Chris Gerdes: The future race car -- 150mph, and no driver

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

Prevoditelj: Ivan Lovas Recezent: SIBELA KESAC

So, how many of you have ever

Dakle, koliko vas je ikad

gotten behind the wheel of a car

sjelo za upravljač auta

when you really shouldn't have been driving?

a da ste znali da nebi smjeli voziti?

Maybe you're out on the road for a long day,

Možda ste bili na cesti čitavi dan,

and you just wanted to get home.

i samo ste htjeli doći doma.

You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles.

Bili ste umorni, ali ste osjećali da možete voziti još par kilometara.

Maybe you thought,

Možda ste mislili,

I've had less to drink than everybody else,

popio sam manje nego drugi,

I should be the one to go home.

pa bih ja trebao voziti doma.

Or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere.

Ili možda uopće niste razmišljali o tome.

Does this sound familiar to you?

Zvuči li vam to poznato?

Now, in those situations, wouldn't it be great

U ovim situacijama, zar ne bi bilo odlično

if there was a button on your dashboard

kada bi postojao gumb na upravljačkoj konzoli

that you could push, and the car would get you home safely?

koji bi mogli stisnuti, i auto bi vas sam sigurno odvezao kući?

Now, that's been the promise of the self-driving car,

To je do sada bilo obećanje automobila koji samostalno upravlja,

the autonomous vehicle, and it's been the dream

autonomnog vozila, i to je bio san

since at least 1939, when General Motors showcased

od barem 1939. kada je General Motors objavio

this idea at their Futurama booth at the World's Fair.

ovu ideju za svojim Futurama štandom na Svjetskom sajmu.

Now, it's been one of those dreams

To je uvijek bio jedan od onih snova,

that's always seemed about 20 years in the future.

koji se uvijek činio ostvariv tek za 20 godina u budućnosti.

Now, two weeks ago, that dream took a step forward,

Prije dva tjedna, taj san je otišao korak naprijed,

when the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car

kada je savezna država Nevada odobrila Googlovom automobilu

the very first license for an autonomous vehicle,

prvu dozvolu za vožnju autonomnog vozila,

clearly establishing that it's legal for them

čime je jasno poručila da ga mogu legalno

to test it on the roads in Nevada.

testirati na ulicama Nevade.

Now, California's considering similar legislation,

Kalifornija razmatra sličnu regulativu,

and this would make sure that the autonomous car

i time bi se sigurno postiglo da autonomni automobil

is not one of those things that has to stay in Vegas.

nisu jedna od onih stvari koje moraju ostati u Vegasu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Now, in my lab at Stanford, we've been working on

Eh sada, u mom laboratoriju u Stanfordu, i mi smo radili na

autonomous cars too, but with a slightly different spin

autonomnim automobilima, ali na malo drugačiji

on things. You see, we've been developing robotic race cars,

način. Vidite, mi smo razvijali robotske automobile za utrke,

cars that can actually push themselves to the very limits

automobile koji se mogu natjerati do samih granica

of physical performance.

fizičkih performansi.

Now, why would we want to do such a thing?

Eh sada, zašto bismo željeli učiniti takvu stvar?

Well, there's two really good reasons for this.

Pa, postoje dva jako dbora razloga za to.

First, we believe that before people turn over control

Prvo, vjerujemo da prije nego što ljudi predaju kontrolu

to an autonomous car, that autonomous car should be

autonomnom automobilu, taj autonomni automobil mora biti

at least as good as the very best human drivers.

barem toliko dobar koliko i najbolji ljudski vozači.

Now, if you're like me, and the other 70 percent of the population

Eh sada, ako ste poput mene, i poput ostalih 70 posto populacije

who know that we are above-average drivers,

koji znaju da su iznad proječni vozači,

you understand that's a very high bar.

razumijete da je to vrlo visok cilj.

There's another reason as well.

No tu također postoji i drugi razlog.

