Your Brain Hallucinates Your Conscious Reality | Anil Seth | TED

11,066,495 views ・ 2017-07-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JY Kang κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:12
Just over a year ago,
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λ”± 1λ…„ 전에
00:14
for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.
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제 μ‚Άμ—μ„œ μ„Έ 번째둜 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ©ˆμ·„μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›λ˜ μ€‘μ΄μ—ˆκ³  λ‡Œμ—λŠ” λ§ˆμ·¨μ œκ°€ μ±„μ›Œμ§€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:22
I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart
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κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œλŠ” 무언가 λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜κ³  ν©μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ“―ν•œ λŠλ‚Œκ³Ό
00:25
and a coldness.
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차가움을 λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,
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깨어났을 λ•ŒλŠ” λ‚˜λ₯Έν•¨κ³Ό λ©ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜
00:30
but definitely there.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ κ±°κΈ° μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:32
Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μˆ™λ©΄μ„ μ·¨ν•œ 뒀에 깨어났을 λ•Œμ—λ„
00:34
you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,
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μ‹œκ°„ 관념이 ν¬λ―Έν•΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ λŠ¦μž μ„ μž” 건지 λΆˆμ•ˆν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν˜λ €μŒμ„ λŠλΌλŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ 감각은 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
of a continuity between then and now.
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μž μ„ 자기 μ „ν›„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ  연속성은 λŠλ‚„ 수 있죠.
00:42
Coming round from anesthesia is very different.
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λ§ˆμ·¨μ—μ„œ κΉ¨μ–΄λ‚  λ•ŒλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,
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마취 μƒνƒœλ‘œ 5뢄을 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€, 5μ‹œκ°„μ„ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€
00:47
five years or even 50 years.
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5년인지, 심지어 50년인지
00:48
I simply wasn't there.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ κ°€λŠ μ΄ μ•ˆλ˜μ£ .
00:50
It was total oblivion.
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μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬΄μ˜μ‹ μƒνƒœμ˜€λ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.
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마취 κΈ°μˆ μ€ ν˜„μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ λ§ˆλ²•κ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
It turns people into objects,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‚¬λ¬Όλ‘œ 바꿔버렸닀가
00:57
and then, we hope, back again into people.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λŒλ €λ†“κΈ°λ₯Ό 바라죠.
00:59
And in this process
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그리고 κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
01:00
is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ² ν•™μ—μ„œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 풀지 λͺ»ν•œ λ‚œμ œκ°€ μƒκ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
How does consciousness happen?
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우리의 μ˜μ‹μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜λŠ”κ°€?
01:06
Somehow, within each of our brains,
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μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ”
01:08
the combined activity of many billions of neurons,
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ ν™œλ™ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:11
each one a tiny biological machine,
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κ·Έ ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μž‘μ€ 생물학적 기계가
01:14
is generating a conscious experience.
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μ˜μ‹μ  κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
And not just any conscious experience --
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ˜μ‹μ  κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ  κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κ³  있죠.
01:18
your conscious experience right here and right now.
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01:20
How does this happen?
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이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:22
Answering this question is so important
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κ·Έ 닡을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 무척 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
because consciousness for each of us is all there is.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ˜μ‹μ΄ 우리의 전뢀이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:27
Without it there's no world,
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μ˜μ‹ μ—†μ΄λŠ” 세상도 μ—†κ³ 
01:30
there's no self,
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μžμ•„λ„ μ—†κ³ 
01:31
there's nothing at all.
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아무 것도 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
And when we suffer, we suffer consciously
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ΄΄λ‘œμ›Œν•  λ•Œ μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄΄λ‘œμ›Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
whether it's through mental illness or pain.
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그게 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ΄λ‚˜ 고톡이든 μƒκ΄€μ—†μ΄μš”.
01:38
And if we can experience joy and suffering,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기쁨과 아픔을 κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
01:41
what about other animals?
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λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
01:43
Might they be conscious, too?
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동물듀도 μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:44
Do they also have a sense of self?
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동물도 μžμ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:46
And as computers get faster and smarter,
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컴퓨터가 더 빨라지고 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄μ§€λ©΄
01:49
maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,
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머지 μ•Šμ€ μ–΄λŠ μ‹œμ μ—λŠ”
01:52
when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.
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제 아이폰도 μžμ‹ μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό 인지할지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.
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사싀 μ „ AIκ°€ μ˜μ‹μ„ κ°–κΈ°μ—λŠ” 아직 λ©€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
And I think this because my research is telling me
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” μ €μ˜ 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
02:02
that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence
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μ˜μ‹μ€ μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ 지λŠ₯κ³ΌλŠ” 그닀지 연관이 μ—†κ³ 
02:05
and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.
