Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food

397,320 views ・ 2015-05-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: ChulGi Han κ²€ν† : Sungho Yoo
00:12
I am a plant geneticist.
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μ €λŠ” 식물 μœ μ „ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
I study genes that make plants resistant to disease
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식물이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ— 저항성이 있고, 슀트레슀λ₯Ό κ²¬λ”œ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ”
00:18
and tolerant of stress.
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μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
00:21
In recent years,
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졜근 μˆ˜λ…„κ°„,
00:23
millions of people around the world have come to believe
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μ „ 세계 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
00:26
that there's something sinister about genetic modification.
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무언가 ν•΄λ‘œμšΈ 것이라고 믿게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
Today, I am going to provide a different perspective.
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였늘 μ œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 견해λ₯Ό λ§ˆλ ¨ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.
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λ¨Όμ €, 제 λ‚¨νŽΈ λΌμšΈμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•΄λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
00:38
He's an organic farmer.
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μœ κΈ°λ† λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ„ κ°€κΎΈλŠ” 농뢀이고,
00:41
On his farm, he plants a variety of different crops.
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그의 농μž₯μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž‘λ¬Όμ„ μ‹¬μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
This is one of the many ecological farming practices
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이것은 κ·Έκ°€ 농μž₯을 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μΉœν™˜κ²½μ μΈ
00:48
he uses to keep his farm healthy.
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농사법듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Imagine some of the reactions we get:
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저희가 μ–΄λ–€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 듀을지 ν•œλ²ˆ μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:54
"Really? An organic farmer and a plant geneticist?
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"μ§„μ§œ? μœ κΈ°λ† λ†λΆ€λž‘ 식물 μœ μ „ν•™μžλΌκ³ ?
00:58
Can you agree on anything?"
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μ„œλ‘œ λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆκΈ°λŠ” ν•΄?"
01:01
Well, we can, and it's not difficult, because we have the same goal.
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음, λ„€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 어렡지도 μ•Šμ•„μš”. 저희가 같은 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:06
We want to help nourish the growing population
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 인ꡬ 증가에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹λŸ‰λ‚œμ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
without further destroying the environment.
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더이상 ν™˜κ²½μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
01:12
I believe this is the greatest challenge of our time.
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 우리 μ„ΈλŒ€μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 도전이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Now, genetic modification is not new;
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μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘μ€ 그리 낯섀지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
virtually everything we eat has been genetically modified
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사싀상 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨ΉλŠ” 거의 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μž‘λ˜μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:25
in some manner.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‹μœΌλ‘œλ“  간에 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
Let me give you a few examples.
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λͺ‡ 가지 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
01:30
On the left is an image
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ν™”λ©΄μ˜ μ™Όμͺ½ 사진은 λ°”λ‘œ
01:32
of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜₯수수의 κ³ λŒ€ μ‘°μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
You see a single roll of grain that's covered in a hard case.
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λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ κ»μ§ˆμ— λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹ΈμΈ ν•œκ°€λ‹₯의 λ‚Ÿμ•Œλ“€μ΄ λ³΄μ΄μ‹œμ£ .
01:41
Unless you have a hammer,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ§μΉ˜κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄,
01:43
teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.
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이 ν…Œμ˜€μ‹ νŠΈλ‘œλŠ” λ˜λ μ•„λ₯Ό λͺ»λ§Œλ“€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
Now, take a look at the ancient ancestor of banana.
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이제 κ³ λŒ€ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:53
You can see the large seeds.
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큰 씨앗듀이 λ³΄μ΄μ‹œμ£ .
01:55
And unappetizing brussel sprouts,
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또 λ³΄κΈ°λ§Œν•΄λ„ λ°₯맛이 λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 양배좔와
01:58
and eggplant, so beautiful.
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κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ°Έ 아름닡죠.
02:02
Now, to create these varieties,
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이런 변쒅듀을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
02:04
breeders have used many different genetic techniques over the years.
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μˆ˜λ…„ κ°„ μœ‘μ’…μžλ“€μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μœ μ „ν•™μ  κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Some of them are quite creative,
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ½€ 창쑰적인데,
02:09
like mixing two different species together
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ„œλ‘œλ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅듀을 ν˜Όν•©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
02:11
using a process called grafting
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 '접뢙이기'라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
to create this variety that's half tomato and half potato.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이런 ν’ˆμ’…μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ£ . 저것이 ν†°ν…Œμ΄ν† μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Breeders have also used other types of genetic techniques,
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μœ‘μ’…μžλ“€μ€ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ νƒ€μž…μ˜ μœ μ „ν•™μ  κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ 쓰기도 ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
02:24
such as random mutagenesis,
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'μž„μ˜λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μœ λ°œ' 이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
which induces uncharacterized mutations
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아직 λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ–΄μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό
02:29
into the plants.
