Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food

397,320 views ใƒป 2015-05-04

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Tal Eldar ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I am a plant geneticist.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื
00:15
I study genes that make plants resistant to disease
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช
00:18
and tolerant of stress.
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ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื.
00:21
In recent years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:23
millions of people around the world have come to believe
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
00:26
that there's something sinister about genetic modification.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:30
Today, I am going to provide a different perspective.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
00:36
First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™, ืจืื•ืœ.
00:38
He's an organic farmer.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
00:41
On his farm, he plants a variety of different crops.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:45
This is one of the many ecological farming practices
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
00:48
he uses to keep his farm healthy.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
00:51
Imagine some of the reactions we get:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื:
00:54
"Really? An organic farmer and a plant geneticist?
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"ื‘ืืžืช? ื—ืงืœืื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื?
00:58
Can you agree on anything?"
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•?"
01:01
Well, we can, and it's not difficult, because we have the same goal.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”
01:06
We want to help nourish the growing population
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื”
01:09
without further destroying the environment.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:12
I believe this is the greatest challenge of our time.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
01:17
Now, genetic modification is not new;
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ;
01:21
virtually everything we eat has been genetically modified
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™
01:25
in some manner.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ.
01:27
Let me give you a few examples.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
01:30
On the left is an image
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื”
01:32
of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
01:37
You see a single roll of grain that's covered in a hard case.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืงืฉื”.
01:41
Unless you have a hammer,
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ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืคื˜ื™ืฉ,
01:43
teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.
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ืชื™ืจืก ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื˜ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:48
Now, take a look at the ancient ancestor of banana.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื ื”.
01:53
You can see the large seeds.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:55
And unappetizing brussel sprouts,
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ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ,
01:58
and eggplant, so beautiful.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ืœ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”.
02:02
Now, to create these varieties,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:04
breeders have used many different genetic techniques over the years.
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
02:07
Some of them are quite creative,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืจืชื™ื•ืช,
02:09
like mixing two different species together
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ื›ืžื• ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
02:11
using a process called grafting
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”
02:13
to create this variety that's half tomato and half potato.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”.
02:19
Breeders have also used other types of genetic techniques,
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช,
02:24
such as random mutagenesis,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ื‘DNA
02:26
which induces uncharacterized mutations
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช
02:29
into the plants.
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ื‘ืฆืžื—.
02:31
The rice in the cereal that many of us fed our babies
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ื”ืื•ืจื– ื‘ื“ื’ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:36
was developed using this approach.
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ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•.
02:39
Now, today, breeders have even more options to choose from.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
02:43
Some of them are extraordinarily precise.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:47
I want to give you a couple examples from my own work.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื™.
02:51
I work on rice, which is a staple food for more than half the world's people.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจื–, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:57
Each year, 40 percent of the potential harvest
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, 40% ืžื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
03:00
is lost to pest and disease.
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ืื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:03
For this reason, farmers plant rice varieties
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืจื–
03:06
that carry genes for resistance.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:09
This approach has been used for nearly 100 years.
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืฉื ื”.
03:12
Yet, when I started graduate school,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ,
03:15
no one knew what these genes were.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:18
It wasn't until the 1990s that scientists finally uncovered
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
03:23
the genetic basis of resistance.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:26
In my laboratory, we isolated a gene for immunity to a very serious
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช
03:31
bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
03:33
We found we could engineer the gene into a conventional rice variety
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื•ืจื– ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
03:39
that's normally susceptible,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืฉ
03:41
and you can see the two leaves on the bottom here
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืคื”
03:43
are highly resistant to infection.
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ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
03:46
Now, the same month that my laboratory published
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืคื•ืจืกื
03:49
our discovery on the rice immunity gene,
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื–
03:52
my friend and colleague Dave Mackill stopped by my office.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืง'ืงื™ืœ ืขืฆืจ ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“.
03:56
He said, "Seventy million rice farmers are having trouble growing rice."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืื•ืจื– ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืจื–."
