Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality | Anil Seth | TED

10,798,736 views ใƒป 2017-07-18

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Naoko Fujii ๆ กๆญฃ: Yasushi Aoki
00:12
Just over a year ago,
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ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ๏ผ‘ๅนดใปใฉๅ‰
00:14
for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.
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ไบบ็”Ÿใง๏ผ“ๅ›ž็›ฎใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ ็งใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
00:17
I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๆ‰‹่ก“ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆ ่„ณใซ้บป้…”ใŒใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚ŠๅŠนใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™
00:22
I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart
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ๅˆ‡ใ‚Š้›ขใ•ใ‚Œใฆ ใƒใƒฉใƒใƒฉใซใชใฃใŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใง
00:25
and a coldness.
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ๅฏ’ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:27
And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,
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ใใฎๅพŒ ๅ…ƒใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใผใ‚“ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ—ใฆ ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
00:30
but definitely there.
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็ขบใ‹ใซ ใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
00:32
Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,
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ๆทฑใ„็œ ใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆšใ‚ใŸๆ™‚
ๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚Š ๅฏๅŠใ—ใŸใฎใงใฏใจไธๅฎ‰ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:34
you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,
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00:37
but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,
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ใงใ‚‚ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ้ŽใŽใŸใจใ„ใ†
้ŽๅŽปใจ็พๅœจใฎ้€ฃ็ถšๆ€งใฎ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใฏ ๅธธใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
00:40
of a continuity between then and now.
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00:42
Coming round from anesthesia is very different.
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้บป้…”ใ‹ใ‚‰้†’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๅ…จใๅˆฅ็‰ฉใงใ™
00:44
I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,
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๏ผ•ๅˆ†้–“ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ— ๏ผ•ๆ™‚้–“ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
00:47
five years or even 50 years.
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5ๅนด ใ„ใ‚„50ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
00:48
I simply wasn't there.
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็งใฏๅ˜ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ›ใš
00:50
It was total oblivion.
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฏใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๆถˆๅคฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:52
Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.
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้บป้…”ใจใฏ ็พไปฃใฎ้ญ”ๆณ•ใงใ™
00:54
It turns people into objects,
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ไบบ้–“ใ‚’็‰ฉไฝ“ใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใ—ใพใ„
00:57
and then, we hope, back again into people.
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ใพใŸไบบ้–“ใซๆˆปใ™ใฎใงใ™ ้ก˜ใ‚ใใฐ
00:59
And in this process
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใซใฏ
01:00
is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.
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็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚„ๅ“ฒๅญฆใงๆœชใ  ๅคงใใช่ฌŽใจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:04
How does consciousness happen?
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฏใ„ใ‹ใซใ—ใฆ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:06
Somehow, within each of our brains,
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๏ผ‘ไบบ๏ผ‘ไบบใฎ่„ณๅ†…ใงใฏ
01:08
the combined activity of many billions of neurons,
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใŒๅฐใ•ใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใƒžใ‚ทใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ็ฅž็ตŒ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒไฝ•ๅๅ„„ๅ€‹ใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใฆ
01:11
each one a tiny biological machine,
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็ตใณใคใ„ใฆๆดปๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š
01:14
is generating a conscious experience.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ‹ ๆ„่ญ˜็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:16
And not just any conscious experience --
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ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๆ„่ญ˜ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใงใชใ
ไปŠ ใ“ใ“ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆ„่ญ˜ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใงใ™
01:18
your conscious experience right here and right now.
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01:20
How does this happen?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ‹ใซใ—ใฆ่ตทใใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:22
Answering this question is so important
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ใ“ใฎๅ•ใ„ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™
01:24
because consciousness for each of us is all there is.
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎๆ„่ญ˜ใŒ ๅœจใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ™ในใฆใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
01:27
Without it there's no world,
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ไธ–็•Œใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:30
there's no self,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚‚ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:31
there's nothing at all.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
01:33
And when we suffer, we suffer consciously
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่‹ฆใ—ใ„ใจใใซใฏ ่‹ฆใ—ใ„ใจๆ„่ญ˜ใ—ใพใ™
01:35
whether it's through mental illness or pain.
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ๅฟƒใฎ็—…ใงใ‚ใ‚Œ ็—›ใฟใงใ‚ใ‚Œ
01:38
And if we can experience joy and suffering,
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใŒๅ–œใณใ‚„่‹ฆใ—ใฟใ‚’ ็ตŒ้จ“ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
01:41
what about other animals?
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ไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏใฉใ†ใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:43
Might they be conscious, too?
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซใ‚‚ๆ„่ญ˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:44
Do they also have a sense of self?
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:46
And as computers get faster and smarter,
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€Ÿใ ่ณขใใชใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸใ‚‰
01:49
maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใใ†้ ใใชใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅ
็งใฎiPhone ใ‚‚ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ ๆŒใคใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:52
when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.
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01:54
I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.
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ๅฎŸใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๆŒใคAIใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏ ไฝŽใ„ใจ ็งใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:59
And I think this because my research is telling me
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ใใ‚Œใจใ„ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ ็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถใŒ็คบใ™ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใฏ
02:02
that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ็ด”็ฒ‹ใช็Ÿฅ่ƒฝใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
็”Ÿใใฆๅ‘ผๅธใ™ใ‚‹ ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใฎๆ€ง่ณชใจใฎ ้–ขใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
02:05
and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.
