Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality | Anil Seth | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Just over a year ago,

Pre nešto više od godinu,

for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.

treći put u mom životu, prestao sam da postojim.

I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.

Imao sam manju operaciju, a mozak mi se ispunjavao anesteticima.

I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart

Sećam se osećaja razdvajanja i raspadanja

and a coldness.

i hladnoće.

And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,

A onda sam se povratio, mamuran i dezorijentisan,

but definitely there.

ali definitivno prisutan.

Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,

Sad, kad se probudite iz dubokog sna,

možete da budete zbunjeni oko vremena ili nespokojni jer ste prespavali,

you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,

but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,

ali uvek je prisutno osnovno osećanje da je prošlo vreme,

o kontinuitetu između nekad i sad.

of a continuity between then and now.

Coming round from anesthesia is very different.

Buđenje iz anestezije je veoma različito.

I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,

Mogao sam da budem pod anestezijom pet minuta, pet sati,

pet godina ili 50 godina.

five years or even 50 years.

I simply wasn't there.

Prosto nisam bio prisutan.

To je bila potpuna nesvesnost.

It was total oblivion.

Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.

Anestezija - to je savremeni vid magije.

It turns people into objects,

Pretvara ljude u predmete,

and then, we hope, back again into people.

a, potom, nadamo se, ponovo u ljude.

And in this process

A u ovom procesu

is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.

se nalazi jedna od najvećih preostalih tajni nauke i filozofije.

How does consciousness happen?

Kako dolazi do svesti?

Nekako, unutar svakog našeg uma,

Somehow, within each of our brains,

the combined activity of many billions of neurons,

kombinovanom aktivnošću na milijarde neurona,

each one a tiny biological machine,

svaki od njih je sićušni biološki mehanizam,

is generating a conscious experience.

nastaje iskustvo svesti.

I to ne bilo kakvo iskustvo svesti -

And not just any conscious experience --

vaše iskustvo svesti baš ovde i baš sad.

your conscious experience right here and right now.

How does this happen?

Kako dolazi do ovoga?

Answering this question is so important

Odgovor na ovo pitanje je važan

because consciousness for each of us is all there is.

jer je svest za sve nas sve što imamo.

Without it there's no world,

Bez nje nema sveta,

there's no self,

nema sopstva,

there's nothing at all.

nema ama baš ništa.

And when we suffer, we suffer consciously

A kada patimo, patimo svesno,

whether it's through mental illness or pain.

bilo zbog mentalne bolesti ili bola.

And if we can experience joy and suffering,

A ako možemo da iskusimo užitak i patnju,

what about other animals?

šta je sa drugim životinjama?

Might they be conscious, too?

Da li su i one svesne?

Do they also have a sense of self?

Da li i one imaju svest o sebi?

And as computers get faster and smarter,

A kako kompjuteri postaju brži i pametniji,

maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,

možda će doći do tačke, možda ne tako daleko,

when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.

kada će moj ajfon razviti svest o sopstvenom postojanju.

I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.

Zapravo smatram da su izgledi za svesnu VI prilično daleki.

And I think this because my research is telling me

A ovo smatram jer mi moje istraživanje govori

that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence

da svesnost ima manje veze sa čistom inteligencijom,

a mnogo više sa našom prirodom živih organizama koji dišu.

and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.

Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.

Svesnost i inteligencija su veoma različite stvari.

You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.

Pamet nije nužna za patnju, ali verovatno jeste za preživljavanje.

In the story I'm going to tell you,

U priči koju ću da vam ispričam

our conscious experiences of the world around us,

naša iskustva svesti o svetu oko nas

and of ourselves within it,

i o nama u njemu

are kinds of controlled hallucinations

su vidovi kontrolisanih halucinacija

that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.

koje se dešavaju uz pomoć, preko i zbog naših živih tela.

Now, you might have heard that we know nothing

Sad, možda ste čuli da ne znamo bilo šta

about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.

o tome kako mozak i telo tvore svesnost.

Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.

Neki ljudi čak kažu da je to van dometa nauke uopšte.

Međutim,

But in fact,

the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.

poslednjih 25 godina smo videli eksploziju naučnog rada u ovoj oblasti.

If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,

Ako posetite moju laboratoriju na Univerzitetu Soseks,

you'll find scientists from all different disciplines

zateći ćete naučnike iz raznih disciplina,

and sometimes even philosophers.

a ponekad čak i filozofe.