04:04
That's because their fields are flooded,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื,
04:07
and these rice farmers are living on less than two dollars a day.
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ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืื•ืจื– ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
04:12
Although rice grows well in standing water,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื– ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื,
04:15
most rice varieties will die if they're submerged
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ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื– ืœื ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื
04:18
for more than three days.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื.
04:20
Flooding is expected to be increasingly problematic
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ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
04:24
as the climate changes.
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:27
He told me that his graduate student Kenong Xu and himself
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฉื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•
04:31
were studying an ancient variety of rice that had an amazing property.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืจื– ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:36
It could withstand two weeks of complete submergence.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
04:42
He asked if I would be willing to help them isolate this gene.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื ืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
04:47
I said yes -- I was very excited, because I knew if we were successful,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ืŸ-- ืžืื“ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื ืฆืœื™ื—
04:51
we could potentially help millions of farmers grow rice
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืจื–
04:55
even when their fields were flooded.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื.
04:59
Kenong spent 10 years looking for this gene.
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ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืœื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:03
Then one day, he said,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
05:05
"Come look at this experiment. You've got to see it."
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"ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
05:09
I went to the greenhouse and I saw
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืžืžื” ื•ืจืื™ืชื™
05:10
that the conventional variety that was flooded for 18 days had died,
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ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืฃ 18 ื™ื•ื ืžืช,
05:16
but the rice variety that we had genetically engineered
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื•ืจื– ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืกื ื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:19
with a new gene we had discovered, called Sub1, was alive.
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ืขื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืื‘1, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™.
05:24
Kenong and I were amazed and excited
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ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ืžื ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื ื•
05:26
that a single gene could have this dramatic effect.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
05:30
But this is just a greenhouse experiment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืžืžื”,
05:34
Would this work in the field?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื”?
05:37
Now, I'm going to show you a four-month time lapse video
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
05:40
taken at the International Rice Research Institute.
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ืฉื ืœืงื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืื•ืจื–.
05:43
Breeders there developed a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกื•ื’ ืื•ืจื– ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื’ืŸ ืกืื‘1
05:48
using another genetic technique called precision breeding.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ืจืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
05:52
On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”-ืกืื‘1.
05:54
and on the right is the conventional variety.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
05:58
Both varieties do very well at first,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
06:00
but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ืฆืฃ ืœ-17 ื™ื•ื.
06:04
You can see the Sub1 variety does great.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ืกืื‘1 ืžืชืงื“ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
06:07
In fact, it produces three and a half times more grain
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื
06:12
than the conventional variety.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
06:15
I love this video
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื”
06:17
because it shows the power of plant genetics to help farmers.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื.
06:21
Last year, with the help of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
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ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืขื ืขื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก,
06:25
three and a half million farmers grew Sub1 rice.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืื•ืจื– ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืื‘1.
06:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:33
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
06:37
Now, many people don't mind genetic modification
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
06:41
when it comes to moving rice genes around,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื–ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื–,
06:44
rice genes in rice plants,
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ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื– ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืื•ืจื–,
06:45
or even when it comes to mixing species together
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
06:48
through grafting or random mutagenesis.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
06:53
But when it comes to taking genes from viruses and bacteria
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœืงื™ื—ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
06:58
and putting them into plants,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื,
07:00
a lot of people say, "Yuck."
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื™ื›ืก."
07:03
Why would you do that?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืชืขืฉื™ ืืช ื–ื”?
07:05
The reason is that sometimes it's the cheapest, safest,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:08
and most effective technology
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ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:11
for enhancing food security and advancing sustainable agriculture.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืงื“ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช.
07:16
I'm going to give you three examples.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
07:19
First, take a look at papaya. It's delicious, right?
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคืคืื™ื”. ื˜ืขื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:22
But now, look at this papaya.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
07:25
This papaya is infected with papaya ringspot virus.
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ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืคืื™ื”.