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식물체에 μœ λ„ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
02:31
The rice in the cereal that many of us fed our babies
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μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¨Ήμ΄λŠ” μ‹œλ¦¬μ–Ό μ†μ˜ μŒ€λ„
02:36
was developed using this approach.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ—¬ κ°œλ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Now, today, breeders have even more options to choose from.
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였늘 λ‚ μ˜ μœ‘μ’…κ°€λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ μ„ νƒμ˜ 여지듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Some of them are extraordinarily precise.
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κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ λ†€λΌμšΈμ •λ„λ‘œ μ •λ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
I want to give you a couple examples from my own work.
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제 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œμ˜ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 예λ₯Ό 더 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
I work on rice, which is a staple food for more than half the world's people.
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μ €λŠ” μŒ€μ„ 연ꡬ 쀑인데, μ „ 세계 인ꡬ 반 이상이 μ£Όμ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όκ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:57
Each year, 40 percent of the potential harvest
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맀년 잠재적인 μˆ˜ν™•λŸ‰μ˜ 40%κ°€
03:00
is lost to pest and disease.
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ν•΄μΆ©κ³Ό μ§ˆλ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 손싀 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
For this reason, farmers plant rice varieties
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이유둜 농뢀듀은 λ³€μ’… μŒ€μ„ μ‹¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
that carry genes for resistance.
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μ €ν•­ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μžˆλŠ” μŒ€μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:09
This approach has been used for nearly 100 years.
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이런 μ‹μ˜ 접근은 거의 100λ…„ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 이미 μ‹€μ‹œλ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Yet, when I started graduate school,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ λŒ€ν•™μ›μ— μž…ν•™ν•  λ•Œλ§Œ 해도
03:15
no one knew what these genes were.
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이 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ΄ 무엇인지 아무도 λͺ°λžμ£ .
03:18
It wasn't until the 1990s that scientists finally uncovered
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1990λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도 κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μœ μ „ν•™μ„ κΈ°λ°˜μœΌλ‘œν•œ
03:23
the genetic basis of resistance.
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저항을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도 말이죠.
03:26
In my laboratory, we isolated a gene for immunity to a very serious
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저희 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ™€ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ„± μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 면역을
03:31
bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.
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μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
We found we could engineer the gene into a conventional rice variety
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•˜μ—¬ 기쑴의 μŒ€μ— 넣을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
that's normally susceptible,
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μΌλ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ―Όκ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 말이죠.
03:41
and you can see the two leaves on the bottom here
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μ—¬κΈ° μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‘κ°œμ˜ μžŽλ“€μ€ 감염에
03:43
are highly resistant to infection.
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μ €ν•­λ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ³΄μ΄μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Now, the same month that my laboratory published
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같은 달 저희 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œλŠ” μŒ€ λ©΄μ—­ μœ μ „μžμ˜ 발견으둜
03:49
our discovery on the rice immunity gene,
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논문을 κ²Œμž¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
03:52
my friend and colleague Dave Mackill stopped by my office.
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제 친ꡬ이자 λ™λ£ŒμΈ 데이브 λ§₯킬이 제 연ꡬ싀에 λ“€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
He said, "Seventy million rice farmers are having trouble growing rice."
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κ·ΈλŠ” "7천만 농뢀듀이 μŒ€ μž¬λ°°μ— 어렀움을 κ²ͺκ³  μžˆμ§€." λΌλ”κ΅°μš”.
04:04
That's because their fields are flooded,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” ν™μˆ˜λ‘œ κ²½μž‘μ§€κ°€ λ²”λžŒν•˜μ—¬
04:07
and these rice farmers are living on less than two dollars a day.
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이 농뢀듀은 ν•˜λ£¨ 2λ‹¬λŸ¬ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ κΈˆμ•‘μœΌλ‘œ μƒν™œμ„ ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:12
Although rice grows well in standing water,
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μŒ€μ΄ 괴인 λ¬Όμ—μ„œ 잘 클지라도,
04:15
most rice varieties will die if they're submerged
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μŒ€ 쒅듀은 μ£½κ²Œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
for more than three days.
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3일 이상 수λͺ°λœλ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠.
04:20
Flooding is expected to be increasingly problematic
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ν™μˆ˜λŠ” κΈ°ν›„κ°€ 변화함에 따라
04:24
as the climate changes.
