Chris Gerdes: The future race car -- 150mph, and no driver

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

Prevodilac: Keti Kay Lektor: Mile Živković

So, how many of you have ever

Dakle, koliko vas je nekada

gotten behind the wheel of a car

selo za volan,

when you really shouldn't have been driving?

a da ste znali da zapravo ne biste smeli?

Maybe you're out on the road for a long day,

Možda ste bili na putu ceo dan,

and you just wanted to get home.

i samo ste hteli da što pre stignete kući.

You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles.

Bili ste umorni, ali ste mislili da ipak možete da vozite još par kilometara.

Maybe you thought,

Možda ste pomislili,

I've had less to drink than everybody else,

popio sam najmanje od svih,

I should be the one to go home.

pa bi ja trebalo da vozim kući.

Or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere.

Ili možda su vam misli bile na potpuno drugom mestu.

Does this sound familiar to you?

Da li vam to zvuči poznato?

Now, in those situations, wouldn't it be great

Zar ne bi bilo super kada bi u tim situacijama

if there was a button on your dashboard

postojalo dugme na vašoj kontrol-tabli

that you could push, and the car would get you home safely?

koje biste mogli da pritisnete, i auto bi vas sam dovezao kući sigurno?

Now, that's been the promise of the self-driving car,

To je bilo obećanje automobila koji samostalno vozi,

the autonomous vehicle, and it's been the dream

samostalnog vozila, i to je bio san

since at least 1939, when General Motors showcased

još od 1939. godine, kada je Dženeral Motors prikazao

this idea at their Futurama booth at the World's Fair.

ovu ideju na svom Futurama štandu na Svetskom sajmu.

Now, it's been one of those dreams

Dakle, to je bio jedan od onih snova

that's always seemed about 20 years in the future.

za koje se smatralo da će se ostvariti kroz 20 godina u budućnosti.

Now, two weeks ago, that dream took a step forward,

Međutim, pre dve nedelje, taj san je otišao korak napred,

when the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car

kada je savezna država Nevada odobrila Guglovom automobilu

the very first license for an autonomous vehicle,

prvu dozvolu za samostalno vozilo

clearly establishing that it's legal for them

i time je jasno poručila da mogu legalno

to test it on the roads in Nevada.

da ga testiraju na području Nevade.

Now, California's considering similar legislation,

Kalifornija razmatra slične propise,

and this would make sure that the autonomous car

i tako bi osigurali da samostalan automobil

is not one of those things that has to stay in Vegas.

nije jedna od onih stvari koje moraju da ostanu u Vegasu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now, in my lab at Stanford, we've been working on

U mojoj laboratoriji na Stenfordu, takođe radimo

autonomous cars too, but with a slightly different spin

na samostalnim automobilima, ali na malo drugačiji način.

on things. You see, we've been developing robotic race cars,

Dakle, mi razvijamo robotske trkačke automobile,

cars that can actually push themselves to the very limits

automobile koji zaista mogu da se guraju do samih granica

of physical performance.

fizičkih performansi.

Now, why would we want to do such a thing?

Zašto bismo hteli da uradimo tako nešto?

Well, there's two really good reasons for this.

Pa, postoje dva jako dobra razloga zašto.

First, we believe that before people turn over control

Prvo, verujemo da pre nego što ljudi predaju kontrolu

to an autonomous car, that autonomous car should be

samostalnom automobilu, samostalan automobil mora

at least as good as the very best human drivers.

da bude dobar bar kao što su najbolji ljudski vozači.

Now, if you're like me, and the other 70 percent of the population

Ako ste poput mene, i poput ostalih 70% populacije

who know that we are above-average drivers,

koji sebe smatraju natprosečnim vozačima,

you understand that's a very high bar.

onda razumete da je to veoma visok cilj.

There's another reason as well.

Postoji takođe još jedan razlog.

Just like race car drivers can use all of the friction

Baš kao što vozači trkačkih automobila mogu da koriste

between the tire and the road,

svo trenje između gume i puta,

all of the car's capabilities to go as fast as possible,

sve mogućnosti automobila kako bi mogli da razviju veliku brzinu,

we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid

mi hoćemo da iskoristimo sve te mogućnosti da bi izbegli

any accident we can.

sve moguće nesreće.

Now, you may push the car to the limits

Vi možda možete da napregnete auto do samih granica

not because you're driving too fast,

ne zato što vozite prebrzo,

but because you've hit an icy patch of road,

već zato što ste naišli na zaleđeni deo puta,

conditions have changed.

i uslovi su se promenili.

In those situations, we want a car

U takvim situacijama, mi hoćemo da imamo auto

that is capable enough to avoid any accident

koji je dovoljno sposoban da izbegne bilo kakvu nesreću

that can physically be avoided.

koja može zaista fizički da se izbegne.

I must confess, there's kind of a third motivation as well.