All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens

Svi mi zajedno pokušavamo da razumemo kako dolazi do svesnosti

and what happens when it goes wrong.

i šta se dešava kada krene po zlu.

And the strategy is very simple.

A strategija je veoma jednostavna.

Želeo bih da razmišljate o svesnosti

I'd like you to think about consciousness

na način na koji razmišljamo o životu.

in the way that we've come to think about life.

At one time, people thought the property of being alive

Nekada su ljudi mislili da je svojstvo postojanja

could not be explained by physics and chemistry --

neobjašnjivo putem fizike i hemije -

that life had to be more than just mechanism.

da život mora da bude više od pukog mehanizma.

But people no longer think that.

Međutim, ljudi više tako ne misle.

As biologists got on with the job

Kako biolozi nastavljaju da rade

na objašnjavanju svojstava živih sistema,

of explaining the properties of living systems

in terms of physics and chemistry --

u smislu fizike i hemije -

things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --

stvari poput metabolizma, razmnožavanja, homeostaze -

the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,

osnovna tajna toga šta je život je počela da bledi

and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,

i ljudi više nisu predlagali magična rešenja,

like a force of life or an élan vital.

poput snage života ili élan vital.

Kako sa životom, tako i sa svesnošću.

So as with life, so with consciousness.

Once we start explaining its properties

Čim počnemo da objašnjavamo njena svojstva,

u smislu onoga što se dešava unutar mozgova i tela,

in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,

the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is

naoko nerešiva tajna toga šta je svesnost

should start to fade away.

bi trebalo da počne da bledi.

Barem je to plan.

At least that's the plan.

So let's get started.

Pa, počnimo.

What are the properties of consciousness?

Šta su svojstva svesnosti?

What should a science of consciousness try to explain?

Šta bi trebalo nauka o svesnosti da pokuša da objasni?

Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.

Pa, za danas bih voleo da mislim o svesnosti na dva različita načina.

There are experiences of the world around us,

Postoje iskustva o svetu oko nas,

ispunjena prizorima, zvucima i mirisima,

full of sights, sounds and smells,

there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.

imamo višesenzorni, panoramski, 3D, potpuno opčinjavajući unutrašnji film.

A potom imamo svesnog sebe.

And then there's conscious self.

Specifično iskustvo postojanja kao vi ili kao ja.

The specific experience of being you or being me.

The lead character in this inner movie,

Glavni lik u ovom unutrašnjem filmu,

and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.

i verovatno je to aspekt svesnosti koga se najčvršće držimo.

Let's start with experiences of the world around us,

Počnimo sa iskustvom sveta oko nas,

and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.

i to sa važnom idejom mozga kao mašine za nagađanje.

Zamislite da ste mozak.

Imagine being a brain.

You're locked inside a bony skull,

Zaključani ste u koščatoj lobanji,

pokušavate da shvatite šta se dešava u spoljnom svetu.

trying to figure what's out there in the world.

There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.

Nema svetla unutar lobanje. Nema ni zvuka.

All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses

Sve čime se vodite su bujice električnih impulsa

which are only indirectly related to things in the world,

koji su samo indirektno povezani sa stvarima u svetu,

whatever they may be.

šta god one bile.

So perception -- figuring out what's there --

Dakle, percepcija - razumevanje šta postoji -

has to be a process of informed guesswork

mora da bude proces informisanog nagađanja

in which the brain combines these sensory signals

u kojem mozak kombinuje ove senzorne signale

with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is

sa prethodnim očekivanjima ili ubeđenjima o tome kakav je svet

to form its best guess of what caused those signals.

da bi stvorio najbolju pretpostavku o tome šta je uzrok tim signalima.

The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.

Mozak ne čuje zvuk, niti vidi svetlost.

What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.

Mi naziremo njegovu najbolju pretpostavku toga šta se dešava u spoljnjem svetu.

Dozvolite da vam dam nekoliko primera za ovo.

Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.

You might have seen this illusion before,

Možda ste već videli ovu iluziju,

but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.

ali želeo bih da razmislite o njoj na nov način.

If you look at those two patches, A and B,

Ako pogledate ove dve mrlje, A i B,

they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?

trebalo bi da vam se čine kao različite nijanse sive, zar ne?

Ali one su zapravo poptuno iste nijanse.

But they are in fact exactly the same shade.

A ovo mogu da ilustrujem.

And I can illustrate this.

If I put up a second version of the image here

Ako postavim drugu verziju slike ovde

and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,

i spojim dve mrlje sivo obojenom pregradom,

you can see there's no difference.

vidite da nema razlike.