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02:09
Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใจ็Ÿฅ่ƒฝใฏๅ…จใๅˆฅ็‰ฉใชใ‚“ใงใ™
่‹ฆใ—ใ‚€ใฎใซ่ณขใ•ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:12
You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.
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02:17
In the story I'm going to tell you,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
02:18
our conscious experiences of the world around us,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใจ ใใฎไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹่‡ชๅˆ†ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„่ญ˜็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
02:21
and of ourselves within it,
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02:22
are kinds of controlled hallucinations
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅนป่ฆšใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใใ‚Œใฏ็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ“ใ
02:25
that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.
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็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใ‚’้€šใ˜ ็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใŒๆ•…ใซ ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:29
Now, you might have heard that we know nothing
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ใ•ใฆ ่„ณใ‚„่บซไฝ“ใŒ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใฎใ‹ใฏ
02:33
about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.
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ๅ…จใๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจ ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:35
Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจใ•ใˆ ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™
02:39
But in fact,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ
02:40
the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.
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ใ“ใ“25ๅนดใง ใ“ใฎ้ ˜ๅŸŸใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„็ ”็ฉถใฏ็ˆ†็™บ็š„ใซๅข—ใˆใพใ—ใŸ
02:44
If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒใ‚ตใ‚ปใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅคงๅญฆใฎ ็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใซใŠ่ถŠใ—ใซใชใฃใŸใ‚‰
02:47
you'll find scientists from all different disciplines
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅˆ†้‡Žใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใ‚„
02:51
and sometimes even philosophers.
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ๆ™‚ใซใฏๅ“ฒๅญฆ่€…ใพใง ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:53
All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens
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็งใŸใกใŒ็†่งฃใ‚’่ฉฆใฟใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๆ„่ญ˜ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ไป•็ต„ใฟใจ
02:57
and what happens when it goes wrong.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใจ ใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใ™
02:59
And the strategy is very simple.
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ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ˜็ด”ใงใ™
03:02
I'd like you to think about consciousness
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏ
็”Ÿ็‰ฉใซใคใ„ใฆใจ ๅŒใ˜่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
03:04
in the way that we've come to think about life.
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03:06
At one time, people thought the property of being alive
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ใ‹ใคใฆใฏ ใ€Œ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฎ็‰น่ณชใฏ
03:08
could not be explained by physics and chemistry --
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็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใ‚„ๅŒ–ๅญฆใงใฏ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
03:11
that life had to be more than just mechanism.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ไปฅไธŠใฎ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใ ใจ
03:14
But people no longer think that.
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ใงใ‚‚ไปŠใ‚„ ใใ†ใฏ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
03:16
As biologists got on with the job
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใŒ
็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใฎ็‰น่ณชใ‚’ ็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใ‚„ๅŒ–ๅญฆใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹โ€•
03:18
of explaining the properties of living systems
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03:20
in terms of physics and chemistry --
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็ ”็ฉถใ‚’้€ฒใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
03:22
things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --
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ไปฃ่ฌใ‚„็”Ÿๆฎ–ๆฉŸๆง‹ ใƒ›ใƒกใ‚ชใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ทใ‚นใชใฉใงใ™ใญ
03:25
the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่ฌŽใฏ ใใ‚Œใซไผดใ„ ๅงฟใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ
03:29
and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,
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ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๅŠ›ใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎ้ฃ›่บใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใช
้ญ”่ก“็š„ใช็ญ”ใˆใŒๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
03:32
like a force of life or an รฉlan vital.
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03:35
So as with life, so with consciousness.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใซใคใ„ใฆใจๅŒใ˜ใ ๆ„่ญ˜ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใใ†ใ™ในใใงใ™
03:37
Once we start explaining its properties
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฎๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’
่„ณใ‚„่บซไฝ“ใฎๅ†…้ƒจใง่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
03:40
in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,
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03:43
the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ„ใ† ่งฃๆ˜Žไธ่ƒฝใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ่ฌŽใฏ
03:47
should start to fade away.
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ๅงฟใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใฆใ„ใใฏใšใงใ™
03:49
At least that's the plan.
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ ้’ๅ†™็œŸใงใฏใใ†ใงใ™
03:51
So let's get started.
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ใงใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:52
What are the properties of consciousness?
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฎๆ€ง่ณชใจใฏ ใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
03:54
What should a science of consciousness try to explain?
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็ง‘ๅญฆใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ในใใ“ใจใฏ ไฝ•ใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
03:57
Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ„่ญ˜ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๏ผ’ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง่€ƒใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:01
There are experiences of the world around us,
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็งใŸใกใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ็ตŒ้จ“ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:04
full of sights, sounds and smells,
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ๅ…‰ใ‚„ ้Ÿณใ‚„ ใซใŠใ„ใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใฆ
04:06
there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.