Moram vam priznati da tu postoji i treći razlog.

You see, I have a passion for racing.

Vidite, ja volim trke.

In the past, I've been a race car owner,

Nekada sam imao trkački auto,

a crew chief and a driving coach,

bio sam šef trkačkog tima, i instruktor vožnje,

although maybe not at the level that you're currently expecting.

mada nisam bio na nivou na kom pretpostavljate da sam bio.

One of the things that we've developed in the lab --

Jedna od stvari koje smo razvili u laboratoriji -

we've developed several vehicles --

a razvili smo nekoliko vozila -

is what we believe is the world's first

je ono za šta smatramo da je prvi svetski

autonomously drifting car.

samostalan auto za driftovanje.

It's another one of those categories

To je još jedna od onih kategorija

where maybe there's not a lot of competition.

gde i nema možda toliko konkurencije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But this is P1. It's an entirely student-built electric vehicle,

Ali ovo je P1. Studenti su napravili električno vozilo

which through using its rear-wheel drive

koje uz pomoć pogona na zadnjim točkovima

and front-wheel steer-by-wire

i prednjom vučom preko žica

can drift around corners.

može da driftuje po krivinama.

It can get sideways like a rally car driver,

Može da se zanosi sa strane na stranu poput reli vozača,

always able to take the tightest curve,

koji uvek može da prođe najoštrijom krivinom,

even on slippery, changing surfaces,

čak i na klizavim, promenljivim površinama,

never spinning out.

a da se pri tom nikada ne izmakne kontroli.

We've also worked with Volkswagen Oracle,

Takođe smo radili sa Folksvagen Oraklom,

on Shelley, an autonomous race car that has raced

na Šeliju, samostalnom trkačkom automobilu koji je jurio

at 150 miles an hour through the Bonneville Salt Flats,

241 km/h kroz Bonvil Solt Flets,

gone around Thunderhill Raceway Park in the sun,

vozio u Tanderhil trkačkom parku po lepom vremenu,

the wind and the rain,

po vetru i kiši,

and navigated the 153 turns and 12.4 miles

i uspešno je prošao sve 153 krivine na 20km

of the Pikes Peak Hill Climb route

dugačkom usponu Pajks Pik Hil puta

in Colorado with nobody at the wheel.

u Koloradu bez ikoga za volanom.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I guess it goes without saying that we've had a lot of fun

Mislim da nema potrebe da vam kažem da smo se super

doing this.

zabavili radeći na ovom projektu.

But in fact, there's something else that we've developed

Ali, zapravo postoji još nešto što smo razvili

in the process of developing these autonomous cars.

tokom razvijanja ovih samostalnih automobila.

We have developed a tremendous appreciation

Shvatili smo i osetili neverovatno poštovanje

for the capabilities of human race car drivers.

prema sposobnostima koje imaju vozači trkačkih automobila.

As we've looked at the question of how well do these cars perform,

Dok smo istraživali koliko su dobre performanse ovih automobila,

we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts.

hteli smo da ih uporedimo sa ljudskim vozačima.

And we discovered their human counterparts are amazing.

I otkrili smo da su njihove ljudske "kolege" neverovatne.

Now, we can take a map of a race track,

Možemo uzeti mapu trkačke staze,

we can take a mathematical model of a car,

možemo uzeti matematički model automobila

and with some iteration, we can actually find

i uz malo vežbe, možemo da nađemo

the fastest way around that track.

najbrži put oko te stazi.

We line that up with data that we record

Uporedili smo te podatke sa podacima koje smo

from a professional driver,

snimili sa profesionalnim vozačem,

and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable.

i podudarnost je apsolutno neverovatna.

Yes, there are subtle differences here,

Da, tu postoje male razlike, u nijansama,

but the human race car driver is able to go out

ali ljudski vozač trka može da izađe na stazu

and drive an amazingly fast line,

i da vozi neverovatno brzom putanjom,

without the benefit of an algorithm that compares

bez pomoći algoritma koji upoređuje

the trade-off between going as fast as possible

balans između jurenja najvećom brzinom

in this corner, and shaving a little bit of time

u ovoj krivini, i skidanja malo vremena

off of the straight over here.

na ovoj pravoj putanji ovde.

Not only that, they're able to do it lap

Ne samo to, već mogu i da voze taj krug

after lap after lap.

krug za krugom.

They're able to go out and consistently do this,

Oni su u stanju da izađu na stazu i da to neprestano rade,

pushing the car to the limits every single time.

gurajući auto do samih granica baš svaki put.

It's extraordinary to watch.

To je neverovatno za gledanje.

You put them in a new car,

Stavite ih u neki nov auto,

and after a few laps, they've found the fastest line in that car,

i nakon samo par krugova, oni će pronaći najbržu putanju za taj auto

and they're off to the races.

i onda mogu da se trkaju.