It's exactly the same shade of gray.

Radi se o potpuno istoj nijansi sive.

A ako mi i dalje ne verujete,

And if you still don't believe me,

I'll bring the bar across and join them up.

preneću pregradu ovamo i spojiti ih.

It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.

Radi se o jednoj kocki sive, uopšte nema razlike.

This isn't any kind of magic trick.

Ovde se ne radi o bilo kakvom triku.

It's the same shade of gray,

Radi se o istoj nijansi sive,

but take it away again, and it looks different.

ali ponovo ih udaljite, i izgledaju različito.

So what's happening here

Pa, ovde se dešava to

is that the brain is using its prior expectations

da mozak koristi ranija očekivanja

built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex

koja su duboko ugrađena u tokove vizuelnog korteksa,

that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,

da senka zamračuje izgled površine,

so that we see B as lighter than it really is.

te B vidimo svetlije nego što zaista jeste.

Here's one more example,

Evo još jednog primera,

koji pokazuje koliko brzo mozak može da koristi nova predviđanja

which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions

to change what we consciously experience.

kako bi izmenio naše svesno iskustvo.

Have a listen to this.

Poslušajte ovo.

(Distorted voice)

(Izobličen glas)

Sounded strange, right?

Zvučalo je čudno, zar ne?

Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.

Poslušajte opet i vidite da li možete nešto da razumete.

(Distorted voice)

(Izobličen glas)

Still strange.

I dalje je čudno.

Sad poslušajte ovo.

Now listen to this.

(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.

(Snimak) Anil Set: Smatram da je Bregzit uistinu grozna ideja.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

Which I do.

Slažem se.

So you heard some words there, right?

Dakle, čuli ste tu neke reči, zar ne?

Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.

Sad poslušajte prvi zvuk opet. Prosto ću ga pustiti iznova.

(Distorted voice)

(Izobličen glas)

Yeah? So you can now hear words there.

Da? Dakle, sad možete da čujete reči.

Još jednom za sreću.

Once more for luck.

(Izobličen glas)

(Distorted voice)

U redu, dakle, šta se ovde dešava?

OK, so what's going on here?

The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain

Izvanredno je to što se senzorna informacija koja stiže do mozga

hasn't changed at all.

nije uopšte promenila.

All that's changed is your brain's best guess

Samo se promenila najbolja pretpostavka vašeg mozga

of the causes of that sensory information.

o uzroku te senzorne informacije.

And that changes what you consciously hear.

A to menja ono što svesno čujete.

All this puts the brain basis of perception

Sve ovo na bazu percepcije mozga baca

in a bit of a different light.

malčice drugačije svetlo.

Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain

Umesto da percepcija uveliko zavisi od signala koji stižu u mozak

from the outside world,

iz spoljnjeg sveta,

it depends as much, if not more,

podjednako zavisi, ako ne i više,

on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.

od perceptivnih predviđanja koja teku u suprotnom smeru.

Ne doživljavamo svet tek pasivno,

We don't just passively perceive the world,

we actively generate it.

aktivno ga stvaramo.

The world we experience comes as much, if not more,

Svet koji doživljavamo podjednako, ako ne i više, dolazi

from the inside out

od unutra ka spolja

as from the outside in.

kao i spolja ka unutra.

Let me give you one more example of perception

Dozvolite da vam dam još jedan primer percepcije

as this active, constructive process.

kao tog aktivnog, konstruktivnog procesa.

Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing

Ovde smo kombinovali živopisnu virtuelnu stvarnost i obradu slika

to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions

kako bismo simulirali efekte prejakih perceptualnih predviđanja

on experience.

na iskustvo.

In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --

Na ovom panoramskom snimku smo izobličili svet -

which is in this case Sussex campus --

u ovom slučaju to je kampus u Soseksu -

into a psychedelic playground.

u psihodelično igralište.

We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream

Obradili smo snimak upotrebom algoritma zasnovanog na Guglovom Deep Dream-u

to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.

kako bismo simulirali efekte preterano jakih perceptivnih predviđanja.

In this case, to see dogs.

U ovom slučaju da se vide psi.

And you can see this is a very strange thing.

I vidite da se radi o veoma čudnoj stvari.

When perceptual predictions are too strong,

Kada su perceptivna predviđanja suviše jaka,

as they are here,

kao što i jesu ovde,

rezultati uveliko liče na nekakve halucinacije

the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations

o kojima govore ljudi izmenjene svesti

people might report in altered states,

ili čak tokom psihoze.

or perhaps even in psychosis.