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ๅคšๆง˜ใชๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ไผดใ† ใƒ‘ใƒŽใƒฉใƒž็š„ใง๏ผ“Dใฎ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆฒกๅ…ฅ็š„ใช ๅฟƒใฎไธญใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
ใใ—ใฆๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใŸ่‡ชๅทฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:11
And then there's conscious self.
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04:13
The specific experience of being you or being me.
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ใ€Œ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใงใ™
04:15
The lead character in this inner movie,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใ“ใฎๅฟƒใฎไธญใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ ไธปไบบๅ…ฌใงใ‚ใ‚Š
04:17
and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆ„่ญ˜ใฎใใฎๅด้ขใซ ใฟใ‚“ใชๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅผทใใ—ใŒใฟใคใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
04:21
Let's start with experiences of the world around us,
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ใพใšใฏ่บซใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใจ
04:24
and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.
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ไบˆๆธฌใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใจใ—ใฆใฎ่„ณใจใ„ใ† ้‡่ฆใช่€ƒใˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:28
Imagine being a brain.
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่„ณใฎ่บซใซใชใฃใฆ ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:30
You're locked inside a bony skull,
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ๅ›บใ„้ ญ่“‹้ชจใซ ้–‰ใ˜่พผใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
04:32
trying to figure what's out there in the world.
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ๅค–ใฎไธ–็•Œใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:34
There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.
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้ ญ่“‹้ชจใฎไธญใซใฏ ๅ…‰ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ้Ÿณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:37
All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ๅˆฉ็”จใงใใ‚‹้›ปๆฐ—็š„ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‘ใƒซใ‚นใซ ้ ผใ‚‰ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
04:40
which are only indirectly related to things in the world,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œ ไธ–็•Œใฎไบ‹็‰ฉใจใฏ
้–“ๆŽฅ็š„ใซ้–ขใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ ใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
04:43
whatever they may be.
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04:45
So perception -- figuring out what's there --
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ€Œ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ€ใฏ
04:47
has to be a process of informed guesswork
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซๅŸบใฅใๆŽจๆธฌใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใซ ใชใ‚‰ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
04:50
in which the brain combines these sensory signals
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ใใ“ใงใฏ่„ณใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆš็š„ใชไฟกๅทใ‚’
04:53
with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is
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ไธ–็•ŒใŒใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ ไบ‹ๅ‰ใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚„ไฟกๅฟตใจ็ตใณใคใ‘ใฆ
04:57
to form its best guess of what caused those signals.
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ไฝ•ใŒใใฎไฟกๅทใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ—ใพใ™
05:00
The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
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่„ณใŒ้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šๅ…‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Š ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:03
What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.
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็งใŸใกใŒ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ไธ–็•Œใง่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใงใ™
05:09
Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:12
You might have seen this illusion before,
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ใ“ใฎ็›ฎใฎ้Œฏ่ฆšใฏ ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
05:14
but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.
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ๆ–ฐใŸใชๆ–นๅ‘ใ‹ใ‚‰ ่€ƒใˆใฆ้ ‚ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
05:16
If you look at those two patches, A and B,
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AใจBใฎ๏ผ’ใคใฎๅŒบ็”ปใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใจ
05:18
they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?
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็ฐ่‰ฒใฎๆฟƒใ•ใŒ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใฃใฆ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™
05:23
But they are in fact exactly the same shade.
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ใงใ‚‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใฏๅ…จใๅŒใ˜ๆฟƒใ•ใชใ‚“ใงใ™
ใใ‚Œใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:26
And I can illustrate this.
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05:27
If I put up a second version of the image here
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็ฌฌ๏ผ’ใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฎ็ตตใงใฏ
05:29
and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,
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๏ผ’ใคใฎๅŒบ็”ปใ‚’ ็ฐ่‰ฒใฎใƒใƒผใง็น‹ใ„ใงใ„ใฆ
05:32
you can see there's no difference.
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ๅ…จใ้•ใ„ใŒใชใ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใญ
05:34
It's exactly the same shade of gray.
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็ฐ่‰ฒใฎๆฟƒใ•ใฏๅ…จใๅŒใ˜ใชใ‚“ใงใ™
05:36
And if you still don't believe me,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใพใ ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใชใ‚‰
05:37
I'll bring the bar across and join them up.
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ใƒใƒผใ‚’ใšใ‚‰ใ—ใฆ ๅŒบ็”ปใซ้‡ใญใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:40
It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.
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ไธ€่‰ฒใฎ็ฐ่‰ฒใฎๅกŠใซใชใ‚Š ้•ใ„ใฏๅ…จใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:44
This isn't any kind of magic trick.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ‰‹ๅ“ใงใ‚‚ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใชใ
05:46
It's the same shade of gray,
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็ฐ่‰ฒใฎๆฟƒใ•ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™
05:47
but take it away again, and it looks different.
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ใงใ‚‚ ใƒใƒผใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใฎใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ ใพใŸ้•ใฃใฆ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
05:51
So what's happening here
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ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจ
05:52
is that the brain is using its prior expectations
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่„ณใฏไบ‹ๅ‰ใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’ ็”จใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
05:55
built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ฆ–่ฆš้‡Žใฎๅ›ž่ทฏใฎไธญใซ ๆทฑใๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
05:58
that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,
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ใ€ŒๅฝฑใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจ ็‰ฉใฎ่กจ้ขใฏ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆš—ใ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:01
so that we see B as lighter than it really is.
