Chris Gerdes: The future race car -- 150mph, and no driver

63,288 views ・ 2012-07-11

TED


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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: Jonas Lau 審譯者: Tien-Hsin Yang
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So, how many of you have ever
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在你們當中有多少人曾經
00:17
gotten behind the wheel of a car
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在你根本不應該駕駛的狀況下
00:18
when you really shouldn't have been driving?
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坐在駕駛者的位上呢?
00:24
Maybe you're out on the road for a long day,
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也許你曾經一天開車很久了
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and you just wanted to get home.
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當下你只想回家
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You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles.
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你非常累,但是你覺得你還可以再開幾哩路
00:30
Maybe you thought,
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當下你也許在想,
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I've had less to drink than everybody else,
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我喝的酒比其他人都還少
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I should be the one to go home.
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應是我開車回家吧
00:35
Or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere.
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又或者你的注意力完全不在開車這件事上了
00:40
Does this sound familiar to you?
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這些想法聽起來很熟悉吧?
00:41
Now, in those situations, wouldn't it be great
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現在,在剛剛所說的那些狀況下, 你應該會感到以下的新發明很吸引吧...
00:44
if there was a button on your dashboard
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如果有一個按鈕在你的儀表板上,按一按
00:46
that you could push, and the car would get you home safely?
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車子會自動地把你安全地送回家
00:52
Now, that's been the promise of the self-driving car,
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這是自動導航汽車的承諾
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the autonomous vehicle, and it's been the dream
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一輛自主的汽車,這是從一九三九年
00:57
since at least 1939, when General Motors showcased
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由通用汽車公司
01:00
this idea at their Futurama booth at the World's Fair.
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在世界博覽會“飛出個未來"攤位中展示他們的想法開始後,很多人對汽車的寄望
01:03
Now, it's been one of those dreams
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現在, 這些夢想
01:05
that's always seemed about 20 years in the future.
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好像永遠要在二十年後才有希望實現
01:10
Now, two weeks ago, that dream took a step forward,
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現在, 就在兩星期前, 這個夢想向前邁進了一步
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when the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car
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當美國內華達州對 Google (谷歌) 的自動導航汽車發出
01:15
the very first license for an autonomous vehicle,
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首張針對自動汽車的行車證
01:19
clearly establishing that it's legal for them
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明確確立法洌上容許這輛車
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to test it on the roads in Nevada.
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可以在內華達州的道路上進行測試
01:23
Now, California's considering similar legislation,
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最近, 加州正考慮仿效類似的立法工作
01:27
and this would make sure that the autonomous car
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這樣一來, 他們就可以確保那輛自動汽車
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is not one of those things that has to stay in Vegas.
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不會只在內華達州出現
01:32
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:34
Now, in my lab at Stanford, we've been working on
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在我的史丹福大學實驗室裏, 我們也在著手研究
01:38
autonomous cars too, but with a slightly different spin
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自動汽車, 但是從一個稍為不同的角度
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on things. You see, we've been developing robotic race cars,
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去看這件事。你看, 我們正在研發機動賽車
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cars that can actually push themselves to the very limits
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它們可以把自己的物理表現
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of physical performance.
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推至極限
01:52
Now, why would we want to do such a thing?
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為甚麼我們會想做這件事呢?
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Well, there's two really good reasons for this.
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嗯, 這裏有兩個非常好的原因
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First, we believe that before people turn over control
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第一, 我們相信, 在人類把控制權
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to an autonomous car, that autonomous car should be
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交給自動汽車之前, 那自動汽車的表現至少要
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at least as good as the very best human drivers.
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能夠與最好的人類駕駛者匹敵
02:07
Now, if you're like me, and the other 70 percent of the population
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如果你跟我一樣, 跟百分之七十的人口一樣
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who know that we are above-average drivers,
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都知道我們比一般駕駛者優勝
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you understand that's a very high bar.
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你會明白這對於自動汽車來說是很高的門檻
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There's another reason as well.
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還有另一個原因
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Just like race car drivers can use all of the friction
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就像賽車手能夠充份運用
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between the tire and the road,
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輪胎與路面之間的摩擦力
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all of the car's capabilities to go as fast as possible,
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加上充份運用車子的性能去達致最高速
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we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid
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我們想運用那些性質
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any accident we can.
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去減少任何意外的發生
02:31
Now, you may push the car to the limits
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有時你使車子超過所能承受的極限
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not because you're driving too fast,
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未必因為你把車子開得太快
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but because you've hit an icy patch of road,
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而是因為你碰到地上的冰塊
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conditions have changed.
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以致於狀況有所改變。
02:39
In those situations, we want a car
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在那些情況, 我們想要有
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that is capable enough to avoid any accident
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只要是物理上能被避免的
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that can physically be avoided.
