se virulentno negira

by activists who are against genetic modification.

od strane aktivista koji se protive genetičkom inženjeringu.

Just last year,

Samo prošle godine

activists invaded and destroyed a field trial in the Philippines.

aktivisti su provalili i uništili poljski pokus na Filipinima.

When I heard about the destruction,

Kada sam saznala za uništavanje,

I wondered if they knew that they were destroying much more

zapitala sam se znaju li da uništavaju mnogo više

than a scientific research project,

od znanstveno-istraživačkog projekta,

that they were destroying medicines that children desperately needed

da uništavaju lijekove koje djeca očajno trebaju

to save their sight and their lives.

kako bi sačuvali svoj vid i živote.

Some of my friends and family still worry:

Moji prijatelji i obitelj su zabrinuti

How do you know genes in the food are safe to eat?

"Kako znaš da su geni u hrani sigurni za jesti?

I explained the genetic engineering,

Genetički inženjering,

the process of moving genes between species,

proces premještanja gena među vrstama,

has been used for more than 40 years

koristi se više od 40 godina

in wines, in medicine, in plants, in cheeses.

u proizvodnji vina, medicini, botanici i proizvodnji sireva.

In all that time, there hasn't been a single case of harm

Za sve to vrijeme ne postoji niti jedan slučaj povrede

to human health or the environment.

ljudskog zdravlja ili okoliša.

But I say, look, I'm not asking you to believe me.

Ali ja ne tražim da mi vjerujete.

Science is not a belief system.

Znanost se ne temelji na vjerovanju.

My opinion doesn't matter.

Ni moje mišljenje nije važno.

Let's look at the evidence.

Samo pogledajmo dokaze.

After 20 years of careful study and rigorous peer review

Nakon 20 godina pomnih studija i strogih stručnih recenzija

by thousands of independent scientists,

od strane tisuće neovisnih znanstvenika,

every major scientific organization in the world has concluded

svaka velika znanstvena organizacija u svijetu donijela je zaključak

that the crops currently on the market are safe to eat

da su trenutni usjevi na tržištu sigurni za konzumaciju

and that the process of genetic engineering

te da proces genetičkog inženjeringa

is no more risky than older methods of genetic modification.

nije riskantniji od drugih starijih metoda genetičke modifikacije.

These are precisely the same organizations that most of us trust

Točnije, ovo su iste one organizacije kojima većina nas vjeruje

when it comes to other important scientific issues

kada su u pitanju važni znanstveni problemi

such as global climate change or the safety of vaccines.

poput globalnih klimatskih promjena ili sigurnosti cjepiva.

Raoul and I believe that, instead of worrying about the genes in our food,

Roul i ja vjerujemo da, umjesto zabrinutosti o genima u našoj hrani,

we must focus on how we can help children grow up healthy.

moramo biti usredotočeni na zdraviji rast i razvoj djece.

We must ask if farmers in rural communities can thrive,

Trebamo se zapitati mogu li ruralni poljoprivrednici napredovati

and if everyone can afford the food.

i može li si svatko priuštiti hranu.

We must try to minimize environmental degradation.

Moramo nastojati umanjiti propadanje okoliša.

What scares me most about the loud arguments and misinformation

Ono što me najviše plaši po pitanju glasnih argumenata i dezinformacija

about plant genetics

o biljnoj genetici,

is that the poorest people who most need the technology

je da oni najsiromašniji, kojima najviše treba ova tehnologija,

may be denied access because of the vague fears and prejudices

nemaju pristup zbog nejasnih strahova i predrasuda

of those who have enough to eat.

onih koji imaju dovoljno hrane.

We have a huge challenge in front of us.

Ogroman je izazov pred nama.

Let's celebrate scientific innovation and use it.

Slavimo znanstvenu inovaciju i primjenimo je.

It's our responsibility

Naša je odgovornost

to do everything we can to help alleviate human suffering

učiniti sve što možemo da ublažimo ljudsku patnju

and safeguard the environment.

i zaštitimo okoliš.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.

Chris Anderson: Zaista uvjerljivo.

The people who argue against GMOs,

Onima koji se protive GMO,

as I understand it, the core piece comes from two things.

koliko sam shvatio, ključni problem su dvije stvari.

One, complexity and unintended consequence.

Prvo, kompleksnost i neželjene posljedice.

Nature is this incredibly complex machine.

Priroda je nevjerojatno kompleksan stroj.

If we put out these brand new genes that we've created,

Ako unesemo potpuno nove te novo stvorene gene,

that haven't been challenged by years of evolution,

koji nisu oblikovani kroz godine evolucije,

and they started mixing up with the rest of what's going on,

te se počnu miješati s postojećom prirodom,

couldn't that trigger some kind of cataclysm or problem,

ne bi li to izazvalo neku vrstu kataklizme ili problema,

especially when you add in the commercial incentive

osobito kada uzmemo u obzir komercijalni interes

that some companies have to put them out there?

pojedinih tvrtki za njihovim unosom?

The fear is that those incentives

Strah od takvih inicijativa

mean that the decision is not made on purely scientific grounds,

znači da odluka nije izgrađena na znanstvenima temeljima,

and even if it was, that there would be unintended consequences.

a sve i da je, bilo bi neželjenih posljedica.

How do we know that there isn't a big risk of some unintended consequence?

Kako možemo znati da ne postoji velika opasnost od neželjenih posljedica?