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ใใ‚ŒใงBใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
06:05
Here's one more example,
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ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:07
which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions
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่„ณใŒใ„ใ‹ใซ็ด ๆ—ฉใ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไบˆๆธฌใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
06:10
to change what we consciously experience.
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ๆ„่ญ˜็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚’ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ ็คบใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
06:12
Have a listen to this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใŠ่ดใใใ ใ•ใ„
06:15
(Distorted voice)
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๏ผˆใ‚†ใŒใ‚“ใ ้Ÿณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰
06:19
Sounded strange, right?
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ใชใ‚“ใ‹ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
06:20
Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ดใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:23
(Distorted voice)
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๏ผˆใ‚†ใŒใ‚“ใ ้Ÿณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰
06:27
Still strange.
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ใ‚„ใฃใฑใ‚Šๅค‰ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
06:29
Now listen to this.
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ใงใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใŠ่ดใใใ ใ•ใ„
06:30
(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.
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๏ผˆ้Ÿณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰ I think Brexit is a really terrible idea. (ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚ฐใ‚ธใƒƒใƒˆใฏๅ…จใใฒใฉใ„่€ƒใˆใ ใชใ‚)
06:34
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
06:35
Which I do.
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ใปใ‚“ใจใซใใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
06:36
So you heard some words there, right?
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่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ่žใๅ–ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใญ
06:38
Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.
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ใงใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณๅฃฐใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ดใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™
06:41
(Distorted voice)
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๏ผˆใ‚†ใŒใ‚“ใ ้Ÿณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.
06:44
Yeah? So you can now hear words there.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ่žใๅ–ใ‚ŒใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:47
Once more for luck.
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ใŠใพใ‘ใง ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ๅ›ž
06:49
(Distorted voice)
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๏ผˆใ‚†ใŒใ‚“ใ ้Ÿณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰
06:53
OK, so what's going on here?
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ใงใฏใ“ใ“ใง ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:55
The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain
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ๆณจ็›ฎใ™ในใใ“ใจใฏ
่„ณใซๅฑŠใๆ„Ÿ่ฆšๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏ ๅ…จใๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:58
hasn't changed at all.
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07:00
All that's changed is your brain's best guess
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใฏ
ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่„ณใฎ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใ ใ‘ใงใ™
07:03
of the causes of that sensory information.
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07:05
And that changes what you consciously hear.
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ใใฎๆŽจๆธฌใŒ ๆ„่ญ˜ใ—ใฆ่žใๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:08
All this puts the brain basis of perception
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ่„ณใฎๅŸบ็คŽใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ไธŠใง
ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใฃใŸ่ฆณ็‚นใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
07:11
in a bit of a different light.
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07:13
Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ
ๅค–ใฎไธ–็•Œใ‹ใ‚‰่„ณใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใ‚‹ ไฟกๅทใซ้ ผใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
07:17
from the outside world,
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07:18
it depends as much, if not more,
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ใใ‚Œใซๅ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ‚‚ๅŠฃใ‚‰ใš
07:21
on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.
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ๅๅฏพๅ‘ใใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ใชไบˆๆธฌใซใ‚‚ ไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:26
We don't just passively perceive the world,
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็งใŸใกใฏๅ˜ใซๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใซ ไธ–็•Œใ‚’็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ
07:28
we actively generate it.
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่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใซไธ–็•Œใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:29
The world we experience comes as much, if not more,
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็งใŸใกใŒ็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œใฏ
ๅค–ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
07:32
from the inside out
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07:33
as from the outside in.
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ใใ‚Œใซๅ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ‚‚ๅŠฃใ‚‰ใš ๅ†…ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹่จณใงใ™
07:35
Let me give you one more example of perception
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใค็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:37
as this active, constructive process.
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ใ“ใฎ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใช ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฎ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฎไพ‹ใงใ™
07:41
Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๆฒกๅ…ฅๅž‹ใƒใƒผใƒใƒฃใƒซใƒปใƒชใ‚ขใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃใจ ็”ปๅƒๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ
07:46
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions
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้Žๅ‰ฐใซๅผทใ„็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ไบˆๆธฌใŒ ็ตŒ้จ“ใซๅŠใผใ™ๅŠนๆžœใ‚’
07:49
on experience.
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ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
07:50
In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --
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ใ“ใฎใƒ‘ใƒŽใƒฉใƒžๆ˜ ๅƒใงใฏ ไธ–็•ŒใŒๅค‰ๅฎนใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:53
which is in this case Sussex campus --
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ‚ตใ‚ปใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅคงๅญฆๆง‹ๅ†…ใ‚’
07:55
into a psychedelic playground.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒ‡ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใช้Šใณๅ ดใซๅค‰ใˆใพใ—ใŸ
07:57
We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream
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Google ใฎ Deep Dream ใซๅŸบใฅใ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ดใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ็ด ๆใ‚’ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ—
08:01
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.
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้Žๅ‰ฐใซๅผทใ„็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ไบˆๆธฌใฎๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:05
In this case, to see dogs.
