Your Brain Hallucinates Your Conscious Reality | Anil Seth | TED

11,066,495 views

2017-07-18 ・ TED


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Your Brain Hallucinates Your Conscious Reality | Anil Seth | TED

11,066,495 views ・ 2017-07-18

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Dunja Knežević
00:12
Just over a year ago,
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Prije samo jedne godine,
00:14
for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.
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po treći put u životu, prestao sam postojati.
00:17
I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
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Bio sam na maloj operaciji, i moj se mozak ispunjavao anestetikom.
00:22
I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart
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Sjećam se osjećaja odvojenosti i raspadanja
00:25
and a coldness.
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i hladnoće.
00:27
And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,
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I onda sam se vratio, pospan i dezorijentiran,
00:30
but definitely there.
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ali definitivno ovdje.
00:32
Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,
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Kad se probudite iz dubokog sna,
00:34
you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,
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možda ćete biti zbunjeni oko vremena ili zabrinuti zbog prespavanja,
00:37
but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,
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ali uvijek postoji osnovni osjećaj da je prošlo vrijeme,
00:40
of a continuity between then and now.
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kontinuiranosti između tada i sada.
00:42
Coming round from anesthesia is very different.
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Buđenje iz anestezije dosta je drukčije.
00:44
I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,
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Mogao sam biti pod anestezijom pet minuta, pet sati,
00:47
five years or even 50 years.
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5 godina ili čak 50 godina.
00:48
I simply wasn't there.
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Jednostavno nisam bio ondje.
00:50
It was total oblivion.
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To je bio potpuni zaborav.
00:52
Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.
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Anestezija – to je moderna vrsta magije.
00:54
It turns people into objects,
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Pretvara ljude u objekte,
00:57
and then, we hope, back again into people.
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i potom, nadajmo se, opet nazad u ljude.
00:59
And in this process
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I u ovom procesu,
01:00
is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.
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jedan je od najvećih preostalih misterija znanosti i filozofije.
01:04
How does consciousness happen?
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Kako se događa svjesnost?
01:06
Somehow, within each of our brains,
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Nekako, unutar svakog od naših mozgova,
01:08
the combined activity of many billions of neurons,
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kombinirana aktivnost mnogo milijardi neurona,
01:11
each one a tiny biological machine,
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od kojih je svaki mali biološki stroj,
01:14
is generating a conscious experience.
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stvara svjesno iskustvo.
01:16
And not just any conscious experience --
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I to ne bilo koje svjesno iskustvo --
01:18
your conscious experience right here and right now.
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vaše svjesno iskustvo upravo ovdje i sada.
01:20
How does this happen?
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Kako se ovo događa?
01:22
Answering this question is so important
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Odgovoriti na ovo pitanje tako je važno
01:24
because consciousness for each of us is all there is.
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zato što je svjesnost za svakog od nas sve što postoji.
01:27
Without it there's no world,
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Bez nje nema svijeta,
01:30
there's no self,
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nema sebstva,
01:31
there's nothing at all.
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nema ničega.
01:33
And when we suffer, we suffer consciously
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I kada patimo, patimo svjesno
01:35
whether it's through mental illness or pain.
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bilo da je kroz duševnu bolest ili bol.
01:38
And if we can experience joy and suffering,
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I ako mi možemo iskusiti radost i patnju,
01:41
what about other animals?
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što je s drugim životinjama?
01:43
Might they be conscious, too?
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Možda su i one svjesne?
01:44
Do they also have a sense of self?
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Imaju li one osjećaj sebstva?
01:46
And as computers get faster and smarter,
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I kako računala postaju brža i pametnija,
01:49
maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,
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možda će doći do točke, možda ne tako daleke,
01:52
when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.
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u kojoj će moj iPhone razviti osjećaj vlastitog postojanja.
01:54
I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.
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Zapravo mislim da su izgledi za svjesnu umjetnu inteligenciju poprilično daleko.