Often our tinkerings with nature do lead to big, unintended consequences

Naše intervencije u prirodi često vode do neželjenih posljedica

and chain reactions.

i lančanih reakcija.

Pamela Ronald: Okay, so on the commercial aspects,

Pamela Ronald: Dobro, kod komercijalnih aspekata,

one thing that's really important to understand is that,

ono što je vrlo važno za razumjeti je da

in the developed world, farmers in the United States,

u razvijenom svijetu, poljoprivrednici u SAD-u,

almost all farmers, whether they're organic or conventional,

gotovo svi, bilo organska ili konvencionalna poljoprivreda,

they buy seed produced by seed companies.

kupuju sjeme od proizvođača.

So there's definitely a commercial interest to sell a lot of seed,

Dakle, svakako postoji komercijalni interes za prodaju sjemena,

but hopefully they're selling seed that the farmers want to buy.

no nadam se da prodaju sjeme koje poljoprivrednici žele kupiti.

It's different in the less developed world.

Priča je drugačija u slabije razvijenim zemljama.

Farmers there cannot afford the seed.

Poljoprivrednici si ne mogu priuštiti sjeme.

These seeds are not being sold.

To sjeme nije na prodaju.

These seeds are being distributed freely

To sjeme je slobodno distribuirano

through traditional kinds of certification groups,

na tradicionalne načine certificiranih grupa.

so it is very important in less developed countries

Stoga je vrlo važno da u slabije razvijenim zemljama

that the seed be freely available.

sjeme bude besplatno.

CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this is actually part of the conspiracy?

CA: Ne bi li neki aktivisti mogli reći da je ovo zapravo dio zavjere?

This is the heroin strategy.

Ovo je herojska strategija.

You seed the stuff, and people have no choice

Posijete nešto, a ljudi nemaju izbora

but to be hooked on these seeds forever?

nego ostati na tome sjemenu zauvijek?

PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories for sure, but it doesn't work that way.

PR: Zasigurno je mnogo teorija zavjere, no ovo ne funkcionira tako.

For example, the seed that's being distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,

Primjerice, sjeme koje je distribuirano, riža otporna na plavljenje,

this is distributed freely

distribuirano je slobodno

through Indian and Bangladeshi seed certification agencies,

putem certificiranih agencija u Indiji i Bangladešu.

so there's no commercial interest at all.

Dakle, tu uopće nema komercijalnih interesa.

The golden rice was developed through support of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Zlatna riža razvijena je kroz potporu Rockefeller zaklade.

Again, it's being freely distributed.

Opet, slobodno je distribuirana.

There are no commercial profits

Nema komercijalnih dobiti

in this situation.

u ovoj situaciji.

And now to address your other question about, well, mixing genes,

A sada da odgovorim na vaše drugo pitanje o miješanju gena

aren't there some unintended consequences?

i postoje li neželjene posljedice?

Absolutely -- every time we do something different,

U potpunosti -- uvijek kada napravimo nešto drugačije,

there's an unintended consequence,

imamo neželjenu posljedicu,

but one of the points I was trying to make

no htjela sam naglasiti jednu stvar,

is that we've been doing kind of crazy things to our plants,

a to je da je prilično ludo ono što radimo našim biljkama,

mutagenesis using radiation or chemical mutagenesis.

mutageneza izazvana zračenjem ili kemijskim agensima.

This induces thousands of uncharacterized mutations,

To uzrokuje na tisuće nekarakterističnih mutacija,

and this is even a higher risk of unintended consequence

a tu je opasnost od neželjenih posljedica još veći

than many of the modern methods.

nego od mnogih modernih metoda.

And so it's really important not to use the term GMO

Stoga je vrlo važno ne koristiti termin GMO

because it's scientifically meaningless.

jer je znanstveno beznačajan.

I feel it's very important to talk about a specific crop

Smatram da je važno usredotočiti se na pojedine usjeve

and a specific product, and think about the needs of the consumer.

i specifične proizvode, te misliti na potrebe potrošača.

CA: So part of what's happening here is that there's a mental model

CA: Ono što se ovdje djelomično događa je mentalni model

in a lot of people that nature is nature, and it's pure and pristine,

u ljudima da je priroda - priroda, čista i netaknuta,

and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.

te je interveniranje u nju - vandalizam.

It's making something that's pure dangerous in some way,

Stvaranje nečega što je čisto, opasnim na određeni način,

and I think you're saying that that whole model

i mislim da želite reći da cijeli taj model

just misunderstands how nature is.

zapravo pogrešno shvaća prirodu.

Nature is a much more chaotic interplay of genetic changes

Priroda je rezultat puno kaotičnijeg međudjelovanja genetičkih promjena

that have been happening all the time anyway.

koje su održavane od početka vremena.

PR: That's absolutely true, and there's no such thing as pure food.

PR: To je u potpunosti točno, i ne postoji čista hrana.

I mean, you could not spray eggplant with insecticides

Mislim, ne možete prskati patlidžane insekticidima

or not genetically engineer it, but then you'd be stuck eating frass.

ili ih ne modificirati, jer ćete onda imati izmet.

So there's no purity there.

Stoga, nema čistoće u tome.

CA: Pam Ronald, thank you. That was powerfully argued.

CA: Pam Ronald, hvala. To je bilo doista uvjerljivo.

PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.

PR: Puno hvala. Cijenim to.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)