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏ ็ŠฌใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:07
And you can see this is a very strange thing.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:09
When perceptual predictions are too strong,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชใตใ†ใซ ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ไบˆๆธฌใŒๅผทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ
08:11
as they are here,
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08:13
the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations
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่–ฌ็‰ฉใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟไธ‹ใฎไบบใŒๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ™ใ‚‹ ๅนป่ฆšใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
08:16
people might report in altered states,
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็ฒพ็ฅž็—…ใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใซใ‚‚ ไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
08:18
or perhaps even in psychosis.
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08:21
Now, think about this for a minute.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:23
If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๅนป่ฆšใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎ ๅˆถๅพกใ‚’ๅค–ใ‚ŒใŸ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰
08:28
then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,
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ไปŠใ“ใ“ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ‚‚ใพใŸ ไธ€็จฎใฎๅนป่ฆšใงใ‚ใ‚Š
08:32
but a controlled hallucination
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ใŸใ  ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นใฏ ๅˆถๅพกใŒๅŠนใ„ใฆใ„ใฆ
08:34
in which the brain's predictions are being reined in
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่„ณใฎไบˆๆธฌใฏ
ๅค–ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซ ๅพ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
08:37
by sensory information from the world.
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08:40
In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ใšใฃใจๅนป่ฆšใ‚’่ฆ‹็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
08:43
including right now.
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ไปŠใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใงใ™
08:44
It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,
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ๅนป่ฆšใซใคใ„ใฆ ไธ€ๅŒใŒๅˆๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
08:47
we call that reality.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œ็พๅฎŸใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใ‚“ใงใ™
08:49
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
08:53
Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,
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ๆฌกใซใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ€Œ่‡ชๅทฑใ€ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“โ€•
08:56
the specific experience of being you,
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ใคใพใ‚Š ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚‚
08:58
is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.
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่„ณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅนป่ฆšใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
09:01
This seems a very strange idea, right?
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ใ™ใ”ใๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช่€ƒใˆใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:04
Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,
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้Œฏ่ฆšใซ็›ฎใฏๆฌบใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
09:06
but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?
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ใ€Œ็งใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใŒ ๆฌบใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฏใšใชใ„ใจ
09:10
For most of us,
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็งใŸใกใฎๅคงๅŠใซใจใฃใฆ
09:11
the experience of being a person
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๏ผ‘ไบบใฎไบบ้–“ใ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
ใจใฆใ‚‚้ฆดๆŸ“ใฟๆทฑใ ใฒใจใพใจใพใ‚Šใฎใ‚‚ใฎใง ้€ฃ็ถšๆ€งใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
09:13
is so familiar, so unified and so continuous
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09:15
that it's difficult not to take it for granted.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฝ“็„ถใงใฏใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
09:17
But we shouldn't take it for granted.
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ใงใ‚‚ๅฝ“็„ถใ ใจ ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:19
There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.
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ๅฎŸ้š› ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใซใฏ ๆง˜ใ€…ใช้ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:22
There's the experience of having a body
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใฏ่บซไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใใฎ่บซไฝ“ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:24
and of being a body.
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09:26
There are experiences of perceiving the world
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ไธ–็•Œใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:28
from a first person point of view.
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09:30
There are experiences of intending to do things
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚„
09:32
and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.
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ไธ–็•Œใง่ตทใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:35
And there are experiences
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ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ ้€ฃ็ถšๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ ๏ผ‘ไบบใฎไบบ้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใฆ
09:36
of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,
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09:40
built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚„ ไบบใจใฎ้–ขใ‚ใ‚Šใฎ ่ฑŠใ‹ใช็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:44
Many experiments show,
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ๅคšใใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š
09:45
and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,
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็ฒพ็ฅž็ง‘ๅŒปใ‚„็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใชใ‚‰ ใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ
09:47
that these different ways in which we experience being a self
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆง˜ใ€…ใชๅฝขใฎ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
09:50
can all come apart.
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็ ด็ถปใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:52
What this means is the basic background experience
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ใคใพใ‚Š็ตฑไธ€ไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใฎ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่ƒŒๆ™ฏใจใชใ‚‹็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
09:55
of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.
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่„ณใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ ็ตๆง‹ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ„ๆง‹็ฏ‰็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Š
ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
10:00
Another experience, which just like all others,
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10:02
requires explanation.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’่ฆใ™ใ‚‹็ตŒ้จ“ใชใฎใงใ™
10:04
So let's return to the bodily self.
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่บซไฝ“็š„ใช่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ฉฑใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:06
How does the brain generate the experience of being a body
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ใใฎ่บซไฝ“ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ‹ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใฏ่บซไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚’
10:09
and of having a body?
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่„ณใฏใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
10:10
Well, just the same principles apply.
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ๅ…จใๅŒใ˜ๅŽŸ็†ใŒ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
10:12
The brain makes its best guess
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่„ณใฏ ไฝ•ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใง
10:13
about what is and what is not part of its body.
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ไฝ•ใŒใใ†ใงใชใ„ใฎใ‹ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใงใ™
10:16
And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆใซใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไพ‹่จผใ™ใ‚‹ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:20
And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
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ๅคงๅŠใฎ็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ใชๅฎŸ้จ“ใจ้•ใฃใฆ
10:22
this is one you can do at home.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฎถใงใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
10:24
All you need is one of these.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ดใƒ ใฎๆ‰‹ใ ใ‘
10:26
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
10:27
And a couple of paintbrushes.