01:59
And I think this because my research is telling me
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I to mislim zato što mi moja istraživanja govore
02:02
that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence
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da svjesnost ima manje veze s čistom inteligencijom
02:05
and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.
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i više veze sa našom prirodom kao živućih i dišućih organizama.
02:09
Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.
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Svjesnost i inteligencija vrlo su različite stvari.
02:12
You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.
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Ne morate biti pametni da biste patili, ali vjerojatno morate biti živi.
02:17
In the story I'm going to tell you,
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U priči koju ću vam ispričati,
02:18
our conscious experiences of the world around us,
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naša svjesna iskustva svijeta oko nas
02:21
and of ourselves within it,
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i nas u njemu
02:22
are kinds of controlled hallucinations
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vrste su kontroliranih halucinacija
02:25
that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.
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koje se događaju s, kroz i zbog naših živućih tijela.
02:29
Now, you might have heard that we know nothing
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Možda ste čuli da ne znamo ništa
02:33
about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.
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o tome kako mozak i tijelo stvaraju svijesnost.
02:35
Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.
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Neki čak kažu da je to izvan sveukupnog dosega znanosti.
02:39
But in fact,
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Ali zapravo
02:40
the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.
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zadnjih 25 godina dogodila se eksplozija znanstvenog rada u ovom području.
02:44
If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,
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Ako dođete u moj laboratorij na Sveučilistu Sussex,
02:47
you'll find scientists from all different disciplines
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pronaći ćete znanstvenike različitih disciplina,
02:51
and sometimes even philosophers.
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a ponekad čak i filozofe.
02:53
All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens
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Svi mi zajedno pokušavamo shvatiti kako se svjesnost događa
02:57
and what happens when it goes wrong.
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i što se događa kad to pođe po zlu.
02:59
And the strategy is very simple.
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I strategija je vrlo jednostavna.
03:02
I'd like you to think about consciousness
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Volio bih da mislite o svjesnosti
03:04
in the way that we've come to think about life.
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na način na koji mislimo o životu.
03:06
At one time, people thought the property of being alive
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Jedno vrijeme, ljudi su mislili da se svojstvo života
03:08
could not be explained by physics and chemistry --
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nije moglo objasniti fizikom i kemijom --
03:11
that life had to be more than just mechanism.
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život je morao biti više nego samo mehanizam.
03:14
But people no longer think that.
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Ali ljudi to više ne misle.
03:16
As biologists got on with the job
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Kako su biolozi napredovali u poslu
03:18
of explaining the properties of living systems
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objašnjavanja svojstava živih sustava
03:20
in terms of physics and chemistry --
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u pogledu fizike i kemije --
03:22
things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --
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stvari kao metabolizam, reprodukcija, homeostaza --
03:25
the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,
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osnovni misterij toga što je život počeo je blijediti.
03:29
and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,
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i ljudi nisu predlagali više magična rješenja,
03:32
like a force of life or an élan vital.
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kao što je sila života ili élan vital.
03:35
So as with life, so with consciousness.
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Kao i sa životom, tako i sa svjesnošću.
03:37
Once we start explaining its properties
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Jednom kad počnemo objašnjavati njezina svojstva
03:40
in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,
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u pogledu stvari koje se događaju unutar mozgova i tijela,
03:43
the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is
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naizgled nerješiva tajna svjesnosti
03:47
should start to fade away.
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trebala bi početi blijediti.
03:49
At least that's the plan.
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Barem je takav plan.
03:51
So let's get started.
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Pa počnimo.
03:52
What are the properties of consciousness?
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Koja su svojstva svjesnosti?
03:54
What should a science of consciousness try to explain?
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Što bi znanost o svjesnosti trebala objasniti?
03:57
Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.
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Za danas bih volio razmišljati o svjesnosti na dva različita načina.
04:01
There are experiences of the world around us,
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Postoje iskustva svijeta oko nas,
04:04
full of sights, sounds and smells,
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puna slika, zvukova i mirisa,
04:06
there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.