07:29
In the 1950s, this virus nearly wiped out the entire production
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ืกืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
07:35
of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
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ืฉืœ ืคืคืื™ื” ื‘ืื™ ืื•ื”ืื•ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
07:41
Many people thought that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื ื—ืชื,
07:45
but then, a local Hawaiian,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™,
07:48
a plant pathologist named Dennis Gonsalves,
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ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื“ื ื™ืก ื’ื•ื ืกืœื‘ืก,
07:51
decided to try to fight this disease using genetic engineering.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:55
He took a snippet of viral DNA and he inserted it
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ื’ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื•
07:59
into the papaya genome.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืคืื™ื”.
08:01
This is kind of like a human getting a vaccination.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
08:04
Now, take a look at his field trial.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื”.
08:07
You can see the genetically engineered papaya in the center.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
08:10
It's immune to infection.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
08:13
The conventional papaya around the outside is severely infected with the virus.
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ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
08:18
Dennis' pioneering work is credited with rescuing the papaya industry.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืก ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืคืื™ื”.
08:25
Today, 20 years later, there's still no other method to control this disease.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:30
There's no organic method. There's no conventional method.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
08:33
Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered.
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ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:37
Now, some of you may still feel a little queasy about viral genes in your food,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืงืœื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
08:42
but consider this:
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
08:44
The genetically engineered papaya carries just a trace amount of the virus.
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ื”ืคืคืื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื ื•ืฉืืช ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
08:51
If you bite into an organic or conventional papaya
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ืื ืชื ื’ืกื• ื‘ืคืคืื™ื” ืื•ืจื ื™ืช ืื• ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช
08:54
that is infected with the virus,
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ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”,
08:57
you will be chewing on tenfold more viral protein.
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ืชืœืขืกื• ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
09:02
Now, take a look at this pest feasting on an eggplant.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ื’ื’ ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ืœ.
09:06
The brown you see is frass,
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื,
09:08
what comes out the back end of the insect.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืง.
09:12
To control this serious pest,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
09:15
which can devastate the entire eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ืฆื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
09:20
Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื
09:24
two to three times a week,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
09:27
sometimes twice a day, when pest pressure is high.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:32
But we know that some insecticides are very harmful to human health,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
09:36
especially when farmers and their families
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื
09:40
cannot afford proper protection, like these children.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:44
In less developed countries, it's estimated that 300,000 people
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉ-300,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
09:49
die every year because of insecticide misuse and exposure.
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ืžืชื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
09:55
Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists decided to fight this disease
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:59
using a genetic technique that builds on an organic farming approach.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
10:04
Organic farmers like my husband Raoul spray an insecticide called B.T.,
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืื•ืœ ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™.ื˜ื™,
10:09
which is based on a bacteria.
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ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
10:12
This pesticide is very specific to caterpillar pests,
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ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื,
10:18
and in fact, it's nontoxic to humans, fish and birds.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
10:21
It's less toxic than table salt.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœ ืžืžืœื— ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
10:24
But this approach does not work well in Bangladesh.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
10:27
That's because these insecticide sprays
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:29
are difficult to find, they're expensive,
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ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื”, ื™ืงืจื™ื,
10:31
and they don't prevent the insect from getting inside the plants.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
10:36
In the genetic approach, scientists cut the gene out of the bacteria
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”
10:39
and insert it directly into the eggplant genome.
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ืœ.
10:42
Will this work to reduce insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกื•ืก ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ?
10:46
Definitely.
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ืœืœื ืกืคืง.
10:47
Last season, farmers reported they were able to reduce their insecticide use
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ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื
10:52
by a huge amount, almost down to zero.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืืคืก.
10:56
They're able to harvest and replant for the next season.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
11:00
Now, I've given you a couple examples of how genetic engineering can be used
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
11:04
to fight pests and disease
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ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช
11:06
and to reduce the amount of insecticides.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื.
11:09
My final example is an example
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื
11:12
where genetic engineering can be used to reduce malnutrition.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
11:18
In less developed countries,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช,
11:20
500,000 children go blind every year because of lack of Vitamin A.
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500,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A.