Just like race car drivers can use all of the friction

Baš kao što vozači trkačih automobila mogu iskoristiti svo trenje

between the tire and the road,

između guma i ceste,

all of the car's capabilities to go as fast as possible,

sve mogućnosti automobila da idu najbrže što mogu,

we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid

mi želimo iskoristiti sve te mogućnosti da izbjegnemo

any accident we can.

svaku moguću nesreću.

Now, you may push the car to the limits

Eh sada, možda možete natjerati auto do samih granica

not because you're driving too fast,

ne zato jer vozite prebrzo,

but because you've hit an icy patch of road,

već zato jer ste naišli na zaleđeni dio ceste,

conditions have changed.

jer su se uvjeti promijenili.

In those situations, we want a car

U takvim situacijama, mi želimo da je auto

that is capable enough to avoid any accident

dovoljno sposoban da izbjegne svaku nesreću

that can physically be avoided.

koja bi se zapravo mogla izbjeći.

I must confess, there's kind of a third motivation as well.

Moram priznati, postoji tu i treća motivacija.

You see, I have a passion for racing.

Vidite, ja sam strastven u vezi utrka.

In the past, I've been a race car owner,

U prošlosti, posjedovao sam trkaći auto,

a crew chief and a driving coach,

bio sam šef tima, i instruktor za vožnju,

although maybe not at the level that you're currently expecting.

iako možda ne na nivou koji trenutno očekujete.

One of the things that we've developed in the lab --

Jedna od stvari koje smo razvili u laboratoriju --

we've developed several vehicles --

a razvili smo više vozila--

is what we believe is the world's first

je ono što vjerujemo da je prvi na svijetu

autonomously drifting car.

autonoman auto koji drifta.

It's another one of those categories

To je još jedna od onih kategorija

where maybe there's not a lot of competition.

gdje vjerovatno nema mnogo konkurencije.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But this is P1. It's an entirely student-built electric vehicle,

Ali ovo je P1. To električno vozilo u potpunosti napravljeno od strane studenata

which through using its rear-wheel drive

koje uz pomoć stražnjeg pogona

and front-wheel steer-by-wire

i prednjeg upravljanja preko žica

can drift around corners.

može driftati u zavojima.

It can get sideways like a rally car driver,

Mogu se zanositi postrance poput vozača relija,

always able to take the tightest curve,

uvijek su u mogučnosti proći kroz najuži zavoj,

even on slippery, changing surfaces,

čak i na skliskim, nepredvidljivim površinama,

never spinning out.

i nikada se ne izmaknu kontroli.

We've also worked with Volkswagen Oracle,

Također smo radili s Volkswagen Oracleom,

on Shelley, an autonomous race car that has raced

na Schelly, autonomnom trkačem automobilu koji je jurio

at 150 miles an hour through the Bonneville Salt Flats,

241 kilometar na sat na Bonnevilskim slanim ravnicama.

gone around Thunderhill Raceway Park in the sun,

vozio po Thunderhill trkačem parku po suncu,

the wind and the rain,

vjetru i po kiši,

and navigated the 153 turns and 12.4 miles

i uspješno prošao svih 153 zavoja na 20 kilometara

of the Pikes Peak Hill Climb route

dugom usponu Pikes Peak brda

in Colorado with nobody at the wheel.

u Koloradu dok nikog nije bilo za volanom.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I guess it goes without saying that we've had a lot of fun

Pretpostavljam da vam ni ne moramo reči koliko smo se jako zabavljali

doing this.

dok smo radili na ovome.

But in fact, there's something else that we've developed

Ali, postoji još nešto što smo razvili

in the process of developing these autonomous cars.

u procesu razvoja ovih autonomnih automobila.

We have developed a tremendous appreciation

Razvili smo nevjerojatno poštovanje

for the capabilities of human race car drivers.

prema mogučnostima koji vozači ovih trkačih auta imaju.