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postoji multisenzorni, panoramski 3D, u potpunosti uronjen unutarnji film.
04:11
And then there's conscious self.
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I postoji svjesno sebstvo.
04:13
The specific experience of being you or being me.
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Specifično iskustvo bivanja vas ili bivanja mene.
04:15
The lead character in this inner movie,
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Glavni lik u ovom unutarnjem filmu
04:17
and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.
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i vjerojatno aspekt svjesnosti za koji se najviše držimo.
04:21
Let's start with experiences of the world around us,
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Počnimo sa iskustvima svijeta oko nas,
04:24
and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.
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i s važnom idejom mozga kao stroja za predviđanje.
04:28
Imagine being a brain.
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Zamislite da ste mozak.
04:30
You're locked inside a bony skull,
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Zatvoreni unutar koščate lubanje,
04:32
trying to figure what's out there in the world.
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pokušavajući shvatiti što je vani u svijetu.
04:34
There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.
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Nema svijetla unutar lubanje. Također nema ni zvuka.
04:37
All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses
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Sve s čime radite su rijeke električnih impulsa
04:40
which are only indirectly related to things in the world,
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koji su samo neizravno povezani sa stvarima u svijetu,
04:43
whatever they may be.
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što god da one bile.
04:45
So perception -- figuring out what's there --
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Percepcija – odgonetavanje što je tamo --
04:47
has to be a process of informed guesswork
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mora biti proces informiranog pogađanja
04:50
in which the brain combines these sensory signals
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u kojoj mozak kombinira sve te senzorne signale
04:53
with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is
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sa svojim prijašnjim očekivanjima ili vjerovanjima o tome kakav je svijet
04:57
to form its best guess of what caused those signals.
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kako bi formirao najbolje nagađanje što je uzrokovalo te signale.
05:00
The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
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Mozak ne čuje zvuk ili vidi svjetlo
05:03
What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.
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Ono što opažamo je njegovo najbolje nagađanje o tome što je vani u svijetu.
05:09
Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.
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Dat ću vam nekoliko primjera svega toga.
05:12
You might have seen this illusion before,
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Možda ste vidjeli prije ovu iluziju,
05:14
but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.
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ali volio bih da razmislite o njoj na novi način.
05:16
If you look at those two patches, A and B,
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Ako pogledate ova dva dijela, A i B,
05:18
they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?
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trebali bi vam izgledati kao vrlo različite nijanse sive, jelda?
05:23
But they are in fact exactly the same shade.
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Ali to je zapravo potpuno ista nijansa.
05:26
And I can illustrate this.
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I mogu vam to pokazati.
05:27
If I put up a second version of the image here
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Ako postavi drugu verziju slike ovdje
05:29
and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,
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i povežem dva dijela sa sivo obojanim stupcem,
05:32
you can see there's no difference.
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možete vidjeti da nema razlike.
05:34
It's exactly the same shade of gray.
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To je potpuno ista nijansa sive.
05:36
And if you still don't believe me,
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I ako mi još uvijek ne vjerujete,
05:37
I'll bring the bar across and join them up.
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Stavit ću stupac prijeko i spojiti ih.
05:40
It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.
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To je blok u jednoj boji sive, i uopće nema razlik.
05:44
This isn't any kind of magic trick.
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Ovo nije nekakav magični trik.
05:46
It's the same shade of gray,
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To je ista nijansa sive,
05:47
but take it away again, and it looks different.
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ali oduzmite to opet, i izgleda drukčije.
05:51
So what's happening here
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Ono što se događa ovdje
05:52
is that the brain is using its prior expectations
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je da mozak koristi svoja prijašnja očekivanja
05:55
built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex
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ugrađena duboko u mreže vizualnog korteksa
05:58
that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,
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da bačena sjena zatamnjuje izgled neke površine,
06:01
so that we see B as lighter than it really is.
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tako da vidimo B kao svjetliji nego što stvarno je.