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점점 큰 문제둜 λŒ€λ‘λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
He told me that his graduate student Kenong Xu and himself
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κ·ΈλŠ” 그의 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμΈ 케농 μ£Όκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
04:31
were studying an ancient variety of rice that had an amazing property.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ§€λ‹Œ κ³ λŒ€ λ²Ό ν’ˆμ’…μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
It could withstand two weeks of complete submergence.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ 침수된 μƒνƒœμ—μ„œλ„ 2μ£Όλ₯Ό κ²¬λ”œ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
04:42
He asked if I would be willing to help them isolate this gene.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 제게 이 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•΄λ³΄λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ–»κ² λŠλƒκ³  μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
I said yes -- I was very excited, because I knew if we were successful,
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μ €λŠ” μŠΉλ‚™μ„ ν–ˆκ³ , ꡉμž₯히 λ“€λ– μžˆμ—ˆμ£ . μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 만일 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
04:51
we could potentially help millions of farmers grow rice
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수백만 농뢀듀이 μŒ€μ„ μž¬λ°°ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ— 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
04:55
even when their fields were flooded.
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논이 λ²”λžŒν•˜λ”λΌλ„ 말이죠.
04:59
Kenong spent 10 years looking for this gene.
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케농은 이 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 10λ…„κ°„ μ°Ύμ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
Then one day, he said,
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그러던 μ–΄λŠ λ‚  κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
"Come look at this experiment. You've got to see it."
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"이것 μ’€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 이건 κΌ­ 보셔야 λ˜μš”."
05:09
I went to the greenhouse and I saw
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μ €λŠ” μ˜¨μ‹€λ‘œ κ°”κ³ , λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
that the conventional variety that was flooded for 18 days had died,
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18일간 μΉ¨μˆ˜λ˜μ–΄ 있던 일반 λ²ΌλŠ” μ£½μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
05:16
but the rice variety that we had genetically engineered
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저희가 찾은 Sub1이라 이름 뢙인 μœ μ „μžλ‘œ μ‘°μž‘ν•œ ν’ˆμ’…μ€
05:19
with a new gene we had discovered, called Sub1, was alive.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
Kenong and I were amazed and excited
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케농과 μ €λŠ” λ†€λžκ³  ν₯λΆ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
that a single gene could have this dramatic effect.
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μœ μ „μžλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ 이런 λ†€λΌμš΄ 효과λ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것에 말이죠.
05:30
But this is just a greenhouse experiment.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 μ˜¨μ‹€ μ‹€ν—˜μ— λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
Would this work in the field?
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μ‹€μ œ 논에도 잘 μžλž„κΉŒμš”?
05:37
Now, I'm going to show you a four-month time lapse video
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이제 4κ°œμ›” κ°„μ˜ μ €μ†μ΄¬μ˜ μ˜μƒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
taken at the International Rice Research Institute.
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ꡭ제 벼농사 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ μ΄¬μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
Breeders there developed a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
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Sub1 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μŒ€ν’ˆμ’…μ„ κΈ°λ₯Έ μž¬λ°°κ°€λŠ”
05:48
using another genetic technique called precision breeding.
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μ •λ°€ 재배라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ μ „μž κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,
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μ™Όμͺ½μ—λŠ”, Sub1 ν’ˆμ’…μ΄ 있고
05:54
and on the right is the conventional variety.
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—λŠ” κΈ°μ‘΄ ν’ˆμ’…μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
Both varieties do very well at first,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ–‘μͺ½ ν’ˆμ’…μ˜ μƒνƒœκ°€ λ‹€ μ’‹μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 17일 λ™μ•ˆμ˜ ν™μˆ˜ ν›„μ—λŠ”
06:04
You can see the Sub1 variety does great.
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Sub1 ν’ˆμ’…μ΄ 훨씬 잘 κ²¬λ””λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
In fact, it produces three and a half times more grain
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사싀, 이 ν’ˆμ’…μ€ 전톡 ν’ˆμ’… 보닀 3.5배의 곑물을 더
06:12
than the conventional variety.
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μƒμ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
I love this video
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μ €λŠ” 이 μ˜μƒμ„ μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
because it shows the power of plant genetics to help farmers.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 식물 곡학이 농뢀듀을 λ•λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 점을 보여주기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:21
Last year, with the help of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
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μž‘λ…„μ—, 빌&λ©œλ¦°λ‹€ 게이트 μž¬λ‹¨μ˜ 후원을 톡해
06:25
three and a half million farmers grew Sub1 rice.
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350만λͺ…μ˜ 농뢀듀은 Sub1을 μž¬λ°°ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
06:33
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
Now, many people don't mind genetic modification
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이제, λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 크게 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
when it comes to moving rice genes around,
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μŒ€ μœ μ „μžλΌλ©΄ 말이죠.
06:44
rice genes in rice plants,
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벼속에 μžˆλŠ” μŒ€ μœ μ „μžλ‚˜
06:45
or even when it comes to mixing species together
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μ ‘λͺ©μ΄λ‚˜ 랜덀 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ
06:48
through grafting or random mutagenesis.
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ν’ˆμ’… κ°œλ°œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„μš”.