It really makes you think,

To vas zaista natera da pomislite,

we'd love to know what's going on inside their brain.

voleli bismo da znamo šta se dešava u njihovoj glavi.

So as researchers, that's what we decided to find out.

Stoga smo, obzirom da smo istraživači, dlučili da to i saznamo.

We decided to instrument not only the car,

Odlučili smo da pratimo ne samo auto,

but also the race car driver,

već i vozača trkačkih automobila,

to try to get a glimpse into what was going on

kako bismo dobili uvid u to šta se zapravo

in their head as they were doing this.

dešava u njihovoj glavi dok voze.

Now, this is Dr. Lene Harbott applying electrodes

Ovo je slika dr Line Harbot kako stavlja elektrode

to the head of John Morton.

na glavu Džona Mortona.

John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver,

Džon Morton je bivši vozač Can-Am i IMSA trka,

who's also a class champion at Le Mans.

koji je takođe prvak u svojoj kategoriji na Le Manu.

Fantastic driver, and very willing to put up with graduate students

Odličan vozač i veoma strpljiv sa studentima

and this sort of research.

i ovakvom vrstom istraživanja.

She's putting electrodes on his head

Ona stavlja elektrode na njegovu glavu

so that we can monitor the electrical activity

kako bismo mogli da pratimo električne aktivnosti

in John's brain as he races around the track.

u Džonovom mozgu dok se trka na stazi.

Now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head

Naravno da to što smo postavili par elektroda na njegovu glavu

and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track.

ne znači da ćemo tačno znati šta se dešava u njegovoj glavi dok je na stazi.

However, neuroscientists have identified certain patterns

Međutim, neurolozi su uočili određene šeme

that let us tease out some very important aspects of this.

pomoću kojih možemo da uočimo neke veoma važne karakteristike.

For instance, the resting brain

Na primer, mozak koji se odmara

tends to generate a lot of alpha waves.

teži da proizvede mnogo alfa talasa.

In contrast, theta waves are associated with

Naspram toga, teta talasi su povezani sa

a lot of cognitive activity, like visual processing,

mnogo kognitivnih aktivnosti, poput vizuelne obrade podataka,

things where the driver is thinking quite a bit.

dakle kada vozač poprilično puno razmišlja.

Now, we can measure this,

Mi možemo ovo da izmerimo

and we can look at the relative power

i možemo da uporedimo relativnu snagu

between the theta waves and the alpha waves.

između teta i alfa talasa.

This gives us a measure of mental workload,

To nam daje merenje mentalnog opterećenja -

how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively

koliko je vozač u stvari kognitivno stimulisan

at any point along the track.

u svakom trenutku na stazi.

Now, we wanted to see if we could actually record this

Dakle, mi smo hteli da vidimo da li zaista možemo da snimimo ovo

on the track, so we headed down south to Laguna Seca.

na stazi, tako da smo otišli na jug u Laguna Seka.

Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway

Laguna Seka je legendarna trkačka staza

about halfway between Salinas and Monterey.

na pola puta između Salinasa i Montereja.

It has a curve there called the Corkscrew.

Ima krivinu koja se zove Corkscrew (vadičep).

Now, the Corkscrew is a chicane, followed by a quick

Corkscrew je šikana, nakon koje sledi

right-handed turn as the road drops three stories.

brza krivina sa desne strane nakon čega se staza spušta na niže skoro tri sprata.

Now, the strategy for driving this as explained to me was,

Strategija za vožnju ovom stazom, kako su meni bar objasnili,

you aim for the bush in the distance,

je da ciljate u žbun u daljini,

and as the road falls away, you realize it was actually the top of a tree.

i kako staza počne da se spušta, shvatićete da je to bio zapravo vrh drveta.

All right, so thanks to the Revs Program at Stanford,

U redu, dakle, zahvaljujući Revs programu na Stenfordu,

we were able to take John there

bili smo u mogućnosti da odvedemo Džona tamo

and put him behind the wheel

i da ga stavimo za volan

of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera.

Porše Abart Karere iz 1960. godine.

Life is way too short for boring cars.

Život je prekratak za dosadne automobile.

So, here you see John on the track,

Dakle, ovde vidite Džona na stazi,

he's going up the hill -- Oh! Somebody liked that --

kako se penje uz brdo - Opa! Nekome se to svidelo -

and you can see, actually, his mental workload

i možete da vidite, zapravo, njegovo mentalno opterećenje

-- measuring here in the red bar --

- koje se meri ovde na crvenoj skali -

you can see his actions as he approaches.

možete da vidite njegove reakcije kako prilazi krivini.

Now watch, he has to downshift.

E sada gledajte, on mora da prebaci u nižu brzinu.

And then he has to turn left.

I onda mora da skrene levo.

Look for the tree, and down.

Mora da pogleda u drvo, i onda dole.