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就能購避免任何意外發生的一輛車。
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I must confess, there's kind of a third motivation as well.
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我必須承認, 我們有第三個動機
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You see, I have a passion for racing.
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你看, 我有一股對賽車的熱誠
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In the past, I've been a race car owner,
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以前, 我曾經是一輛賽車車主
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a crew chief and a driving coach,
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一個車隊的領隊及駕駛教練
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although maybe not at the level that you're currently expecting.
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雖然不是你們想像中的那個層次
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One of the things that we've developed in the lab --
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我們在實驗室裏研發的其中一個項目--
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we've developed several vehicles --
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我們研發過幾款汽車--
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is what we believe is the world's first
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是我們認為是世界上第一輛
03:10
autonomously drifting car.
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會飄移的自動汽車
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It's another one of those categories
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這是一個比較少
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where maybe there's not a lot of competition.
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競爭對手的研究範疇
03:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:19
But this is P1. It's an entirely student-built electric vehicle,
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這是 P1。一個完全由學生建立的電動汽車
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which through using its rear-wheel drive
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它用它的尾輪
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and front-wheel steer-by-wire
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以及電子操控的前輪
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can drift around corners.
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可以在車道的彎位飄移
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It can get sideways like a rally car driver,
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它可以像拉力賽中的賽車手高速轉向
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always able to take the tightest curve,
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永遠能夠在最窄的角度行走
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even on slippery, changing surfaces,
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即使賽道濕滑、路面情況轉變
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never spinning out.
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它都不會滑出賽道
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We've also worked with Volkswagen Oracle,
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我們也跟福特汽車合作
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on Shelley, an autonomous race car that has raced
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用它的Shelley 型號汽車, 一款自動賽車
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at 150 miles an hour through the Bonneville Salt Flats,
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以時速150 英里穿越美國猶他州邦納維爾大鹽湖附近的平原
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gone around Thunderhill Raceway Park in the sun,
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在太陽底下橫過 Thunderhill 賽車場
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the wind and the rain,
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也在大風和雨中行走過該處
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and navigated the 153 turns and 12.4 miles
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以導航系統引領汽車在科羅拉多州的 Pikes Peak Hill Climb 賽道上
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of the Pikes Peak Hill Climb route
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轉153 個圈及走12.4 英里
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in Colorado with nobody at the wheel.
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汽車是無人駕駛的
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(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:10
I guess it goes without saying that we've had a lot of fun
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我毋須多說,這些經歷為我們
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doing this.
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帶來無窮的樂趣
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But in fact, there's something else that we've developed
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但實際上,我們在研發了
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in the process of developing these autonomous cars.
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這些自動汽車的過程中,體驗到一些事情
04:22
We have developed a tremendous appreciation
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我們培養出一種對人類賽車手
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for the capabilities of human race car drivers.
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的能力的高度欣賞
04:29
As we've looked at the question of how well do these cars perform,
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當我們看到這些自動汽車的表現時
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we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts.
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我們想將它們與人類賽車手作比較
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And we discovered their human counterparts are amazing.
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我們發現人類賽車手的表現是多麼令人讚歎的
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Now, we can take a map of a race track,
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如果我們拿到賽道的地圖
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we can take a mathematical model of a car,
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我們可以為自動汽車製作一個數學模型
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and with some iteration, we can actually find
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經過幾個回合的修定,我們的確可以找到
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the fastest way around that track.
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穿越賽道的最快路徑
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We line that up with data that we record
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我們將這些記錄得來的數據
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from a professional driver,
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與專業的賽車手比較
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and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable.
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結果兩者的吻合實在值得靈人注意
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Yes, there are subtle differences here,
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是的,兩者有少許的差異
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but the human race car driver is able to go out
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但人類賽車手能夠出賽
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and drive an amazingly fast line,
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然後奇妙的高速行駛
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without the benefit of an algorithm that compares
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卻毋須任何演算法去計算
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the trade-off between going as fast as possible
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車子以最高速轉向
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in this corner, and shaving a little bit of time
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以及不在直路上行走所損失的時間
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off of the straight over here.
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兩者之間的取捨
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Not only that, they're able to do it lap
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不單如此,他們能夠在一在一圈
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after lap after lap.
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又一圈... 又一圈後做出同樣的決定
05:25
They're able to go out and consistently do this,
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他們在賽道上的表現非常穩定
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pushing the car to the limits every single time.
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每一次都把車子的性能發揮到極限
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It's extraordinary to watch.
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這的確令人歎為觀止
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You put them in a new car,
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你把他們放到一輛新車裏
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and after a few laps, they've found the fastest line in that car,
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跑幾個圈以後,他們就能夠為那新車找出最快的線道
05:41
and they're off to the races.
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然後他們就準備好去比賽
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It really makes you think,
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你真的會覺得
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we'd love to know what's going on inside their brain.