06:53
But when it comes to taking genes from viruses and bacteria
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‚˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ
06:58
and putting them into plants,
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μœ μ „μž κ°œλ°œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
07:00
a lot of people say, "Yuck."
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μœΌμ•….."
07:03
Why would you do that?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
07:05
The reason is that sometimes it's the cheapest, safest,
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그것을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” 가끔씩은 κ·Έ 방법이 κ°€μž₯ κ°’μ‹Έκ³ , μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ©°,
07:08
and most effective technology
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κ°€μž₯ 효율적인 기술이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
for enhancing food security and advancing sustainable agriculture.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ μ‹λŸ‰ μ•ˆλ³΄μ™€ 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ 농업에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
I'm going to give you three examples.
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μ €λŠ” 3κ°€μ§€μ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
First, take a look at papaya. It's delicious, right?
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, 이 νŒŒνŒŒμ•Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 맀우 λ§›μžˆμ–΄ 보이죠?
07:22
But now, look at this papaya.
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이제, 이 νŒŒνŒŒμ•Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
07:25
This papaya is infected with papaya ringspot virus.
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이 νŒŒνŒŒμ•ΌλŠ” λ‘₯근무늬 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— κ°μ—Όλ˜μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
In the 1950s, this virus nearly wiped out the entire production
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1950년에, 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ˜ μ˜€μ•„ν›„μ„¬μ˜ νŒŒνŒŒμ•Όλ₯Ό
07:35
of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
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거의 μ „λ©Έμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
Many people thought that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ ν•˜μ™€μ΄ 토속 νŒŒνŒŒμ•ΌλŠ” 이제 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
but then, a local Hawaiian,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ˜ 식물 λ³‘λ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ
07:48
a plant pathologist named Dennis Gonsalves,
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λ°λ‹ˆμŠ€ κ³€μ‚΄λΈŒμŠ€λŠ”
07:51
decided to try to fight this disease using genetic engineering.
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μœ μ „ 곡학을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ³‘λ§ˆμ™€ λ§žμ„œ μ‹Έμš°κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
He took a snippet of viral DNA and he inserted it
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± DNA 쑰각을
07:59
into the papaya genome.
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νŒŒνŒŒμ•Ό κ²Œλ†ˆμ— μ‚½μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
This is kind of like a human getting a vaccination.
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이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ λ§žλŠ” 것과 ν‘μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
Now, take a look at his field trial.
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μ—¬κΈ°, 그의 ν•„λ“œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:07
You can see the genetically engineered papaya in the center.
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μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³΅ν•™λœ νŒŒνŒŒμ•Όκ°€ 쀑앙에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
It's immune to infection.
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감염에 내성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
The conventional papaya around the outside is severely infected with the virus.
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λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μ‘΄ νŒŒνŒŒμ•ΌλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— μ‹¬κ°νžˆ κ°μ—Όλ¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
Dennis' pioneering work is credited with rescuing the papaya industry.
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λ°λ‹ˆμŠ€μ˜ 이 μž‘μ—…μ€ νŒŒνŒŒμ•Ό 산업을 κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ§„ν–‰λ¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
Today, 20 years later, there's still no other method to control this disease.
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 20년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ„ κ·Έ 병을 μƒλŒ€ν•  λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
There's no organic method. There's no conventional method.
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μ–΄λ–€ μœ κΈ°λ† 방법도, μ–΄λ–€ 전톡적인 방법도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered.
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80νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜ ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ•ˆ νŒŒνŒŒμ•ΌλŠ” μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³΅ν•™λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
Now, some of you may still feel a little queasy about viral genes in your food,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€‘μ— λͺ‡λΆ„은 μ•„λ§ˆ μŒμ‹μ† λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μœ μ „μžμ— λΆˆμ•ˆκ°μ„ κ°€μ§ˆν…λ°μš”.
08:42
but consider this:
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:44
The genetically engineered papaya carries just a trace amount of the virus.
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μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™λœ νŒŒνŒŒμ•ΌλŠ” μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ™λ°˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
If you bite into an organic or conventional papaya
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이미 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—
08:54
that is infected with the virus,
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κ°μ—Όλœ μœ κΈ°λ† νŒŒνŒŒμ•Όλ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
08:57
you will be chewing on tenfold more viral protein.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 10배의 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— λ…ΈμΆœλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
Now, take a look at this pest feasting on an eggplant.
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이제, 가지에 μžˆλŠ” 해좩에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
09:06
The brown you see is frass,
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κ°ˆμƒ‰μ€ μ• λ²Œλž˜μ˜ λ˜₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
what comes out the back end of the insect.