As we've looked at the question of how well do these cars perform,

Dok smo istraživali koliko su dobri ovi auti,

we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts.

htjeli smo ih usporediti s našim ljudskim suparnicima.

And we discovered their human counterparts are amazing.

I otkrili smo da su njihovi ljudski suparnici nevjerojatni.

Now, we can take a map of a race track,

Možemo uzeti kartu trkače staze,

we can take a mathematical model of a car,

možemo uzeti matematički model auta,

and with some iteration, we can actually find

i uz nešto iteracije, možemo zapravo naći

the fastest way around that track.

najbržu putanju za tu stazu.

We line that up with data that we record

Usporedili smo te podatke s onima koje smo snimili

from a professional driver,

od profesionalnog vozača,

and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable.

i podudarnost je bila apsolutno nevjerojatna.

Yes, there are subtle differences here,

Da, ovdje postoje male razlike,

but the human race car driver is able to go out

ali čovjek može izaći na stazu

and drive an amazingly fast line,

i voziti nevjerojatno brzim putanjama,

without the benefit of an algorithm that compares

bez pomoći algoritma koji uspoređuje

the trade-off between going as fast as possible

balans između jurenja najbrže što možemo

in this corner, and shaving a little bit of time

kroz ovaj zavoj, i "skidanja" vremena

off of the straight over here.

na onoj ravnini.

Not only that, they're able to do it lap

Ne samo to, oni su u mogućnosti da to rade krug

after lap after lap.

za krugom za krugom.

They're able to go out and consistently do this,

Oni su u mogućnosti izaći na stazu i neprestano to raditi,

pushing the car to the limits every single time.

gurati automobil do samih granica svakog puta.

It's extraordinary to watch.

To je nevjerojatno za gledati.

You put them in a new car,

Stavite ih u neki novi auto,

and after a few laps, they've found the fastest line in that car,

i nakon par krugova, oni su našli najbržu putanju za taj auto,

and they're off to the races.

i već se mogu utrkivati.

It really makes you think,

To vas zaista natjera da pomislite,

we'd love to know what's going on inside their brain.

voljeli bismo znati što se događa u njihovom mozgu.

So as researchers, that's what we decided to find out.

A kako smo istraživači, upravo to smo odlučili doznati.

We decided to instrument not only the car,

Odlučili smo spojiti instrumente ne samo na auto,

but also the race car driver,

već i na vozača,

to try to get a glimpse into what was going on

kako bismo pokušali dobiti sliku o tome što se događa

in their head as they were doing this.

u njihovoj glavi dok to rade.

Now, this is Dr. Lene Harbott applying electrodes

Ovo je Dr. Lene Harbott dok postavlja elektrode

to the head of John Morton.

na glavu Johna Mortona.

John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver,

John Moron je bivši Can-Am i IMSA vozač,

who's also a class champion at Le Mans.

koji je također prvak u svojoj klasi na Le Mans utrci.

Fantastic driver, and very willing to put up with graduate students

Odličan vozač, i vrlo strpljiv sa studentima

and this sort of research.

i ovakvom vrstom istraživanja.

She's putting electrodes on his head

Ona stavlja elektrode na glavu

so that we can monitor the electrical activity

kako bismo mogli pratiti električne aktivnosti

in John's brain as he races around the track.

u Johnovom mozgu dok vozi stazom.

Now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head

Eh sada, sigurno nećemo postaviti par elektroda na njegovu glavu

and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track.

i odma shvatiti što se sve točno događa dok je on na stazi.

However, neuroscientists have identified certain patterns

Kako bilo, neuroznanstvenici su uočili određene uzorke

that let us tease out some very important aspects of this.

pomoću kojih vidimo neke vrlo bitne značajke.

For instance, the resting brain

Na primjer, mozak koji se odmara

tends to generate a lot of alpha waves.

proizvodi mnogo alfa valova.