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我們是多麼渴望知道他們的腦袋是如何運作的
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So as researchers, that's what we decided to find out.
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作為研究人員,這是我們決定追尋的問題
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We decided to instrument not only the car,
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我們不但決定裝備那輛車子
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but also the race car driver,
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還要裝備那個駕駛者
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to try to get a glimpse into what was going on
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去嘗試了解,在他們做出這些行為的時候
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in their head as they were doing this.
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他們的腦袋會產生怎麼的變化
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Now, this is Dr. Lene Harbott applying electrodes
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蘭尼•哈博 (Dr. Lene Harbott) 博士把電極
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to the head of John Morton.
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附在約翰•摩頓 (John Morton) 的頭上
06:10
John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver,
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約翰•摩頓是加拿大-美國挑戰盃及國際賽車運動協會賽事的車手
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who's also a class champion at Le Mans.
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亦是利曼24小时耐力赛的分組冠軍
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Fantastic driver, and very willing to put up with graduate students
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這個優異的車手,而且非常願意和研究生合作
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and this sort of research.
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及參與這類研究
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She's putting electrodes on his head
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她正在把電極放到他的頭上
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so that we can monitor the electrical activity
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使我們能在約翰在賽道上飛馳的時候
06:25
in John's brain as he races around the track.
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監察他的大腦活動
06:28
Now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head
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明顯地,我們不能以這幾支附在他頭上的電極
06:31
and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track.
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完全了解他在賽道的時候的思想
06:34
However, neuroscientists have identified certain patterns
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但是,神經系統科學家已經認定了幾個不同的規律
06:38
that let us tease out some very important aspects of this.
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為我們提供了幾個非常重要的線索
06:42
For instance, the resting brain
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例如,大腦靜止的時候
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tends to generate a lot of alpha waves.
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傾向產生很多 alpha 波段
06:46
In contrast, theta waves are associated with
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相對地,theta 波段與
06:49
a lot of cognitive activity, like visual processing,
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很多認知活動有關,例如視覺訊息處理
06:53
things where the driver is thinking quite a bit.
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這些都是駕駛者們經常想著的東西
06:56
Now, we can measure this,
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現在,我們可以量度這些波段
06:57
and we can look at the relative power
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以及我們可以看看
06:59
between the theta waves and the alpha waves.
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theta 波段與alpha 波段的相對強弱
07:01
This gives us a measure of mental workload,
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這會為我們提供一個大腦活動量的估算
07:04
how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively
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看看駕駛者的大腦認知能力
07:07
at any point along the track.
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受到多大的挑戰
07:09
Now, we wanted to see if we could actually record this
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我們想看看我們能否在賽道上記錄這些數據
07:12
on the track, so we headed down south to Laguna Seca.
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因此我們南下到加州的 Laguna Seca 賽車場
07:15
Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway
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Laguna Seca 是一個傳奇的賽道
07:17
about halfway between Salinas and Monterey.
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它在 Salinas 和 Monterey 兩個縣之間
07:20
It has a curve there called the Corkscrew.
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它有一條彎彎的賽道叫做 "開瓶器"
07:22
Now, the Corkscrew is a chicane, followed by a quick
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"開瓶器" 有幾個之字形的急彎
07:24
right-handed turn as the road drops three stories.
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接著來一個急速的右轉,同時下墜約三層樓的高度
07:27
Now, the strategy for driving this as explained to me was,
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有人告訴我處理這部分賽道的竅門
07:31
you aim for the bush in the distance,
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你要望著遠處的矮樹
07:33
and as the road falls away, you realize it was actually the top of a tree.
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當賽道下降的時候,你會發現那矮樹其實是一棵大樹的頂部
07:36
All right, so thanks to the Revs Program at Stanford,
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好了,因為史丹福大學 Revs 計劃的資助
07:39
we were able to take John there
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我們可以帶約翰到那裏
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and put him behind the wheel
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把他放到一輛1960年生產的
07:42
of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera.
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保時捷Abarth Carrera型號賽車的駕駛員座位上
07:44
Life is way too short for boring cars.
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對於開無聊賽車,生命是如此短促!
07:48
So, here you see John on the track,
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你可以看到約翰在賽道上
07:50
he's going up the hill -- Oh! Somebody liked that --
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他正爬上那山丘-- 噢! 有人就是喜歡這樣--
07:52
and you can see, actually, his mental workload
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你可以看到他的腦活動量
07:54
-- measuring here in the red bar --
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-- 紅色那條軸 --
07:56
you can see his actions as he approaches.
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你可以看到他上山時的動作
07:59
Now watch, he has to downshift.
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現在又看! 他正下坡
08:02
And then he has to turn left.
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接著他作了一個左轉
08:03
Look for the tree, and down.
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看看那樹,再向下看
08:07
Not surprisingly, you can see this is a pretty challenging task.