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κ³€μΆ©μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
09:12
To control this serious pest,
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λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ˜ 전체 가지 농μž₯을 ν™©νŽ˜ν™” ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
09:15
which can devastate the entire eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 해좩을 μ œμ–΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
09:20
Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides
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λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ 농뢀듀은 일주일에 λ‘λ²ˆ ν˜Ήμ€ μ„Έλ²ˆμ”©
09:24
two to three times a week,
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ν•΄μΆ©μ œλ₯Ό μ‚΄ν¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
sometimes twice a day, when pest pressure is high.
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해좩이 극심할 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” ν•˜λ£¨μ— λ‘λ²ˆμ”© μ‚΄ν¬ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
But we know that some insecticides are very harmful to human health,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ ν•΄μΆ©μ œλŠ” 건강에 맀우 ν•΄λ‘­λ‹€λŠ” 점을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
especially when farmers and their families
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특히 농뢀와 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°€μ‘±μ—κ²Œ
09:40
cannot afford proper protection, like these children.
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μ—¬μœ κ°€ 없을 λ•Œ 말이죠.
09:44
In less developed countries, it's estimated that 300,000 people
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λ°œμ „μ΄ λ”λ”˜ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ•½ 30만λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
09:49
die every year because of insecticide misuse and exposure.
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ν•΄μΆ©μ œ μ˜€λ‚¨μš©κ³Ό λ…ΈμΆœ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ‚¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists decided to fight this disease
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코넬 λŒ€ν•™κ³Ό λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 λ³‘λ§ˆμ™€ μ‹Έμš°κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
using a genetic technique that builds on an organic farming approach.
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μœ κΈ°λ† 농μž₯ 접근을 발판으둜 삼은 μœ μ „ 곡학을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
10:04
Organic farmers like my husband Raoul spray an insecticide called B.T.,
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제 λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό 같은 μœ κΈ°λ† 농뢀듀은 B.T.라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” ν•΄μΆ©μ œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
which is based on a bacteria.
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이 ν•΄μΆ©μ œλŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 기반이며
10:12
This pesticide is very specific to caterpillar pests,
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μ• λ²Œλž˜ 해좩에 νŠΉν™”λ˜μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
and in fact, it's nontoxic to humans, fish and birds.
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그리고 이것은 우리뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°, μƒˆλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ λ¬΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
It's less toxic than table salt.
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이것은 μ†ŒκΈˆλ³΄λ‹€λ„ λ¬΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
But this approach does not work well in Bangladesh.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 방식은 λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ—μ„œ μ μ ˆν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
That's because these insecticide sprays
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것듀은 λΉ„μ‹Έκ³ 
10:29
are difficult to find, they're expensive,
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κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μ› κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©°
10:31
and they don't prevent the insect from getting inside the plants.
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곀좩듀을 μ‹λ¬Όμ†μœΌλ‘œ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜λŠ” 것을 막지 λͺ»ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
In the genetic approach, scientists cut the gene out of the bacteria
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일반적으둜, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λΉΌλ‚΄μ„œ
10:39
and insert it directly into the eggplant genome.
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가지 κ²Œλ†ˆμ†μœΌλ‘œ 직접 μ§‘μ–΄λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
Will this work to reduce insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ ν•΄μΆ©μ œ 살포λ₯Ό 쀄일 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:46
Definitely.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
Last season, farmers reported they were able to reduce their insecticide use
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μ§€λ‚œ μ‹œμ¦Œμ—λŠ” 농뢀듀이 μ‚΄μΆ©μ œ 살포λ₯Ό 쀄일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°
10:52
by a huge amount, almost down to zero.
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거의 0에 κ°€κΉκ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
They're able to harvest and replant for the next season.
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그듀은 μΆ”μˆ˜ν• μˆ˜ μžˆμ—ˆκ³  λ‹€μŒ μ‹œμ¦Œμ„ μœ„ν•΄ 이식할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
Now, I've given you a couple examples of how genetic engineering can be used
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μœ μ „μž 곡학이 ν•΄μΆ©κ³Ό μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ 이겨낸 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 사둀듀을
11:04
to fight pests and disease
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μ†Œκ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:06
and to reduce the amount of insecticides.
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그리고 μ‚΄μΆ©μ œ μ‚¬μš©μ„ μ€„μ˜€κ΅¬μš”.
11:09
My final example is an example
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제 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ”
11:12
where genetic engineering can be used to reduce malnutrition.
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μœ μ „μž 곡학이 κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ˜ λΉˆκ³€μ—
11:18
In less developed countries,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
500,000 children go blind every year because of lack of Vitamin A.
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50만λͺ…μ˜ 어린이가 맀년 비타민A의 λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ‹€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
More than half will die.