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μ‚΄μ•„ μˆ¨μ‰¬λŠ” μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ„±μ§ˆκ³Ό 더 깊이 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.
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μ˜μ‹κ³Ό 지λŠ₯은 μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
고톡은 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄μ•Ό λŠλΌλŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό λŠλΌλŠ” 것이죠.
02:12
You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.
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02:17
In the story I'm going to tell you,
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은
02:18
our conscious experiences of the world around us,
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우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 세상 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠλΌλŠ” μ˜μ‹ κ²½ν—˜λ“€μ€
02:21
and of ourselves within it,
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02:22
are kinds of controlled hallucinations
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μΌμ’…μ˜ ν†΅μ œλœ ν™˜κ°μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.
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그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…체이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:29
Now, you might have heard that we know nothing
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 우리 λ‡Œμ™€ 신체가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ˜μ‹μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€
02:33
about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.
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μ „ν˜€ λ°ν˜€μ§„ 것이 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μ•Œκ³  계싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.
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심지어 그것은 과학을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„  μ˜μ—­μ΄λΌκ³ κΉŒμ§€ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
But in fact,
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그런데 사싀은 μ§€λ‚œ 25λ…„κ°„
02:40
the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.
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이 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,
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μ„œμ„ΉμŠ€ λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€λ§Œ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
02:47
you'll find scientists from all different disciplines
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨μ—¬ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
and sometimes even philosophers.
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심지어 μ² ν•™μžλ„ 있죠.
02:53
All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens
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저희가 ν•¨κ»˜ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ˜μ‹μ˜ λ°œν˜„ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
그것이 잘λͺ»λ˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
and what happens when it goes wrong.
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02:59
And the strategy is very simple.
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연ꡬ 방법은 맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
I'd like you to think about consciousness
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우리의 생λͺ…을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
03:04
in the way that we've come to think about life.
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μ˜μ‹λ„ 같은 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 되죠.
03:06
At one time, people thought the property of being alive
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κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” 생λͺ…μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:08
could not be explained by physics and chemistry --
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ΄λ‚˜ ν™”ν•™μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
that life had to be more than just mechanism.
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생λͺ…은 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ 이상이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
03:14
But people no longer think that.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
As biologists got on with the job
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ˜ 연ꡬ 덕뢄에
03:18
of explaining the properties of living systems
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생λͺ… μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„
03:20
in terms of physics and chemistry --
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물리학과 ν™”ν•™ 이둠으둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --
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μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬, 생식기λŠ₯, 항상성 등이 λ°ν˜€μ§€λ©΄μ„œ
03:25
the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,
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생λͺ…μ˜ 기원에 κ΄€ν•œ 근본적 μ˜λ¬Έμ€ 점차 ν¬λ―Έν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
03:29
and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,
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더이상 '생λͺ…μ˜ 약동'κ³Ό 같은 λ§ˆλ²•κ°™μ€ 해닡을 내놓지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
like a force of life or an Γ©lan vital.
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03:35
So as with life, so with consciousness.
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생λͺ…κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ˜μ‹λ„ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
Once we start explaining its properties
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ 속성을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:40
in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,
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λ‡Œμ™€ 신체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일듀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ μΆœλ°œν•˜λ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
03:43
the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μšΈ κ²ƒλ§Œ κ°™μ•˜λ˜ μ˜μ‹μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμ›€λ„
03:47
should start to fade away.
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점차 μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
At least that's the plan.
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그것이 기본적인 연ꡬ μ „λž΅μ΄μ£ .
03:51
So let's get started.
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그러면 이제 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
03:52
What are the properties of consciousness?
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ 속성은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:54
What should a science of consciousness try to explain?
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μ˜μ‹ 과학이 λ°ν˜€λ‚΄κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:57
Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.
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였늘 μ €λŠ” 두 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ˜μ‹μ„ 생각해보렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
There are experiences of the world around us,
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 세상을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
04:04
full of sights, sounds and smells,
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풍경, μ†Œλ¦¬, λƒ„μƒˆ.
04:06
there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 감각이 μ„žμΈ 채 νŽΌμ³μ§€κ³  μ™„μ „νžˆ λͺ°μž…λ˜λŠ” λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 3차원 μ˜ν™”μ£ .
04:11
And then there's conscious self.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ  μžμ•„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
The specific experience of being you or being me.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ œκ°€ μ–»λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ κ²½ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
The lead character in this inner movie,
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λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄λ„λŠ” 주인곡이자
04:17
and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 애착을 κ°–λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ˜ 츑면일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
Let's start with experiences of the world around us,
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우리 μ£Όλ³€ μ„Έμƒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ¨Όμ € μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
04:24
and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.