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ใ‚ใจใฏ็ตต็ญ†๏ผ’ๆœฌใงใ™
10:30
In the rubber hand illusion,
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ ใฎๆ‰‹ใฎ้Œฏ่ฆšใ€ใงใฏ
10:32
a person's real hand is hidden from view,
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ๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎๆ‰‹ใฏ ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†้š ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆ
10:34
and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.
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ๅฝใฎใ‚ดใƒ ่ฃฝใฎๆ‰‹ใŒ ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฎ ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:36
Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush
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ใใ—ใฆๆœฌ็‰ฉใจๅฝ็‰ฉใฎๆ‰‹ใŒ ๅŒๆ™‚ใซ็ตต็ญ†ใงๆ’ซใงใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹้–“
10:40
while the person stares at the fake hand.
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ใใฎไบบใฏๅฝใฎๆ‰‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:43
Now, for most people, after a while,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ๅคงๆŠตใฎไบบใฏ ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
10:45
this leads to the very uncanny sensation
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้žๅธธใซๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’่ฆšใˆใพใ™
10:47
that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.
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ๅฝ็‰ฉใฎๆ‰‹ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ ใจ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:51
And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch
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ใคใพใ‚Š ๆฆ‚ใญๆ‰‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ๆ‰‹ใซไผผใŸ็‰ฉไฝ“ใŒๆ’ซใงใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
10:55
on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ’ซใงใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใจ ไธ€่‡ดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
11:00
is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess
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ใใฎๅฝ็‰ฉใฎๆ‰‹ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ ใจใ„ใ†้ขจใซ
11:03
that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.
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่„ณใŒๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎ ่จผๆ‹ ใจใ—ใฆใฏ ๅๅˆ†ใชใฎใงใ™
11:06
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ช็„ถ ๅฝใฎๆ‰‹ใŒ็ชใๅˆบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ โ€” ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
11:15
So you can measure all kinds of clever things.
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ๅทงๅฆ™ใชๆธฌๅฎšๆณ•ใฏใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:17
You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,
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็šฎ่†šไผๅฐŽๅๅฟœใ‚„้ฉšๆ„•ๅๅฟœใ‚’ ๆธฌใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
11:20
but there's no need.
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ใงใ‚‚ใใ‚“ใชๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:22
It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.
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้’ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใฎ้’ๅนดใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ ๅฝ็‰ฉใฎๆ‰‹ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ‰‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
11:25
This means that even experiences of what our body is
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ใคใพใ‚Šไฝ•ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใ‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‰
11:28
is a kind of best guessing --
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ไธ€็จฎใฎ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใซ้ŽใŽใš
11:30
a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.
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่„ณใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ ไธ€็จฎใฎ ๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅนป่ฆšใชใ‚“ใงใ™
11:33
There's one more thing.
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ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:36
We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใ‚’ ๅค–็•Œใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ็‰ฉไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใ ใ‘็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹่จณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:39
we also experience them from within.
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่บซไฝ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใฏๅ†…้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚็”Ÿใ˜ใพใ™
11:41
We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.
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ใใฎ่บซไฝ“ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ ็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ๅ†…ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:47
And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body
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ใใ—ใฆ่บซไฝ“ใฎๅ†…้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšไฟกๅทใฏ
11:49
are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,
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่„ณใซๅ†…่‡“ๅ™จๅฎ˜ใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ ็ถ™็ถš็š„ใซไผใˆใพใ™
11:53
how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,
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ๅฟƒ่‡“ใฎๅ‹•ใใŒใฉใ†ใ‹ ่ก€ๅœงใฏใฉใ‚Œไฝใ‹ใชใฉ
11:56
lots of things.
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ๅคšใใฎไบ‹ๆŸ„ใ‚’ใงใ™
11:57
This kind of perception, which we call interoception,
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ใ“ใฎ้กžใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏ ใ€Œๅ†…ๅ—ๅฎนใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ
12:00
is rather overlooked.
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่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใ‚ŒใŒใกใงใ™ใŒ
12:02
But it's critically important
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้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
12:03
because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰่บซไฝ“ๅ†…้ƒจ็Šถๆ…‹ใฎ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจ่ชฟ็ฏ€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ“ใ
12:06
well, that's what keeps us alive.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็”Ÿใ็ถšใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
12:09
Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ ใฎๆ‰‹ใฎ้Œฏ่ฆšใ€ใฎ ๅˆฅใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใง
12:11
This is from our lab at Sussex.
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็งใŸใกใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
12:13
And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ‰‹ใฎ ไปฎๆƒณ็พๅฎŸ็‰ˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™
12:16
which flashes red and back
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ๅฟƒๆ‹ใซๅˆใฃใŸ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ๅค–ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใง
12:18
either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.
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่‚ŒใŒ่ตคใฟใ‚’ๅธฏใณใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:21
And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,
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ๅฟƒๆ‹ใซๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆ่ตคใใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚
12:23
people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅผทใๆŒใกใพใ™
12:27
So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใฏ่บซไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
ๅ†…้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซ ๆทฑใๆ นไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
12:31
in perceiving our bodies from within.