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절반이 λ„˜λŠ” μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λŠ” 죽을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
For this reason, scientists supported by the Rockefeller Foundation
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이런 이유둜, 둝펠러 μž¬λ‹¨μ˜ 후원을 λ°›λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
11:31
genetically engineered a golden rice
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비타민A둜 λ³€ν•˜λŠ” λ² νƒ€μΉ΄λ‘œν‹΄μ„
11:34
to produce beta-carotene, which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
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ν•¨μœ ν•œ κΈˆμŒ€μ„ μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
This is the same pigment that we find in carrots.
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이 μŒ€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹Ήκ·Όμ—μ„œ 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” λ™μΌν•œ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
Researchers estimate that just one cup of golden rice per day
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연ꡬ원듀은 맀일 ν•œμ»΅μ˜ κΈˆμŒ€μ΄
11:47
will save the lives of thousands of children.
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수천λͺ…μ˜ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 ꡬ할 것이라고 μΆ”μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
But golden rice is virulently opposed
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κΈˆμŒ€μ€ μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ— μ λŒ€μ μΈ
11:53
by activists who are against genetic modification.
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ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ 맀우 λ°˜λŒ€λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
Just last year,
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λ°”λ‘œ μž‘λ…„μ—,
11:58
activists invaded and destroyed a field trial in the Philippines.
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κ·Έ ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ€ ν•„λ¦¬ν•€μ˜ 연ꡬ μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό μΉ¨μž…ν•΄μ„œ νŒŒκ΄΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
When I heard about the destruction,
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κ·Έ μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“€μ—ˆμ„λ•Œ,
12:05
I wondered if they knew that they were destroying much more
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μ €λŠ” 그듀이 κ³Όν•™ 연ꡬ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ³΄λ‹€
12:09
than a scientific research project,
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훨씬 큰 것을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κΆκΈˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
that they were destroying medicines that children desperately needed
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λ°”λ‘œ 그것은 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 μœ„ν•΄
12:14
to save their sight and their lives.
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μ ˆμ‹€νžˆ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ•½μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 말이죠.
12:17
Some of my friends and family still worry:
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제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€κ³Ό 가쑱듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ±±μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
How do you know genes in the food are safe to eat?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μœ μ „ 곡학 μŒμ‹μ΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μ‹ ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 말이죠
12:23
I explained the genetic engineering,
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μ €λŠ” μœ μ „ 곡학이 40λ…„λ™μ•ˆ μ§„ν–‰ν•œ λ°œμ „ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
12:25
the process of moving genes between species,
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와인, μ˜μ•½, 식물, 치즈 λ“±
12:28
has been used for more than 40 years
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 40λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
12:30
in wines, in medicine, in plants, in cheeses.
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우리 ν˜Ήμ€ μžμ—°μ—
12:35
In all that time, there hasn't been a single case of harm
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ 점을 끼친 μΌ€μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό
12:38
to human health or the environment.
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찾지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
But I say, look, I'm not asking you to believe me.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 제 말을 믿어달라고 ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
Science is not a belief system.
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과학은 믿음의 ꡬ쑰가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
My opinion doesn't matter.
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제 μ˜κ²¬μ€ μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
12:50
Let's look at the evidence.
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증거λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
12:53
After 20 years of careful study and rigorous peer review
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20λ…„μ˜ μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 연ꡬ와
12:57
by thousands of independent scientists,
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수천λͺ…μ˜ κ³Όν•™μž λ™λ£Œλ“€μ˜ ν˜Ήλ…ν•œ 평가λ₯Ό 톡해
13:00
every major scientific organization in the world has concluded
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μ§€κΈˆ μ‹œμž₯에 μžˆλŠ” λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ€
13:04
that the crops currently on the market are safe to eat
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μΈμ •λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
and that the process of genetic engineering
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그리고 μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ˜ 과정은
13:10
is no more risky than older methods of genetic modification.
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였래된 방법인 μœ μ „μ‘°μž‘μ²˜λŸΌ 더 이상 μœ„ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:14
These are precisely the same organizations that most of us trust
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이것듀은 우리 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ‹ λ’°ν•˜λŠ” μ‘°μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:18
when it comes to other important scientific issues
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 과학적인 μ΄μŠˆλ“€
13:21
such as global climate change or the safety of vaccines.
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예λ₯Όλ“€λ©΄ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜¨λ‚œν™”λ‚˜ λ°±μ‹ μ•ˆμ •μ„± κ³Ό 같은 것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
13:27
Raoul and I believe that, instead of worrying about the genes in our food,
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라울과 μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹ν’ˆμ˜ μœ μ „μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ±±μ •ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€
13:31
we must focus on how we can help children grow up healthy.
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우리의 아이듀을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ 보살필 것인가에 집쀑해야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:35
We must ask if farmers in rural communities can thrive,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ³¨ 농뢀듀이 μ„±μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€
13:38
and if everyone can afford the food.