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μ΄λ•Œ λ‡ŒλŠ” 예츑 κΈ°κ³„λ‘œμ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 의미λ₯Ό κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Imagine being a brain.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ λ‡ŒλΌκ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:30
You're locked inside a bony skull,
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨ μ•ˆμ— κ°‡ν˜€ μžˆλŠ” μ±„λ‘œ
04:32
trying to figure what's out there in the world.
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λ°”κΉ₯ 세상을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨ μ•ˆμ€ 빛도 μ—†κ³  μ†Œλ¦¬λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses
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μ „κΈ° 자극만 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λ“€μ–΄μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
which are only indirectly related to things in the world,
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λ°”κΉ₯ μ„Έμƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  것은
μ „κΈ°μžκ·Ήκ³Ό κ°„μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
whatever they may be.
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04:45
So perception -- figuring out what's there --
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 그것이 무엇인지 μΈμ‹ν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:47
has to be a process of informed guesswork
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주어진 정보λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μΆ”μ •ν•˜λŠ” 과정이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
in which the brain combines these sensory signals
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λ‡ŒλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 감각 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜κ³ 
04:53
with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is
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λ°”κΉ₯ 세상이 어떀지에 λŒ€ν•œ 예츑과 지식을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
04:57
to form its best guess of what caused those signals.
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무엇이 κ·Έ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μΌμœΌμΌ°λŠ”μ§€ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ μΆ”μΈ‘ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ±°λ‚˜ 빛을 κ°μ§€ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.
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λ°”κΉ₯ 세상에 무엇이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 예츑 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 인지할 뿐이죠.
05:09
Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.
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이것에 κ΄€ν•œ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
You might have seen this illusion before,
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이 μ°©μ‹œ ν˜„μƒμ„ 보신 적 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—” μ’€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 생각해보죠.
05:16
If you look at those two patches, A and B,
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이곳 A와 B 뢀뢄을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
05:18
they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?
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νšŒμƒ‰μ˜ 색쑰가 μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄μ‹œμ£ ?
05:23
But they are in fact exactly the same shade.
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그런데 사싀은 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μƒ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
And I can illustrate this.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
05:27
If I put up a second version of the image here
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 그림을 μΆ”κ°€ν•΄μ„œ
05:29
and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,
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νšŒμƒ‰ λ§‰λŒ€λ₯Ό κ·Έλ € λ„£κ³  이 두 쑰각과 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λ©΄
05:32
you can see there's no difference.
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차이가 μ—†μŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
05:34
It's exactly the same shade of gray.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ νšŒμƒ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
And if you still don't believe me,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ˜μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½λ‹€λ©΄
05:37
I'll bring the bar across and join them up.
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이 λ§‰λŒ€λ₯Ό 이μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ Έκ°€μ„œ κ²Ήμ³λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.
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동일 μƒ‰μƒμ˜ νšŒμƒ‰ 블둝이고 μ „ν˜€ 차이가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
This isn't any kind of magic trick.
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이건 μ†μž„μˆ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 같은 μƒ‰μ‘°μ˜ νšŒμƒ‰μ΄μ£ .
05:46
It's the same shade of gray,
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05:47
but take it away again, and it looks different.
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그런데 λ§‰λŒ€λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ§€μš°λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
So what's happening here
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이런 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
05:52
is that the brain is using its prior expectations
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ΄μ „μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
05:55
built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex
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μ‹œκ° ν”Όμ§ˆμ˜ μ‹ κ²½ νšŒλ‘œμ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•΄μ„œ
05:58
that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,
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ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ‚˜νƒ€λŠ” 그림자의 색을 흐리게 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
so that we see B as lighter than it really is.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ B 뢀뢄이 μ‹€μ œλ³΄λ‹€ 밝게 보이게 λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:05
Here's one more example,
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆκ°€ 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 빨리 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
06:10
to change what we consciously experience.
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우리의 μ˜μ‹ κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ°”κΎΈλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
Have a listen to this.
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이걸 ν•œλ²ˆ λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:15
(Distorted voice)
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(μŒμ„±λ³€μ‘°λœ μ†Œλ¦¬)
06:19
Sounded strange, right?
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μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ 듀리죠?
06:20
Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.
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λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ‹œκ³  μ•Œμ•„λ“€μ„ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:23
(Distorted voice)
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(μŒμ„±λ³€μ‘°λœ μ†Œλ¦¬)
06:27
Still strange.
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μ—­μ‹œ μ΄μƒν•˜λ„€μš”.
06:29
Now listen to this.
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이제 이걸 λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:30
(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.
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(λ…ΉμŒ μŒμ„±) "μ €λŠ” λΈŒλ ‰μ‹œνŠΈλŠ” 정말 말도 μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”."