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12:35
There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใŒ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:38
which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different
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ๅ†…้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹ ่บซไฝ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
่บซใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใจ ๅคงใใ้•ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
12:42
from experiences of the world around us.
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12:44
When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --
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ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅ›žใ™ใจ ไธ–็•Œใซใฏ็‰ฉไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
12:46
tables, chairs, rubber hands,
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ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ€ๆค…ๅญใ€ใ‚ดใƒ ใฎๆ‰‹ใ€
12:49
people, you lot --
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ๅคงๅ‹ข
12:50
even my own body in the world,
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็งใฎ่บซไฝ“ใ•ใˆใ‚‚ ไธ–็•Œใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:52
I can perceive it as an object from the outside.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฏๅค–ๅดใฎ็‰ฉไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใŒ
12:55
But my experiences of the body from within,
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ๅ†…้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
ใใ‚Œใจใฏๅ…จใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
12:57
they're not like that at all.
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12:58
I don't perceive my kidneys here,
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ๅˆฅใซใ“ใ‚“ใช้ขจใซ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€Œ่…Ž่‡“ใฏใ“ใ“ใ ใชใ€ใจใ‹
13:00
my liver here,
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ใ€Œ่‚่‡“ใฏใ“ใ“ใ€ใจใ‹
13:02
my spleen ...
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰่„พ่‡“ใฏใƒปใƒปใƒป
13:03
I don't know where my spleen is,
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ใฉใ“ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ
13:05
but it's somewhere.
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ใฉใฃใ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:06
I don't perceive my insides as objects.
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅ†…้ƒจใ‚’ ็‰ฉไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:08
In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๅ•้กŒใŒใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใฏ ๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚‚ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:13
And this is important, I think.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
13:15
Perception of the internal state of the body
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่บซไฝ“ๅ†…้ƒจใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏ
13:17
isn't about figuring out what's there,
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ใฉใ“ใซไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ
13:19
it's about control and regulation --
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ๅˆถๅพกใจ่ชฟ็ฏ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
13:21
keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds
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็”Ÿ็†ๅญฆ็š„ใชๅค‰ๆ•ฐใ‚’
็”Ÿๅญ˜ๅฏ่ƒฝใช็‹ญใ„็ฏ„ๅ›ฒๅ†…ใซ ๅŽใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:25
that are compatible with survival.
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13:28
When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,
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ใใ“ใซไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจ ่„ณใŒไบˆๆธฌใ‚’็”จใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
13:31
we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็‰ฉไฝ“ใ‚’ ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใพใ™
13:34
When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,
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่„ณใŒๅˆถๅพกใ‚„่ชฟ็ฏ€ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ ไบˆๆธฌใ‚’็”จใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใฏ
13:38
we experience how well or how badly that control is going.
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็งใŸใกใฏๅˆถๅพกใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใพใ™
13:41
So our most basic experiences of being a self,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ็งใŸใกใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช็ตŒ้จ“โ€•
13:44
of being an embodied organism,
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่‚‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใค็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
13:46
are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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็งใŸใกใ‚’็”Ÿใ‹ใ—็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ๆฉŸๆง‹ใซๆทฑใๆ นใ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
13:52
And when we follow this idea all the way through,
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใซ ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๅพ“ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใฐ
็งใŸใกใฎๆ„่ญ˜็ตŒ้จ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใใพใ™
13:55
we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,
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13:58
since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,
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ๅ…จใฆใฏ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่กๅ‹•ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ™ใ‚‹
ไบˆๆธฌใซๅŸบใฅใ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจใ„ใ† ๅŒใ˜ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
14:03
all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.
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็งใŸใกใฎไธ–็•Œใ‚„่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ ็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ“ใ
14:07
We experience the world and ourselves
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14:09
with, through and because of our living bodies.
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็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ ็”ŸใใŸ่บซไฝ“ใŒๆ•…ใซ ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
14:13
Let me bring things together step-by-step.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใค ใพใจใ‚ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
14:16
What we consciously see depends
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็งใŸใกใŒๆ„่ญ˜ใฎไธŠใง ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
14:18
on the brain's best guess of what's out there.
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ไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ† ่„ณใฎๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:20
Our experienced world comes from the inside out,
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็งใŸใกใŒ็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œใฏ ๅค–ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
14:22
not just the outside in.
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ๅ†…ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
14:24
The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences
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ใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ ใฎๆ‰‹ใฎ้Œฏ่ฆšใ€ใฏ ใใฎใ“ใจใŒ
ไฝ•ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใง ไฝ•ใŒใใ†ใงใชใ„ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ† ็ตŒ้จ“ใซใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:27
of what is and what is not our body.
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14:30
And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ไบ‹ๆŸ„ใฎไบˆๆธฌใฏ ่บซไฝ“ๅ†…้ƒจใฎๆทฑใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹โ€•
14:34
coming from deep inside the body.
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ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšไฟกๅทใซ ๅผทใไพๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:36
And finally,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
14:37
experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation
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่บซไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใคใจใ„ใ†็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ ใฉใ“ใซไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
ๅˆถๅพกใ‚„่ชฟ็ฏ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
14:42
than figuring out what's there.