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λͺ¨λ“ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‹λŸ‰μ„ ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„μ§€ μžλ¬Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:40
We must try to minimize environmental degradation.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν† μ–‘μ €ν•˜λ₯Ό μ΅œμ†Œν™” ν•΄μ•Όν•˜λ©°
13:44
What scares me most about the loud arguments and misinformation
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μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ κ±±μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것은
13:48
about plant genetics
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식물 곡학이 κ°€μž₯ ν•„μš”ν•œ
13:49
is that the poorest people who most need the technology
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졜빈곀측이 μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ‹λŸ‰μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”
13:52
may be denied access because of the vague fears and prejudices
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œ 곡포와 μ„ μž…κ²¬ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
13:56
of those who have enough to eat.
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μ‹ν’ˆκ³΅ν•™μ— μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
We have a huge challenge in front of us.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 큰 λ„μ „μ•žμ— μ„œμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:02
Let's celebrate scientific innovation and use it.
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이제 이 κ³Όν•™ ν˜μ‹ μ„ μΆ•ν•˜ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:06
It's our responsibility
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인λ₯˜ 고톡을 κ²½κ°μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
14:08
to do everything we can to help alleviate human suffering
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μžμ—°μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
14:11
and safeguard the environment.
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우리의 μ±…μž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:17
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.
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크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨: κ°•ν•œ 반둠이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
14:22
The people who argue against GMOs,
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GMOλ₯Ό λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
14:24
as I understand it, the core piece comes from two things.
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μ œκ°€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œλŠ” 크게 2가지 μ£Όμž₯을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
One, complexity and unintended consequence.
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, λ³΅μž‘μ„±κ³Ό μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
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μžμ—°μ€ 믿을 수 없을 μ •λ„λ‘œ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  μ •κ΅ν•œ κΈ°κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
If we put out these brand new genes that we've created,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 역사 쀑 ν•œλ²ˆλ„ μ‹œλ„λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜
14:35
that haven't been challenged by years of evolution,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ„£λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
14:38
and they started mixing up with the rest of what's going on,
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그리고 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜Όν•©λ˜μ–΄ μ„žμ΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
14:41
couldn't that trigger some kind of cataclysm or problem,
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그것이 λŒ€μž¬μ•™μ˜ 씨앗이 λ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
especially when you add in the commercial incentive
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특히 상업적 성곡을 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ
14:47
that some companies have to put them out there?
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ‹œλ„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
14:50
The fear is that those incentives
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μš°λ €λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 동기가
14:52
mean that the decision is not made on purely scientific grounds,
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μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ 과학적 기반의 결정이 아닐 수 있고
14:56
and even if it was, that there would be unintended consequences.
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  해도 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ˜λ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
How do we know that there isn't a big risk of some unintended consequence?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 것이라고 ν™•μ‹  ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
15:03
Often our tinkerings with nature do lead to big, unintended consequences
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μ’…μ’… 우리의 μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 행동이 크고 μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Όλ“€ 보여주며
15:07
and chain reactions.
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연쇄 효과λ₯Ό 뢈러였기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
Pamela Ronald: Okay, so on the commercial aspects,
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파멜라 λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ: κ·Έλž˜μš”, 상업적 뢀뢄에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
15:11
one thing that's really important to understand is that,
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 이해해야 ν•œ 점은
15:14
in the developed world, farmers in the United States,
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미ꡭ처럼 λ°œμ „λœ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ”
15:16
almost all farmers, whether they're organic or conventional,
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μœ κΈ°λ†, 전톡방식에 상관없이 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 농뢀듀은
15:19
they buy seed produced by seed companies.
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씨앗 νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό 톡해 씨앗을 κ΅¬λ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:21
So there's definitely a commercial interest to sell a lot of seed,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λΆ„λͺ…ν•œ 상업λͺ©ν‘œκ°€ 있죠.
15:24
but hopefully they're selling seed that the farmers want to buy.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 닀행이도 그듀은 농뢀듀이 μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 νŒλ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
It's different in the less developed world.
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κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 상황이 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:30
Farmers there cannot afford the seed.
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농뢀듀은 씨앗을 ꡬ할 μ—¬μœ κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:32
These seeds are not being sold.
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씨앗듀은 νŒλ§€λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
These seeds are being distributed freely
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그것듀은 전톡적인 단체에 μ˜ν•΄
15:36
through traditional kinds of certification groups,
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자유둭게 μœ ν†΅λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:41
so it is very important in less developed countries
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ”
15:43
that the seed be freely available.
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씨앗이 자유둭게 μ΄μš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것이 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this is actually part of the conspiracy?
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크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨: λͺ‡λͺ‡ ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ€ 이것이 음λͺ¨μ˜ 일뢀라고 μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
This is the heroin strategy.