Sad, razmislite o tome na tren.

Now, think about this for a minute.

Ako je halucinacija neki vid nekontrolisane percepcije,

If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,

then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,

onda je percepcija baš tu i baš sad takođe neki vid halucinacije,

but a controlled hallucination

ali kontrolisane halucinacije

in which the brain's predictions are being reined in

u kojoj su predviđanjima mozga ovladale

by sensory information from the world.

senzorne informacije iz sveta.

In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,

Zapravo svi mi haluciniramo sve vreme,

including right now.

uključujući i sad.

It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,

Prosto se radi o tome da kad se složimo oko naših halucinacija,

we call that reality.

to nazivamo stvarnošću.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,

Sad ću da vam ispričam da vaše iskustvo sopstva,

the specific experience of being you,

specifično iskustvo vašeg postojanja

is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.

takođe je kontrolisana halucinacija koju proizvodi mozak.

This seems a very strange idea, right?

Ovo se čini kao veoma čudna zamisao, tačno?

Da, vizuelne iluzije mi možda mogu obmanuti oči,

Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,

but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?

ali kako mogu da budem obmanut kod toga šta znači biti ja?

For most of us,

Za većinu nas

the experience of being a person

iskustvo toga da smo osobe

je blisko, jedinstveno i tako trajno

is so familiar, so unified and so continuous

da je teško ne uzeti ga olako.

that it's difficult not to take it for granted.

But we shouldn't take it for granted.

Ali ne bi trebalo da ga uzimamo olako.

There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.

Zapravo postoje razni načini na koje doživljavamo sebe.

There's the experience of having a body

Tu je iskustvo posedovanja tela

and of being a body.

i toga da smo telo.

Imamo iskustva doživljavanja sveta

There are experiences of perceiving the world

from a first person point of view.

iz tačke gledišta u prvom licu.

There are experiences of intending to do things

Imamo iskustva pokušavanja bavljenja stvarima

and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.

i toga da smo uzrok stvarima koje se dešavaju u svetu.

And there are experiences

A tu su iskustva

of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,

da smo neprekidna i karakteristična osoba u vremenu,

built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.

sagrađena iz bogatog skupa sećanja i društvenih interakcija.

Many experiments show,

Mnogi eksperimenti pokazuju,

and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,

a psihijatri i neurolozi znaju veoma dobro,

that these different ways in which we experience being a self

da svi ti različiti načini na koje doživljavamo sebe

can all come apart.

mogu da se razore.

What this means is the basic background experience

Ovo znači da osnovno iskustvo iz pozadine

of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.

da smo jedinstveno sopstvo je krhka tvorevina mozga.

Još jedno iskustvo, koje baš kao sva druga,

Another experience, which just like all others,

requires explanation.

zahteva objašnjenje.

So let's return to the bodily self.

Zato okrenimo se telesnom sopstvu.

How does the brain generate the experience of being a body

Kako mozak proizvodi iskustvo toga da je telo

and of having a body?

i da ima telo?

Well, just the same principles apply.

Pa, važe potpuno isti principi.

The brain makes its best guess

Mozak pravi najbolju pretpostavku

about what is and what is not part of its body.

o tome šta jeste, a šta nije deo njegovog tela.

And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.

A postoji prelep eksperiment iz neuronauke koji ovo ilustruje.

And unlike most neuroscience experiments,

Nasuprot većini eksperimenata iz neuronauke,

this is one you can do at home.

ovaj možete da obavite kod kuće.

All you need is one of these.

Samo vam je potrebno ovo.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

And a couple of paintbrushes.

I nekoliko četkica.

In the rubber hand illusion,

U iluziji sa gumenom rukom,

a person's real hand is hidden from view,

stvarna ruka osobe je skrivena s videla,

and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.

a ta lažna gumena ruka je stavljena ispred nje.

Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush

Potom obe ruke istovremeno maze četkicom,

while the person stares at the fake hand.

dok osoba zuri u lažnu ruku.

Now, for most people, after a while,

Sad, većini ljudi, posle nekog vremena,

this leads to the very uncanny sensation

ovo uzrokuje veoma neprirodan osećaj

that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.

da je lažna ruka zapravo deo njihovog tela.

And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch

A zamisao je da podudarnost između viđenja dodira i osećaja dodira

on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,

na predmetu koji izgleda kao ruka i otprilike je gde bi ruka trebalo da bude

is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess

je dovoljan dokaz za mozak da napravi najbolju pretpostavku

da je lažna ruka zapravo deo tela.

that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So you can measure all kinds of clever things.