06:05
Here's one more example,
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Evo još jedan primjer,
06:07
which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions
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koji pokazuje koliko brzo mozak može upotrijebiti nova predviđanja
06:10
to change what we consciously experience.
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kako bi promjenio ono što svjesno doživljavamo.
06:12
Have a listen to this.
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Poslušajte ovo.
06:15
(Distorted voice)
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(Deformirani glas)
06:19
Sounded strange, right?
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Zvučalo je čudno, zar ne?
06:20
Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.
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Poslušajte opet i vidite možete li čuti nešto.
06:23
(Distorted voice)
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(Deformirani glas)
06:27
Still strange.
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Još uvijek čudno.
06:29
Now listen to this.
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Sad slušajte ovo.
06:30
(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.
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(Snimka) Anil Seth: Mislim da je Brexit stvarno užasna ideja.
06:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:35
Which I do.
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Što i mislim.
06:36
So you heard some words there, right?
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Čuli ste neke riječi tamo, zar ne?
06:38
Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.
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Sad slušajte ponovno prvi zvuk. Opet ću ga pustiti.
06:41
(Distorted voice)
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(Deformirani glas)
06:44
Yeah? So you can now hear words there.
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Da? Pa sada možete čuti rječi ovdje.
06:47
Once more for luck.
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Još jednom za sreću.
06:49
(Distorted voice)
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(Deformirani glas)
06:53
OK, so what's going on here?
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Ok, što se događa ovdje?
06:55
The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain
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Izvanredna stvar je da se senzorna informacija koja dolazi u mozak
06:58
hasn't changed at all.
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uopće nije promijenila.
07:00
All that's changed is your brain's best guess
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Sve što se promijenilo najbolje je nagađanje vašeg mozga
07:03
of the causes of that sensory information.
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o uzroku te senzorne informacije.
07:05
And that changes what you consciously hear.
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I to mijenja ono što svjesno čujete.
07:08
All this puts the brain basis of perception
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Sve ovo stavlja bazu percepcije mozga
07:11
in a bit of a different light.
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u malo drukčije svjetlo.
07:13
Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain
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Umjesto da percepcija ovisi većinom o signalima koji dolaze u mozak
07:17
from the outside world,
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iz vanjskog svijeta,
07:18
it depends as much, if not more,
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ovisi isto toliko, ako ne i više,
07:21
on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.
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o perceptualnim predviđanjima koja se kreću u suprotnom smjeru.
07:26
We don't just passively perceive the world,
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Mi ne percepiramo samo pasivno ovaj svijet,
07:28
we actively generate it.
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već ga i aktivno stvaramo.
07:29
The world we experience comes as much, if not more,
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Svijet koji doživljavamo dolazi toliko, ako ne i više,
07:32
from the inside out
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od iznutra prema van
07:33
as from the outside in.
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kao i od van prema unutra.
07:35
Let me give you one more example of perception
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Dopustite mi da dam jedan primjer percepcije
07:37
as this active, constructive process.
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kao ovog aktivnog, konstruktivnog procesa.
07:41
Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing
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Ovdje smo kombinirali virtualnu stvarnost sa procesiranjem slika
07:46
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions
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kako bi simulirali učinke odviše jakih perceptualnih predviđanja
07:49
on experience.
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na iskustvo.
07:50
In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --
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U ovom panoramskom videu transformirali smo svijet,
07:53
which is in this case Sussex campus --
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koji je u ovom slučaju kampus Sussexa,
07:55
into a psychedelic playground.
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u psihodelično igralište.
07:57
We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream
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Procesirali smo snimku koristeći algoritam temeljen na Googleovom Deep Dream-u
08:01
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.
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kako bi simulirali učinke odviše snažnih perceptualnih predviđanja.
08:05
In this case, to see dogs.
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U ovom slučaju kako bi vidjeli pse.
08:07
And you can see this is a very strange thing.
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I kao što vidite to je vrlo čudna stvar.