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14:44
So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰่บซใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไธ–็•Œใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚„ ใใฎไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใฏ
14:48
well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations
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ๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅนป่ฆšใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใง
14:50
that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution
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ๅฑ้™บใจๆฉŸไผšใซๆบ€ใกใŸไธ–็•Œใง ็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
14:53
to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.
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ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ๅนดใจใ„ใ†้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎไธญใง ๅฝขไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
14:56
We predict ourselves into existence.
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็งใŸใกใฏ ไบˆๆธฌใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
15:00
Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.
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ใงใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ๏ผ“ใคใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ ็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใŠใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
15:03
First, just as we can misperceive the world,
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ใใฎ๏ผ‘ ไธ–็•Œใ‚’่ชคใฃใฆ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
15:05
we can misperceive ourselves
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่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ ่ชคใฃใฆ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
15:07
when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.
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ไบˆๆธฌใฎใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใŒ ใ†ใพใๅƒใ‹ใชใ„ๆ™‚ใซใงใ™
15:09
Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ็ฒพ็ฅžๅŒปๅญฆใ‚„็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆใซ ๅคšใใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™
15:14
because we can finally get at the mechanisms
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ๆŠ‘ใ†ใคใ‚„็ตฑๅˆๅคฑ่ชฟ็—‡ใชใฉใซๅฏพใ—
15:16
rather than just treating the symptoms
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็—‡็Šถใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
15:18
in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.
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ใใฎใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใซ ใŸใฉใ‚Šใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
15:21
Second:
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ใใฎ๏ผ’
15:22
what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to
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ใ€Œ็งใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ใƒญใƒœใƒƒใƒˆๅ†…้ƒจใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใซ
ๅค‰ๆ›ใ‚‚ใงใใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚‚ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
15:26
a software program running on a robot,
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15:29
however smart or sophisticated.
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ใ„ใใ‚‰่ณขใๆด—็ทดใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ใƒญใƒœใƒƒใƒˆใงใ‚‚ใงใ™
15:31
We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
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็งใŸใกใฏ็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใง ่ก€ใ‚‚่‚‰ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
15:34
whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels
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ๆ„่ญ˜็ตŒ้จ“ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ็งใŸใกใ‚’็”Ÿใ‹ใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
15:37
by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๆฐดๆบ–ใงๅฝขไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
15:40
Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ใŸใ ่ณขใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹่จณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
15:45
Finally,
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ใใฎ๏ผ“
15:46
our own individual inner universe,
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็งใŸใก็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชๅ†…็š„ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
15:48
our way of being conscious,
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฎใ‚ใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ†ใฏ
ใปใ‚“ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใฎๅฝขใงใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
15:50
is just one possible way of being conscious.
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15:53
And even human consciousness generally --
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ใใ—ใฆไบบ้–“ใŒๆ„่ญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚
15:55
it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ†ใ‚‹้ ˜ๅŸŸใฎใ†ใก ใปใ‚“ใฎใ‚ใšใ‹ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
15:59
Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,
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๏ผ‘ไบบ๏ผ‘ไบบใฎ่‡ชๅทฑใจไธ–็•Œใฏ ใใฎไบบใซ็‰นๆœ‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
16:03
but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms
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่ชฐใฎๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใซๅŸบ็คŽใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
16:06
shared with many other living creatures.
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ใใฎใ“ใจใฏๅคšใใฎไป–ใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใจ ๅ…ฑ้€šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
16:09
Now, these are fundamental changes
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ใ•ใฆ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒใ„ใ‹ใซ ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’
16:13
in how we understand ourselves,
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ๆ นๆœฌ็š„ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
16:16
but I think they should be celebrated,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ–œใถในใใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
16:17
because as so often in science, from Copernicus --
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็ง‘ๅญฆใงใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
็งใŸใกใฏๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎไธญๅฟƒใซใ„ใ‚‹่จณใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ—ใŸ ใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใ‹ใ‚‰
16:20
we're not at the center of the universe --
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16:22
to Darwin --
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็งใŸใกใฏๅ…จใฆใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸ ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณ
16:23
we're related to all other creatures --
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠๆ—ฅใพใง ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
16:25
to the present day.
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16:28
With a greater sense of understanding
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็†่งฃใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใŒๅผทใพใ‚Œใฐ
ไธๆ€่ญฐใ•ใซๆ‰“ใŸใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚‚ๅผทใใชใ‚Š
16:31
comes a greater sense of wonder,
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16:33
and a greater realization
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ช็„ถใฎๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใงใ‚ใฃใฆ
16:35
that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.
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ๅˆ‡ใ‚Š้›ขใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ˜ๅœจใงใฏใชใ„ใจ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใ่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šใพใ™
16:40
And ...
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ใใ—ใฆใƒปใƒปใƒป
16:42
when the end of consciousness comes,
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒๆฅใฆใ‚‚
ๆใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใฆใƒผ
16:45
there's nothing to be afraid of.
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16:48
Nothing at all.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
16:50
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:51
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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