Not surprisingly, you can see this is a pretty challenging task.

Nije iznenađujuće da je ovo, kao što možete videti, veoma zahtevan zadatak.

You can see his mental workload spike as he goes through this,

Vidite kako je njegovo mentalno opterećenje u porastu dok prolazi ovaj deo staze,

as you would expect with something that requires

kao što možete i očekivati sa nečim što zahteva

this level of complexity.

ovoliki nivo kompleksnosti.

But what's really interesting is to look at areas of the track

Ali ono što je tu zaista interesantno je da pogledamo delove staze

where his mental workload doesn't increase.

gde se njegov mentalni napor ne povećava.

I'm going to take you around now

Sad ću da vas odvedem

to the other side of the track.

na drugu stranu staze.

Turn three. And John's going to go into that corner

Treća krivina. Džon će ući u tu krivinu

and the rear end of the car is going to begin to slide out.

i zadnji deo automobila će početi da proklizava.

He's going to have to correct for that with steering.

On će to morati da ispravi upravljanjem.

So watch as John does this here.

Hajde da pogledamo kako je to Džon uradio.

Watch the mental workload, and watch the steering.

Pogledajte njegovo mentalno opterećenje, i pogledajte upravljanje volanom.

The car begins to slide out, dramatic maneuver to correct it,

Auto počinje da proklizava, nagli manevar da ga ispravi,

and no change whatsoever in the mental workload.

i nema baš nikakve promene u mentalnom opterećenju.

Not a challenging task.

To nije zahtevan zadatak.

In fact, entirely reflexive.

U stvari, to je potpuno refleksno.

Now, our data processing on this is still preliminary,

Naša obrada ovih podataka je još uvek preliminarna

but it really seems that these phenomenal feats

ali se uistinu čini da su ovi fenomenalni podvizi

that the race car drivers are performing

koje izvode vozači trkačkih automobila

are instinctive.

instinktivni.

They are things that they have simply learned to do.

To su stvari koje su oni jednostavno naučili da rade.

It requires very little mental workload

Ne zahteva mnogo mentalnog opterećenja,

for them to perform these amazing feats.

da bi se izveli ovi fantastični podvizi.

And their actions are fantastic.

I njihova dela su fantastična.

This is exactly what you want to do on the steering wheel

Ovo je upravo ono što želite da uradite sa volanom

to catch the car in this situation.

kako bi ispravili auto u ovoj situaciji.

Now, this has given us tremendous insight

Naravno, ovo nam je dalo neverovatan uvid

and inspiration for our own autonomous vehicles.

i inspitaciju za naša samostalna vozila.

We've started to ask the question:

Zapitali smo se:

Can we make them a little less algorithmic

da li možemo napravimo automobile koji će se manje oslanjati na algoritme

and a little more intuitive?

i malo više na intuiciju?

Can we take this reflexive action

Da li možemo ovaj refleksni pokret,

that we see from the very best race car drivers,

koji vidimo kod najboljih vozača trkačkih automobila,

introduce it to our cars,

da implementiramo u naše automobile,

and maybe even into a system that could

i možda čak i u sistem koji bi mogao

get onto your car in the future?

da se nađe u vašim automobilima, u budućnosti?

That would take us a long step

To bi nas odvelo korak dalje

along the road to autonomous vehicles

na putu ka samostalnim vozilima

that drive as well as the best humans.

koja voze jednako dobro kao i najbolji ljudi.

But it's made us think a little bit more deeply as well.

Ali to nas je takođe navelo da razmišljamo malo dublje.

Do we want something more from our car

Da li hoćemo nešto više od našeg automobila

than to simply be a chauffeur?

osim da nam jednostavno bude vozač?

Do we want our car to perhaps be a partner, a coach,

Da li možda želimo da nam auto bude partner, trener,

someone that can use their understanding of the situation

neko ko može iskoristiti svoje razumevanje situacije

to help us reach our potential?

kako bi nam pomogao da ostvarimo svoje potencijale?

Can, in fact, the technology not simply replace humans,

Da li tehnologija može, zapravo, ne samo da zameni ljude,

but allow us to reach the level of reflex and intuition

već da nam dopusti da postignemo nivo refleksa i intuicije

that we're all capable of?

za koji smo svi sposobni?

So, as we move forward into this technological future,

Stoga, dok se krećemo napred ka ovoj tehnološkoj budućnosti,

I want you to just pause and think of that for a moment.

želim da malo zastanete i razmislite o tome na trenutak.

What is the ideal balance of human and machine?

Šta je idealan balans čoveka i mašine?

And as we think about that,

I dok razmišljamo o tome,

let's take inspiration

hajde da se inspirišemo

from the absolutely amazing capabilities

apsolutno neverovatnim sposobnostima

of the human body and the human mind.

ljudskog tela i ljudskog uma.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)