08:09
When perceptual predictions are too strong,
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Kad su perceptualna predviđanja previše snažna
08:11
as they are here,
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kao što su ovdje,
08:13
the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations
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rezultat izgleda vrlo slično nekim halucinacijama
08:16
people might report in altered states,
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koje ljudi dožive u promijenjenom stanju,
08:18
or perhaps even in psychosis.
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ili možda čak i u psihozi.
08:21
Now, think about this for a minute.
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Razmislite o ovome na trenutak.
08:23
If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,
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Ako je halucinacija vrsta nekontrolirane percepcije
08:28
then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,
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onda je percepcija ovdje i sada također vrsta halucinacije,
08:32
but a controlled hallucination
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ali kontrolirane halucinacije
08:34
in which the brain's predictions are being reined in
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u kojoj su predviđanja mozga kontrolirana
08:37
by sensory information from the world.
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senzornim informacijama iz svijeta.
08:40
In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,
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U stvari, mi svi haluciniramo cijelo vrijeme,
08:43
including right now.
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uključujući ovdje sada.
08:44
It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,
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Jedino što kad se slažemo oko naših halucinacija,
08:47
we call that reality.
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to zovemo stvarnost.
08:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:53
Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,
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Sada ću vam reći da je vaše iskustvo sebstva,
08:56
the specific experience of being you,
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specifično iskustvo bivanja vas,
08:58
is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.
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također kontrolirana halucinacija koju stvara mozak.
09:01
This seems a very strange idea, right?
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Čini se kao vrlo čudna ideja, zar ne?
09:04
Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,
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Da, vizualne iluzije mogu prevariti moje oči,
09:06
but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?
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Ali kako mogu biti prevaren u vezi toga što znači biti ja?
09:10
For most of us,
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Za većinu nas,
09:11
the experience of being a person
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iskustvo bivanja osobom
09:13
is so familiar, so unified and so continuous
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tako je blisko, ujedinjeno i kontinuirano
09:15
that it's difficult not to take it for granted.
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da je teško ne uzimati ga zdravo za gotovo.
09:17
But we shouldn't take it for granted.
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Ali ne bismo trebali.
09:19
There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.
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U stvari postoje mnogi načini na koje doživljavamo sebstvo.
09:22
There's the experience of having a body
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Tu je iskustvo imanja tijela
09:24
and of being a body.
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i bivanja tijelom.
09:26
There are experiences of perceiving the world
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Tu su iskustva doživljavanja svijeta
09:28
from a first person point of view.
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u prvom licu.
09:30
There are experiences of intending to do things
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Tu su iskustva namjeravanja raditi stvari
09:32
and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.
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i bivanja uzrokom stvari koje se događaju u svijetu.
09:35
And there are experiences
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I tu su iskustva
09:36
of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,
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bivanja kontinurianom i karakterističnom osobom tijekom vremena,
09:40
built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.
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izgrađena od kompleta sjećanja i socijalnih interakcija.
09:44
Many experiments show,
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Mnogi pokusi pokazuju,
09:45
and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,
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a psihijatri i neurolozi vrlo dobro znaju,
09:47
that these different ways in which we experience being a self
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da se svi ovi različiti načini na koje doživljavamo sebstvo
09:50
can all come apart.
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mogu raspasti.
09:52
What this means is the basic background experience
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To znači da je osnovno pozadinsko iskustvo
09:55
of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.
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bivanja ujedinjenim sobom dosta krhka konstrukcija mozga.
10:00
Another experience, which just like all others,
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Drugo iskustvo koje kao i sva ostala,
10:02
requires explanation.
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zahtijeva objašnjenje.
10:04
So let's return to the bodily self.
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Vratimo se tjelesnom sebstvu.
10:06
How does the brain generate the experience of being a body
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Kako mozak stvara iskustvo bivanja tijelom
10:09
and of having a body?
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i imanja tijela.
10:10
Well, just the same principles apply.
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Vrijede upravo isti principi.