Stoga možete da merite razne pametne stvari.

You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,

Možete da merite provodljivost kože i zapanjene reakcije,

but there's no need.

ali nema potrebe za tim.

Jasno je da se momak u plavom srodio sa lažnom rukom.

It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.

Ovo znači da su čak i iskustva o tome šta je naše telo

This means that even experiences of what our body is

is a kind of best guessing --

nekakva najbolja pretpostavka -

nekakva kontrolisana halucinacija mozga.

a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.

There's one more thing.

Ima još nešto.

Mi ne doživljavamo samo naša tela kao predmete iz spoljnjeg sveta,

We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,

we also experience them from within.

takođe ih doživljavamo iznutra.

We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.

Svi iznutra doživljavamo iskustvo telesnosti.

A senzorni signali koji stižu iz unutrašnjosti tela

And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body

are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,

stalno obaveštavaju mozak o stanju unutrašnjih organa,

how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,

šta se dešava sa srcem, kakav je krvni pritisak,

lots of things.

svašta nešto.

This kind of perception, which we call interoception,

Ovaj vid percepcije, koju nazivamo interopercepcijom,

is rather overlooked.

prilično je zanemaren.

Ali je od ključnog značaja

But it's critically important

because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --

jer percepcija i regulacija unutrašnjeg stanja tela -

well, that's what keeps us alive.

pa, to nas drži u životu.

Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.

Evo još jedne verzije iluzije sa gumenom rukom.

This is from our lab at Sussex.

Iz naše laboratorije u Soseksu.

And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,

A ovde ljudi vide verziju virtuelne stvarnosti njihove ruke,

which flashes red and back

koja blešti crveno i nazad

either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.

bilo istovremeno ili ne sa njihovim otkucajima srca.

And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,

A kad blešti istovremeno sa njihovim otkucajima srca,

people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.

ljudi imaju snažniji osećaj da je to zapravo deo njihovog tela.

So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded

Dakle, iskustva posedovanja tela su duboko zasnovana

in perceiving our bodies from within.

na doživljaju naših tela iznutra.

There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,

Na kraju želim da vam skrenem pažnju na nešto

which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different

a to je da su unutrašnja iskustva tela veoma različita

od iskustava o svetu oko nas.

from experiences of the world around us.

Kad pogledam oko sebe, čini se da je svet pun predmeta -

When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --

tables, chairs, rubber hands,

stolovi, stolice, gumene ruke,

ljudi, skupina vas -

people, you lot --

even my own body in the world,

čak i sopstveno telo u svetu,

I can perceive it as an object from the outside.

mogu da ga doživljavam kao spoljašnji predmet.

Ali moja unutrašnja iskustva tela,

But my experiences of the body from within,

uopšte nisu takva.

they're not like that at all.

I don't perceive my kidneys here,

Ne osećam da su mi bubrezi tu,

my liver here,

jetra tu,

my spleen ...

slezina...

I don't know where my spleen is,

Pojma nemam gde mi je slezina,

but it's somewhere.

ali negde jeste.

I don't perceive my insides as objects.

Ne doživljavam delove utrobe kao predmete.

In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.

Zapravo ih uopšte naročito ne doživljavam, ukoliko ne krenu po zlu.

And this is important, I think.

A to je važno, verujem.

Perception of the internal state of the body

Percepcija unutrašnjeg stanja tela

isn't about figuring out what's there,

nije o tome da shvatite šta tu ima,

it's about control and regulation --

radi se o kontroli i regulaciji -

keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds

održavanje fizioloških varijabli unutar strogih ograničenja

that are compatible with survival.

koja su podudarna sa opstankom.

When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,

Kada mozak koristi pretpostavke da shvati šta postoji,

we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.

doživljavamo predmete kao uzroke osećanja.

When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,

Kada mozak koristi pretpostavke da kontroliše i reguliše stvari,

we experience how well or how badly that control is going.

doživljavamo koliko dobro ili koliko loše se ta kontrola odvija.

So our most basic experiences of being a self,

Te su naša najosnovnija iskustva sebe,

of being an embodied organism,

toga da smo otelotvoreni organizam,

are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.

duboko su ukorenjena u biološkim mehanizmima koji nas održavaju u životu.