In contrast, theta waves are associated with

Nasuprot tome, theta valovi su povezani s

a lot of cognitive activity, like visual processing,

mnogo kongitivne aktivnosti, poput obrade vida,

things where the driver is thinking quite a bit.

te stvari gdje vozač poprilično puno razmišlja.

Now, we can measure this,

Mi možemo izmjeriti ovo,

and we can look at the relative power

i možemo usporediti relativnu snagu

between the theta waves and the alpha waves.

između theta valova i alfa valova.

This gives us a measure of mental workload,

To nam daje mjeru mentalnog opterećenja,

how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively

koliko je vozač zapravo zaokupljen kongitivno

at any point along the track.

tijekom svakog dijela staze.

Now, we wanted to see if we could actually record this

Mi smo htjeli vidjeti možemo li to zapravo snimiti

on the track, so we headed down south to Laguna Seca.

na stazi, pa smo otišli dolje na jug u Laguna Seca.

Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway

Laguna Seca je legendarna trkača staza

about halfway between Salinas and Monterey.

na pola puta između Salinasa i Montereya.

It has a curve there called the Corkscrew.

Ima zavoj koji nazivaju vadičep.

Now, the Corkscrew is a chicane, followed by a quick

Vadičep je zapravo šikana, nakon koje slijedi brzi

right-handed turn as the road drops three stories.

zavoj u desno tjekom kojeg se staza spušta tri kata prema dolje.

Now, the strategy for driving this as explained to me was,

Strategija za vožnju ovim zavojem, kako su meni objasnili je,

you aim for the bush in the distance,

da ciljate grmić u daljini,

and as the road falls away, you realize it was actually the top of a tree.

i kako se cesta počinje spuštati, shvatite da je to zapravo vrh drveta.

All right, so thanks to the Revs Program at Stanford,

U redu, zahvaljujući Revs programu na Stanfordu,

we were able to take John there

bili smo u mogućnosti odvesti Johna ondje

and put him behind the wheel

i staviti za za upravljač

of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera.

Porshe Avarth Carrere iz 1960.

Life is way too short for boring cars.

Jer život je prekratak za dosadne aute.

So, here you see John on the track,

Dakle, ovdje vidite Johna na stazi,

he's going up the hill -- Oh! Somebody liked that --

kako se penje uz brdo -- Oh! Nekome se svidjelo ovo --

and you can see, actually, his mental workload

i možete vidjeti, zapravo, njegovo mentalno opterećenje

-- measuring here in the red bar --

-- koje se mjeri ovdje crvenim grafikonom --

you can see his actions as he approaches.

možete vidjeti njegove reakcije dok prilazi.

Now watch, he has to downshift.

Sada pazite, treba prebaciti u nižu brzinu.

And then he has to turn left.

I onda treba skreniti ulijevo.

Look for the tree, and down.

Pogledati u drvo, i dolje.

Not surprisingly, you can see this is a pretty challenging task.

Neiznenađujuće, možete vidjeti da je ovo poprilično zahtjevan zadatak.

You can see his mental workload spike as he goes through this,

Možete vidjeti kako njegovo mentalno opetrećenje jako raste dok prolazi kroz ovo,

as you would expect with something that requires

kao što možete i očekivati s nečim što zahtjeva

this level of complexity.

ovoliki supanj kompleksnosti.

But what's really interesting is to look at areas of the track

Ali ono što je zaista zanimljivo jest pogledati dijelove staze

where his mental workload doesn't increase.

gdje se njegovo moždano opterećenje ne povećava.

I'm going to take you around now

Odvesti ću vas preko sada,

to the other side of the track.

na drugi dio staze.

Turn three. And John's going to go into that corner

Zavoj broj tri. John će ući u taj zavoj

and the rear end of the car is going to begin to slide out.

i zadnji dio automobila će početi poklizavati.

He's going to have to correct for that with steering.