10:12
The brain makes its best guess
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Mozak radi najbolje nagađanje
10:13
about what is and what is not part of its body.
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o tome što je i što nije dio njegovog tijela.
10:16
And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.
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I postoji prekrasan pokus u neuroznanosti koji prikazuje ovo.
10:20
And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
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Za razliku od većine pokusa u neuroznanosti,
10:22
this is one you can do at home.
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ovaj možete napraviti kod kuće.
10:24
All you need is one of these.
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Sve što trebate je ovo.
10:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:27
And a couple of paintbrushes.
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I nekoliko kistova.
10:30
In the rubber hand illusion,
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U iluziji gumene ruke,
10:32
a person's real hand is hidden from view,
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prava ruka osobe je skrivena
10:34
and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.
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i ta lažna gumena ruka je postavljena ispred.
10:36
Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush
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Potom su obje ruke istovremeno dodirivane kistom
10:40
while the person stares at the fake hand.
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dok osoba gleda u lažnu ruku.
10:43
Now, for most people, after a while,
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Za većinu ljudi nakon nekog vremena,
10:45
this leads to the very uncanny sensation
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ovo dovodi do vrlo jezovitog osjećaja
10:47
that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.
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da je lažna ruka ustvari dio njihovog tijela.
10:51
And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch
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I ideja je da kongruentnost između gledanja dodira i osjećanja dodira
10:55
on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,
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na objektu koji izgleda kao ruka i nalazi se otprilike gdje ruka treba biti,
11:00
is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess
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dovoljno je dokaza za mozak da napravi najbolje nagađanje
11:03
that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.
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da je lažna ruka u stvari dio tijela.
11:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:15
So you can measure all kinds of clever things.
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Pa možete mjeriti sve vrste pametnih stvari.
11:17
You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,
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Možete mjeriti vodljivost kože i šokirane odgovore,
11:20
but there's no need.
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ali nema potrebe.
11:22
It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.
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Očito da je čovjek u plavom asimilirao lažnu ruku.
11:25
This means that even experiences of what our body is
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Ovo znači da su čak i iskustva o tome što je naše tijelo
11:28
is a kind of best guessing --
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vrsta najboljeg pogađanja --
11:30
a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.
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vrsta kontrolirane halucinacije mozga.
11:33
There's one more thing.
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Ima još jedna stvar.
11:36
We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,
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Ne doživljavamo naša tijela kao objekte u svijetu izvana,
11:39
we also experience them from within.
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također ih doživljavamo iznutra.
11:41
We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.
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Svi doživljavamo osjećaj bivanja tijelom iznutra.
11:47
And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body
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I senzorni signali koji dolaze iz unutrašnjosti tijela
11:49
are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,
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kontinuirano govore mozgu o stanju unutarnjih organa,
11:53
how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,
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kako srce radi, kakav je krvni tlak,
11:56
lots of things.
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mnogo stvari.
11:57
This kind of perception, which we call interoception,
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Ova vrsta percepcije, koju zovemo interocepcija,
12:00
is rather overlooked.
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dosta je zanemarena.
12:02
But it's critically important
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Ali je kritično važna
12:03
because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --
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jer percepcija i regulacija unutarnjeg stanja tijela --
12:06
well, that's what keeps us alive.
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to je ono što nas održava na životu.
12:09
Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.
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Evo druge verzije iluzije gumene ruke.
12:11
This is from our lab at Sussex.
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Ovo je iz laboratorija u Sussexu.
12:13
And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,
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I ovdje, ljudi vide verziju virtualne stvarnosti njihove ruke,
12:16
which flashes red and back
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koja bljeska crveno i crno
12:18
either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.
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sinkrono ili asinkrono s njihovim pulsom.
12:21
And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,
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i kad bljeska sinkrono sa njihovim pulsom
12:23
people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.
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ljudi imaju jači osjećaj da je ruka stvarno dio njihovog tijela.
12:27
So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded
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Tako da je iskustvo imanja tijela duboko utemeljeno
12:31
in perceiving our bodies from within.