11:25
More than half will die.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
11:28
For this reason, scientists supported by the Rockefeller Foundation
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ
11:31
genetically engineered a golden rice
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืกื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื•ืจื– ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘
11:34
to produce beta-carotene, which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ืชื ืงืจื•ื˜ืืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A.
11:39
This is the same pigment that we find in carrots.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ืจ.
11:42
Researchers estimate that just one cup of golden rice per day
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืจืง ื›ื•ืก ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื– ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื™ื•ื
11:47
will save the lives of thousands of children.
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ืชืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:51
But golden rice is virulently opposed
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืจื– ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”
11:53
by activists who are against genetic modification.
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ืžืฆื“ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
11:56
Just last year,
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ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
11:58
activists invaded and destroyed a field trial in the Philippines.
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ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืœืฉื• ื•ื”ืจืกื• ืฉื“ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื.
12:02
When I heard about the destruction,
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืก,
12:05
I wondered if they knew that they were destroying much more
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ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:09
than a scientific research project,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™,
12:11
that they were destroying medicines that children desperately needed
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืจืคื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ
12:14
to save their sight and their lives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
12:17
Some of my friends and family still worry:
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ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื:
12:20
How do you know genes in the food are safe to eat?
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ืื™ืš ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ?
12:23
I explained the genetic engineering,
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ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
12:25
the process of moving genes between species,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื,
12:28
has been used for more than 40 years
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-40 ืฉื ื”
12:30
in wines, in medicine, in plants, in cheeses.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช.
12:35
In all that time, there hasn't been a single case of harm
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื
12:38
to human health or the environment.
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ื ื–ืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
12:42
But I say, look, I'm not asking you to believe me.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ืชืจืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื™.
12:44
Science is not a belief system.
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช.
12:48
My opinion doesn't matter.
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ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
12:50
Let's look at the evidence.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:53
After 20 years of careful study and rigorous peer review
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ืื—ืจื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
12:57
by thousands of independent scientists,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื,
13:00
every major scientific organization in the world has concluded
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ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื”
13:04
that the crops currently on the market are safe to eat
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ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ
13:07
and that the process of genetic engineering
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ื•ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
13:10
is no more risky than older methods of genetic modification.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
13:14
These are precisely the same organizations that most of us trust
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ืืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
13:18
when it comes to other important scientific issues
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
13:21
such as global climate change or the safety of vaccines.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
13:27
Raoul and I believe that, instead of worrying about the genes in our food,
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ืจืื•ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
13:31
we must focus on how we can help children grow up healthy.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
13:35
We must ask if farmers in rural communities can thrive,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
13:38
and if everyone can afford the food.
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืื•ื›ืœ.
13:40
We must try to minimize environmental degradation.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:44
What scares me most about the loud arguments and misinformation
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ืก-ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”
13:48
about plant genetics
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื
13:49
is that the poorest people who most need the technology
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:52
may be denied access because of the vague fears and prejudices
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ืชืžื ืข ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช
13:56
of those who have enough to eat.
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
13:59
We have a huge challenge in front of us.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืขื ืง.
14:02
Let's celebrate scientific innovation and use it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
14:06
It's our responsibility
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ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:08
to do everything we can to help alleviate human suffering
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืกื‘ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™
14:11
and safeguard the environment.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:20
Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง.
14:22
The people who argue against GMOs,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
14:24
as I understand it, the core piece comes from two things.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
14:28
One, complexity and unintended consequence.
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ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:31
Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
14:33
If we put out these brand new genes that we've created,
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ืื ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
14:35
that haven't been challenged by years of evolution,
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ืฉืœื ืื•ืชื’ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
14:38
and they started mixing up with the rest of what's going on,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื,
14:41
couldn't that trigger some kind of cataclysm or problem,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
14:44
especially when you add in the commercial incentive
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื
14:47
that some companies have to put them out there?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
14:50
The fear is that those incentives
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:52
mean that the decision is not made on purely scientific grounds,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
14:56
and even if it was, that there would be unintended consequences.
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช.