To će morati ispraviti upravljanjem.

So watch as John does this here.

Pa pogledajte Johna kako to radi ovdje.

Watch the mental workload, and watch the steering.

Pogledajte njegovo moždano opterečenje, i pogledajte kako upravlja.

The car begins to slide out, dramatic maneuver to correct it,

Auto počinje proklizavati, dramatičan manevar da ispravi to,

and no change whatsoever in the mental workload.

i nema baš nikakve promjene u moždanom opterećenju.

Not a challenging task.

To nije zahtijevan zadatak.

In fact, entirely reflexive.

Zapravo, to je potpuno refleksno.

Now, our data processing on this is still preliminary,

Naša obrada podataka u vezi ovoga je još preliminarna,

but it really seems that these phenomenal feats

ali uistinu se čini da ovi fenomenali pothvati

that the race car drivers are performing

koje izvode vozači trkačih automobila

are instinctive.

su instiktivni.

They are things that they have simply learned to do.

To su stvari koje su oni jednostavno naučili raditi.

It requires very little mental workload

Zahtjeva se jako malo moždanog rada

for them to perform these amazing feats.

da bi se izveli ti nevjerojatni podvizi.

And their actions are fantastic.

I njihova djela su fantastična.

This is exactly what you want to do on the steering wheel

Ovo je upravo ono što želite napraviti s upravljačem

to catch the car in this situation.

kako biste ispravili auto u ovoj situaciji.

Now, this has given us tremendous insight

Ovo nam je pružilo nevjerojatan uvid

and inspiration for our own autonomous vehicles.

i inspiraciju za naša autonomna vozila.

We've started to ask the question:

Pitali smo se jednu stvar:

Can we make them a little less algorithmic

Možemo li ih napraviti da se manje oslanjaju na algoritme

and a little more intuitive?

i malo više intuitivnima.

Can we take this reflexive action

Možemo li uzeti ovaj refleksni pokret

that we see from the very best race car drivers,

koji vidimo kod najboljih vozača trkačih automobila,

introduce it to our cars,

uvesti ih u naše aute,

and maybe even into a system that could

a možda čak i u sustave koji bi se mogli

get onto your car in the future?

naći u vašim autima u budučnosti?

That would take us a long step

To bi nas odvelo velikim korakom prema naprijed

along the road to autonomous vehicles

na putu prema autonomnim vozilima

that drive as well as the best humans.

koji voze jednako dobro kao i najbolji ljudi.

But it's made us think a little bit more deeply as well.

Ali to nas je također natjeralo da razmišljamo malo dublje.

Do we want something more from our car

Želimo li još nešto od našeg auta

than to simply be a chauffeur?

osim da nam jednostavno bude vozač?

Do we want our car to perhaps be a partner, a coach,

Želimo li možda da nam auto bude partner, trener,

someone that can use their understanding of the situation

netko tko može iskoristiti svoje razumijevanje situacije

to help us reach our potential?

kako bi nam pomogao da dosegnemo svoje potencijale?

Can, in fact, the technology not simply replace humans,

Može li, zapravo, tehnologija ne samo zamijeniti ljude,

but allow us to reach the level of reflex and intuition

nego dopustiti nam da dostignemo razinu refleksa i intuicije

that we're all capable of?

na koju smo svi sposobni?

So, as we move forward into this technological future,

Stoga, dok se krećemo naprijed u ovu tehnološku budućnost,

I want you to just pause and think of that for a moment.

želim da malo zastanete i razmislite na trenutak.

What is the ideal balance of human and machine?

Koja je idealna ravnoteža ljudi i strojeva?

And as we think about that,

I dok razmišljamo o tome,

let's take inspiration

preuzmimo inspiraciju

from the absolutely amazing capabilities

od apsolutno nevjerojatnih sposobnosti

of the human body and the human mind.

ljudskog tijela i ljudskog uma.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)