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可以預料的,你知道這是一個很具挑戰性的任務
08:09
You can see his mental workload spike as he goes through this,
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你可以看到他跨越這裏的時候,腦活動量急劇增加
08:12
as you would expect with something that requires
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對於一個這樣複雜的任務
08:15
this level of complexity.
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我們覺得是合理的
08:17
But what's really interesting is to look at areas of the track
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但有趣的地方是,你可以看到賽道上的某幾點
08:21
where his mental workload doesn't increase.
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在這些地方約翰的腦活動量沒有增加
08:24
I'm going to take you around now
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我會帶你往賽道
08:25
to the other side of the track.
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的另一端看看
08:26
Turn three. And John's going to go into that corner
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第三個彎: 約翰正準備穿越這個轉角
08:29
and the rear end of the car is going to begin to slide out.
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賽車的尾輪開始滑行
08:31
He's going to have to correct for that with steering.
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他要著手以方向盤改正這個情況
08:33
So watch as John does this here.
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看看約翰怎樣做吧
08:35
Watch the mental workload, and watch the steering.
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看看他的腦活動量,再看看那方向盤
08:38
The car begins to slide out, dramatic maneuver to correct it,
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車子開始滑行,他以戲劇性的操作去改正它
08:41
and no change whatsoever in the mental workload.
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但腦活動量並沒有改變
08:45
Not a challenging task.
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這並非一個具挑戰性的任務
08:48
In fact, entirely reflexive.
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實際上,這完全是個本能反應
08:51
Now, our data processing on this is still preliminary,
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我們在這個情況所得的數據還在最初的階段
08:55
but it really seems that these phenomenal feats
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但它好像說明了這些驚人的技藝背後
08:57
that the race car drivers are performing
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賽車手的反應
08:59
are instinctive.
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是出於本能的
09:01
They are things that they have simply learned to do.
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這些動作都是他們學習的成果
09:04
It requires very little mental workload
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對於他們要做出這些技藝
09:06
for them to perform these amazing feats.
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這些動作對腦活動量的要求並不高
09:09
And their actions are fantastic.
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他們的動作實在令人難以置信
09:12
This is exactly what you want to do on the steering wheel
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這些都是每個人希望
09:15
to catch the car in this situation.
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可以在這些情況下操作汽車的典範
09:18
Now, this has given us tremendous insight
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這為我們提供了寶貴的參考價值
09:22
and inspiration for our own autonomous vehicles.
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同時亦為我們自己的自動汽車提供相當多的啟發
09:25
We've started to ask the question:
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我們開始問一個問題
09:27
Can we make them a little less algorithmic
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我們能夠將自動汽車發展成較少依賴演算法
09:29
and a little more intuitive?
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同時較多依賴直覺的機器嗎?
09:31
Can we take this reflexive action
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我們可以把這樣的本能反應
09:34
that we see from the very best race car drivers,
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這些我們可以在世界頂級賽車手的身上看到的本能反應
09:36
introduce it to our cars,
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結合到我們的汽車上
09:38
and maybe even into a system that could
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又或者結合到一個系統
09:40
get onto your car in the future?
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在將來會放在你的汽車上的系統嗎?
09:42
That would take us a long step
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要將這樣的系統放到汽車上
09:43
along the road to autonomous vehicles
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還需要長時間完成的奮鬥
09:46
that drive as well as the best humans.
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這個系統將可以與世上最好的車手比擬
09:48
But it's made us think a little bit more deeply as well.
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但這亦引發出另一個比較深層次的問題
09:51
Do we want something more from our car
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我們究竟想要一輛能做更多事情的汽車
09:54
than to simply be a chauffeur?
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抑或只是一個司機呢?
09:56
Do we want our car to perhaps be a partner, a coach,
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我們是否想汽車變成我們的伙伴、良師
10:00
someone that can use their understanding of the situation
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一個會用它們對環境的理解
10:03
to help us reach our potential?
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幫助我們發揮潛能的系統呢?
10:08
Can, in fact, the technology not simply replace humans,
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究竟,科技是否可以不單單取代人類
10:10
but allow us to reach the level of reflex and intuition
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而是誘發我們能力所及的
10:14
that we're all capable of?
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本能反應及直覺呢?
10:18
So, as we move forward into this technological future,
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因此,當我們在科技進步的同時
10:20
I want you to just pause and think of that for a moment.
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我希望你停一停,思考這個問題
10:23
What is the ideal balance of human and machine?
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甚麼是人類和機器最理想的平衡呢?
10:26
And as we think about that,
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當我們思考這個問題的時候
10:28
let's take inspiration
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就讓我們感受一下
10:30
from the absolutely amazing capabilities
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人類身體及腦袋
10:33
of the human body and the human mind.
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對我們的啟發吧!
10:36
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
10:38
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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