And when we follow this idea all the way through,

A kada sledimo ovu zamisao do kraja,

počinjemo da uviđamo da su sva naša svesna iskustva,

we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,

since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,

pošto sva zavise od istih mehanizama predviđajuće percepcije,

all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.

sva izviru iz ovog osnovnog nagona za preživljavanjem.

Doživljavamo sve i sebe same

We experience the world and ourselves

with, through and because of our living bodies.

preko, kroz i zahvaljujući našim živim telima.

Let me bring things together step-by-step.

Dozvolite da sve sastavim korak po korak.

What we consciously see depends

Ono što svesno vidimo zavisi

od najboljih nagađanja mozga o tome šta ima tu.

on the brain's best guess of what's out there.

Our experienced world comes from the inside out,

Naše iskustvo sveta dolazi iz unutra ka spolja,

not just the outside in.

a ne samo spolja ka unutra.

The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences

Iluzija sa gumenom rukom pokazuje da se ovo odnosi na sva naša iskustva

of what is and what is not our body.

o tome šta jeste, a šta nije naše telo.

And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals

A ova nagađanja u vezi s nama zavise suštinski od senzornih signala

koji dolaze iz dubine naših tela.

coming from deep inside the body.

And finally,

I, naposletku,

experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation

kod iskustava da smo otelotvoreno sopstvo se više radi o kontroli i regulaciji

nego o razumevanju toga šta ima tu.

than figuring out what's there.

So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --

Te su naša iskustva sveta oko nas i nas u njemu -

pa, radi se o vidovima kontrolisanih halucinacija

well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations

that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution

koje su oblikovane milionima godina evolucije

to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.

kako bismo opstali u svetovima punim opasnosti i šansi.

We predict ourselves into existence.

Nagađanjem stvaramo postojanje.

Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.

Sad, ostavljam vas sa tri implikacije o svemu ovome.

First, just as we can misperceive the world,

Prvo: baš kao što možemo da pogrešno doživimo svet,

we can misperceive ourselves

možemo pogrešno i da doživimo sebe

when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.

kada mehanizmi nagađanja krenu po zlu.

Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,

Razumevanje ovoga otvara mnoge nove šanse u psihijatriji i neurologiji

jer konačno možemo da se bavimo mehanizmima,

because we can finally get at the mechanisms

rather than just treating the symptoms

a ne samo da lečimo simptome,

in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.

kod stanja poput depresije i šizofrenije.

Second:

Drugo:

what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to

šta znači biti ja ne može da se svede ili učita

a software program running on a robot,

na softverski program koji pokreće robota,

however smart or sophisticated.

koliko god bio pametan i prefinjen.

We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals

Mi smo biološke, od krvi i mesa životinje

čija se svesna iskustva oblikuju na svim nivoima

whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels

by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.

od strane bioloških mehanizama koji nas održavaju u životu.

Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.

To što pravimo sve pametnije kompjutere, neće ih učiniti svesnim.

Konačno:

Finally,

our own individual inner universe,

naš individualni unutrašnji univerzum,

our way of being conscious,

naš vid svesnosti,

tek je jedan mogući vid svesnosti.

is just one possible way of being conscious.

And even human consciousness generally --

A čak i ljudska svesnost uopšteno -

it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.

tek je sićušna oblast u beskrajnom prostoru mogućih svesti.

Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,

Naše individualno sopstvo i svetovi su jedinstveni za svakog od nas,

but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms

ali svi su zasnovani na biološkim mehanizmima

shared with many other living creatures.

koje delimo sa mnogim drugim živim bićima.

Now, these are fundamental changes

Sad, ovo su temeljne promene

in how we understand ourselves,

u tome kako razumemo sebe,

ali mislim da bi ih trebalo slaviti

but I think they should be celebrated,

because as so often in science, from Copernicus --

jer, kao što prečesto biva u nauci, od Kopernika -

we're not at the center of the universe --

mi nismo u središtu univerzuma -

to Darwin --

preko Darvina -

we're related to all other creatures --

u srodstvu smo sa svim drugim bićima -

to the present day.

do današnjeg dana.

With a greater sense of understanding

Sa snažnijim osećajem razumevanja

dolazi snažnije osećanje čuđenja

comes a greater sense of wonder,

and a greater realization

i snažnije uviđanje

that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.

da smo deo, da nismo odvojeni od ostatka prirode.

And ...

I...

when the end of consciousness comes,

kada dođe kraj svesnosti,

nemamo čega da se plašimo.

there's nothing to be afraid of.

Nothing at all.

Baš ničega.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)