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ν—€λ‘œμΈ μ „λž΅μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±΄λ°μš”.
15:50
You seed the stuff, and people have no choice
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일단 씨앗을 뿌리고, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ„ νƒκΆŒμ„ λΉΌμ•—κΈ°λŠ” 것이죠.
15:52
but to be hooked on these seeds forever?
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μ˜μ›νžˆ κ·Έ 곑물을 λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
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파멜라 λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ: λ§Žμ€ 음λͺ¨λ‘ λ“€μ΄ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, κ·ΈλŸ°μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:00
For example, the seed that's being distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μœ ν†΅λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 방수 μŒ€μ€
16:04
this is distributed freely
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인도와 λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ˜ ν˜‘νšŒλ₯Ό 톡해
16:05
through Indian and Bangladeshi seed certification agencies,
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자유둭게 μœ ν†΅λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:10
so there's no commercial interest at all.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ „ν˜€ 상업적 이해관계가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:12
The golden rice was developed through support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
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κΈˆμŒ€μ€ 둝펠러 μž¬λ‹¨μ˜ ν›„μ›μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
16:16
Again, it's being freely distributed.
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λ‹€μ‹œλ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 자유둭게 μœ ν†΅λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
There are no commercial profits
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ 상업적 이읡도
16:20
in this situation.
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이 μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:22
And now to address your other question about, well, mixing genes,
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그리도 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•˜μžλ©΄, μœ μ „μž ν˜Όν•©μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
16:25
aren't there some unintended consequences?
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μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ 결과듀이 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλƒκ³ μš”?
16:28
Absolutely -- every time we do something different,
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λ¬Όλ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 항상 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 μ‹œλ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:31
there's an unintended consequence,
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κ·Έλ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
16:32
but one of the points I was trying to make
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³  싢은 점은
16:34
is that we've been doing kind of crazy things to our plants,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인λ₯˜μ—­μ‚¬μƒ 늘 미친 짓듀을 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:38
mutagenesis using radiation or chemical mutagenesis.
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방사λŠ₯μ΄λ‚˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ€
16:42
This induces thousands of uncharacterized mutations,
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수천개의 μ •μ˜λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
and this is even a higher risk of unintended consequence
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그리고 이것은 훨씬 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν–ˆμ£ .
16:50
than many of the modern methods.
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λ§Žμ€ ν˜„λŒ€μ  방식보닀 말이죠.
16:51
And so it's really important not to use the term GMO
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” GMOλΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό 쓰지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:55
because it's scientifically meaningless.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜λ―Έμ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:57
I feel it's very important to talk about a specific crop
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μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŠΉμ • λ†μž‘λ¬Ό, νŠΉμ • μƒν’ˆμ—
17:02
and a specific product, and think about the needs of the consumer.
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λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³  μˆ˜μš”λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
CA: So part of what's happening here is that there's a mental model
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크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨: κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ…ΌμŸμ€
17:08
in a lot of people that nature is nature, and it's pure and pristine,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžμ—°μ˜ μˆœμˆ˜ν•¨μ„ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©°
17:12
and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.
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μ–΄μ„€ν”ˆ μ‹œλ„λŠ” μž¬μ•™μ„ λΆˆλŸ¬μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” 점인데
17:14
It's making something that's pure dangerous in some way,
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μ–΄λ–€λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œλ„ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:18
and I think you're saying that that whole model
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그리고 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 생각은 λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨λΈμ΄
17:20
just misunderstands how nature is.
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μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 잘λͺ»λœ 이해 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄κ΅°μš”.
17:22
Nature is a much more chaotic interplay of genetic changes
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μžμ—°μ€ 훨씬 더 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ½κ³  μœ μ „λ³€ν™”μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 속에 있으며
17:26
that have been happening all the time anyway.
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κ·Έ 과정은 항상 μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄λΌλŠ” λ§μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄κ΅°μš”.
17:28
PR: That's absolutely true, and there's no such thing as pure food.
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파멜라 λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ: λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 그리고 μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ μŒμ‹μ΄λΌλŠ” 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:32
I mean, you could not spray eggplant with insecticides
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농뢀듀은 μ‚΄μΆ©μ œλ₯Ό 가지에 μ‚΄ν¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ 되며 ν˜Ήμ€
17:35
or not genetically engineer it, but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” μœ μ „ 곡학이 아닐 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:39
So there's no purity there.
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μ™„μ „ν•œ μˆœμˆ˜ν•¨μ€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
17:41
CA: Pam Ronald, thank you. That was powerfully argued.
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크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨: 파멜라 λ‘œλ‚ λ“œμ”¨, 쒋은 의견 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:43
PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
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파멜라 λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ: 맀우 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:45
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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