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u percepciji naših tijela iznutra.
12:35
There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,
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Posljednja stvar na koju bih vam htio privući pozornost,
12:38
which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different
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koja je da doživljaji iz tijela iznutra su vrlo drukčiji
12:42
from experiences of the world around us.
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od doživljaja svijeta oko nas.
12:44
When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --
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Kada pogledam oko sebe, svijet se čini pun objekata --
12:46
tables, chairs, rubber hands,
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stolovi, stolice, gumene ruke,
12:49
people, you lot --
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ljudi, vi --
12:50
even my own body in the world,
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čak i svoje tijelo u svijetu,
12:52
I can perceive it as an object from the outside.
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mogu ga percipirati kao objekt izvana.
12:55
But my experiences of the body from within,
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Ali moji doživljaji tijela iznutra,
12:57
they're not like that at all.
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Uopće nisu takvi.
12:58
I don't perceive my kidneys here,
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Ne percipiram svoje bubrege ovdje,
13:00
my liver here,
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svoju jetru ovdje,
13:02
my spleen ...
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svoju slezenu…
13:03
I don't know where my spleen is,
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Ne znam gdje je moja slezena,
13:05
but it's somewhere.
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ali je negdje.
13:06
I don't perceive my insides as objects.
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Ne percipiram svoju utrobu kao objekte.
13:08
In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.
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U stvari, ne doživljavam ju uopće osim ako nešto ne pođe po zlu.
13:13
And this is important, I think.
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I mislim da je to važno.
13:15
Perception of the internal state of the body
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Percepcija unutarnjeg stanja tijela
13:17
isn't about figuring out what's there,
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nije u otkrivanju što je tamo,
13:19
it's about control and regulation --
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već je u vezi s kontrolom i regulacijom --
13:21
keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds
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održavanje fizioloških varijabla unutar uskih granica
13:25
that are compatible with survival.
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kompatibilnih s preživljavanjem.
13:28
When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,
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Kad mozak koristi predviđanja kako bi otkrio što je tamo,
13:31
we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.
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percipiramo objekte kao uzroke osjeta.
13:34
When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,
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Kad mozak koristi predviđanja kako bi kontrolirao i regulirao stvari,
13:38
we experience how well or how badly that control is going.
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doživljavamo koliko dobro ili koliko loše se ta kontrola odvija.
13:41
So our most basic experiences of being a self,
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Naši najosnovniji doživljaji sebstva
13:44
of being an embodied organism,
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bivanja utjelovljenim organizmom,
13:46
are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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duboko su utemeljeni u biološkim mehanizmima koji nas održavaju živima.
13:52
And when we follow this idea all the way through,
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I kada pratimo ovu ideju do kraja,
13:55
we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,
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počinjemo vidjeti da svi naši svjesni doživljaji
13:58
since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,
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kako svi ovise na istim mehanizmima percepcije previđanja,
14:03
all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.
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svi polaze od tog osnovnog nagona da ostanemo živi.
14:07
We experience the world and ourselves
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Doživljavam svijet i sebe
14:09
with, through and because of our living bodies.
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sa, kroz i zbog naših živih tijela.
14:13
Let me bring things together step-by-step.
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Dopustite mi da spojim stvari korak po korak.
14:16
What we consciously see depends
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Ono što svjesno vidimo ovisi
14:18
on the brain's best guess of what's out there.
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o najboljem pogađanju mozga o tome što je tamo.
14:20
Our experienced world comes from the inside out,
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Naš doživljeni svijet dolazi od iznutra prema van,
14:22
not just the outside in.
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ne samo od van ka unutra.
14:24
The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences
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Iluzija gumene ruke pokazuje da se to odnosi na naše doživljaje
14:27
of what is and what is not our body.
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o tome što je i što nije naše tijelo.
14:30
And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals
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I ova predviđanja u vezi sebe jako ovise o senzornim signalima
14:34
coming from deep inside the body.