14:59
How do we know that there isn't a big risk of some unintended consequence?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช?
15:03
Often our tinkerings with nature do lead to big, unintended consequences
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
15:07
and chain reactions.
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ื•ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช.
15:08
Pamela Ronald: Okay, so on the commercial aspects,
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ืคืžืœื” ืจื•ืœื ื“: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™,
15:11
one thing that's really important to understand is that,
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื”
15:14
in the developed world, farmers in the United States,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
15:16
almost all farmers, whether they're organic or conventional,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื,
15:19
they buy seed produced by seed companies.
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ืงื•ื ื™ื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื.
15:21
So there's definitely a commercial interest to sell a lot of seed,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืจืขื™ื,
15:24
but hopefully they're selling seed that the farmers want to buy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื—ืงืœืื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช.
15:27
It's different in the less developed world.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—.
15:30
Farmers there cannot afford the seed.
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื.
15:32
These seeds are not being sold.
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื ืžื›ืจื™ื.
15:33
These seeds are being distributed freely
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
15:36
through traditional kinds of certification groups,
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ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
15:41
so it is very important in less developed countries
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช
15:43
that the seed be freely available.
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
15:45
CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this is actually part of the conspiracy?
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ื›.ื: ื”ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”?
15:49
This is the heroin strategy.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™ืŸ.
15:50
You seed the stuff, and people have no choice
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ื–ืจืขืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”
15:52
but to be hooked on these seeds forever?
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ืืœื ืœื”ืชืงืข ืขื ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืฆื—?
15:54
PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
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ืค.ืจ: ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
16:00
For example, the seed that's being distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื, ื”ืื•ืจื– ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืช,
16:04
this is distributed freely
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ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
16:05
through Indian and Bangladeshi seed certification agencies,
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ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื–ืจื™ืขื”,
16:10
so there's no commercial interest at all.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™.
16:12
The golden rice was developed through support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
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ื”ืื•ืจื– ื”ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ.
16:16
Again, it's being freely distributed.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
16:18
There are no commercial profits
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ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื
16:20
in this situation.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”.
16:22
And now to address your other question about, well, mixing genes,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืš, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ื ื™ื,
16:25
aren't there some unintended consequences?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช?
16:28
Absolutely -- every time we do something different,
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ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ- ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”,
16:31
there's an unintended consequence,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
16:32
but one of the points I was trying to make
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
16:34
is that we've been doing kind of crazy things to our plants,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
16:38
mutagenesis using radiation or chemical mutagenesis.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
16:42
This induces thousands of uncharacterized mutations,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช,
16:46
and this is even a higher risk of unintended consequence
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
16:50
than many of the modern methods.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
16:51
And so it's really important not to use the term GMO
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ GMO (ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช)
16:55
because it's scientifically meaningless.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
16:57
I feel it's very important to talk about a specific crop
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
17:02
and a specific product, and think about the needs of the consumer.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ.
17:05
CA: So part of what's happening here is that there's a mental model
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ื›.ื: ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื˜ืœื™
17:08
in a lot of people that nature is nature, and it's pure and pristine,
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™,
17:12
and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื–ื” ื–ื” ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™.
17:14
It's making something that's pure dangerous in some way,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ,
17:18
and I think you're saying that that whole model
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
17:20
just misunderstands how nature is.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:22
Nature is a much more chaotic interplay of genetic changes
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื ื™ื
17:26
that have been happening all the time anyway.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
17:28
PR: That's absolutely true, and there's no such thing as pure food.
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ืค.ืจ: ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
17:32
I mean, you could not spray eggplant with insecticides
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืœืจืกืก ื—ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื
17:35
or not genetically engineer it, but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
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ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืชืชืงืข ืขื ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื.
17:39
So there's no purity there.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื” ื˜ื•ื”ืจ.
17:41
CA: Pam Ronald, thank you. That was powerfully argued.
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ื›.ื: ืคืื ืจื•ื ืœื“, ืชื•ื“ื”. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืง.
17:43
PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
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ืค.ืจ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
17:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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