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koji dolaze iz dubina našeg tijela.
14:36
And finally,
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I konačno,
14:37
experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation
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doživljaj bivanja utjelovljenim sobom imaju više veze s kontrolom i regulacijom
14:42
than figuring out what's there.
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nego s otkrivanjem što je tamo vani.
14:44
So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --
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Naša iskustva svijeta oko nas i nas u njemu --
14:48
well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations
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ona su vrsta kontroliranih halucinacija
14:50
that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution
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koja su oblikovana milijunima godina evolucijom
14:53
to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.
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kako bi nas održala živima u svjetu punom opasnosti.
14:56
We predict ourselves into existence.
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Predviđamo sami sebe u postojanje.
15:00
Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.
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Ostavljam vas s tri implikacije svega ovoga.
15:03
First, just as we can misperceive the world,
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Prvo, kao što možemo pogrešno vidjeti svijet,
15:05
we can misperceive ourselves
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možemo pogrešno vidjeti sebe
15:07
when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.
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kada mehanizmi predviđanja pođu po zlu.
15:09
Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
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Razumijevanje toga otvara mnoge nove mogućnosti u psihijatriji i neurologiji,
15:14
because we can finally get at the mechanisms
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jer konačno možemo doći do mehanizama
15:16
rather than just treating the symptoms
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umjesto da tretiramo samo simptome
15:18
in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.
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u stanjima kao što su depresija i shizofrenija.
15:21
Second:
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Drugo:
15:22
what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to
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Ono što znači biti ja ne može biti reducirano ili uploadano
15:26
a software program running on a robot,
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u softverski program koji radi u robotu,
15:29
however smart or sophisticated.
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bez obzira koliko pametan ili sofisticiran.
15:31
We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
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Mi smo biološki, životinje od krvi i mesa
15:34
whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels
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čija su svjesna iskustva oblikovana na svim razinama
15:37
by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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biološkim mehanizmima koji nas održavaju živima.
15:40
Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.
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Samo činjenje računala pametnijim neće ih učiniti svjesnima.
15:45
Finally,
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Konačno,
15:46
our own individual inner universe,
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naš individualni unutarnji svemir,
15:48
our way of being conscious,
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naš način bivanja svjesnim,
15:50
is just one possible way of being conscious.
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samo je jedan moguć način bivanja svjesnim.
15:53
And even human consciousness generally --
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I čak i ljudska svijest općenito --
15:55
it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.
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to je samo mala regija u velikom prostoru mogućih svijesti.
15:59
Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,
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Naše individualno sebstvo i svjetovi jedinstveni su svakome od nas,
16:03
but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms
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ali su svi utemeljeni na biološkim mehanizmima
16:06
shared with many other living creatures.
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koje dijelimo s mnogo drugih živih bića.
16:09
Now, these are fundamental changes
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Ovo su fundamentalne promjene
16:13
in how we understand ourselves,
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u načinu na koji razumijemo sebe,
16:16
but I think they should be celebrated,
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ali mislim da bi trebale biti slavljene
16:17
because as so often in science, from Copernicus --
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jer tako često u znanosti, od Kopernika,
16:20
we're not at the center of the universe --
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mi nismo u centru svemira --
16:22
to Darwin --
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do Darwina --
16:23
we're related to all other creatures --
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u srodstvu smo sa svim ostalim bićima --
16:25
to the present day.
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do današnjeg dana.
16:28
With a greater sense of understanding
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S većim osjećajem razumjevanja
16:31
comes a greater sense of wonder,
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dolazi veći osjećaj čuđenja
16:33
and a greater realization
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i veće shvaćanje
16:35
that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.
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da smo dio i nismo odvojeni od ostatka prirode.
16:40
And ...
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I…
16:42
when the end of consciousness comes,
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kad dođe kraj svijesti,
16:45
there's nothing to be afraid of.
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ni od čega ne treba strahovati.
16:48
Nothing at all.
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Apsolutno ni od čega.
16:50
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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