06:34
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:35
Which I do.
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정말 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
06:36
So you heard some words there, right?
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이제 단어가 λ“€λ¦¬μ‹œμ£ ?
06:38
Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.
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이제 처음 λ“€μ—ˆλ˜ κ±Έ λ‹€μ‹œ 듀어보죠. κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ ν‹€μ–΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
(Distorted voice)
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(μŒμ„±λ³€μ‘°λœ μ†Œλ¦¬) "I think Brexit is a really terrible idea"
06:44
Yeah? So you can now hear words there.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 이제 단어가 λ“€λ¦¬μ‹œμ£ ?
06:47
Once more for luck.
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ν•œλ²ˆ 더 잘 λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:49
(Distorted voice)
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(μŒμ„±λ³€μ‘°λœ μ†Œλ¦¬)
06:53
OK, so what's going on here?
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μ’‹μ•„μš”. μ™œ 그런 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
06:55
The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ£Όλͺ©ν•  뢀뢄은
λ‡Œλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” 감각 μ •λ³΄λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 바뀐 것이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
hasn't changed at all.
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07:00
All that's changed is your brain's best guess
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감각 정보λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ
07:03
of the causes of that sensory information.
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μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 예츑 결과만 λ‹¬λΌμ‘Œμ„ 뿐이죠.
07:05
And that changes what you consciously hear.
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그것이 μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ λ“£λŠ” 것을 λ°”κΎΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
All this puts the brain basis of perception
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κ·Έ 결과둜 λ‡Œμ˜ 인식 기반이 μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점을 κ°–κ²Œ 된 것이죠.
07:11
in a bit of a different light.
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07:13
Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain
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우리의 인지 κΈ°λŠ₯이 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은
μ™ΈλΆ€ μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ λ‡Œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 감각 μ‹ ν˜Έλ³΄λ‹€
07:17
from the outside world,
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07:18
it depends as much, if not more,
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ 그보닀 훨씬 더
07:21
on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.
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λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯의 인지 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ— 더 많이 μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
We don't just passively perceive the world,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”κΉ₯ 세상을 단지 μˆ˜λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ§€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
07:28
we actively generate it.
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λŠ₯λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
The world we experience comes as much, if not more,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 세상은
μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λŠ” λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ 우리 μ•ˆμ—μ„œλ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
from the inside out
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07:33
as from the outside in.
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07:35
Let me give you one more example of perception
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예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
07:37
as this active, constructive process.
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인지λ₯Ό λŠ₯λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 과정에 κ΄€ν•œ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λͺ°μž…ν˜• κ°€μƒν˜„μ‹€ 기술과 ν™”μƒμ²˜λ¦¬ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ ‘λͺ©μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions
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κ³Όλ„ν•œ 인지 예츑이 κ²½ν—˜μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을
07:49
on experience.
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κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 게 λͺ©μ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
07:50
In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --
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이 μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ 보이듯이 μ €ν¬λŠ” 세상을 λ³€ν˜•μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
which is in this case Sussex campus --
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이곳은 μ„œμ„ΉμŠ€λŒ€ν•™ μΊ νΌμŠ€μΈλ°μš”.
07:55
into a psychedelic playground.
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ν™˜κ°μ μΈ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream
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μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ κ΅¬κΈ€μ˜ λ”₯λ“œλ¦Ό μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
08:01
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.
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κ·Έ 결과둜 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ³Όλ„ν•œ 인지 예츑 효과λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•΄λƒˆμ£ .
08:05
In this case, to see dogs.
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이 κ²½μš°λŠ” κ°œκ°€ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”λ°μš”.
08:07
And you can see this is a very strange thing.
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ꡉμž₯히 μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ 보이죠.
08:09
When perceptual predictions are too strong,
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인지 예츑이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°•ν•˜λ©΄
08:11
as they are here,
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이 경우처럼
08:13
the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations
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μΌμ’…μ˜ ν™˜κ°μ²˜λŸΌ 보이게 되고
08:16
people might report in altered states,
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λ³€ν™”λœ 인지 μƒνƒœλ‚˜ 정신병이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
08:18
or perhaps even in psychosis.
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κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
Now, think about this for a minute.
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μž μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:23
If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,
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ν™˜κ°μ„ μΌμ’…μ˜ ν†΅μ œλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 인지 μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
08:28
then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜λ„ μΌμ’…μ˜ ν™˜κ°μ΄λΌ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
but a controlled hallucination
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단, ν†΅μ œλœ ν™˜κ°μ΄μ£ .
08:34
in which the brain's predictions are being reined in
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μ™ΈλΆ€ μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 감각정보가
08:37
by sensory information from the world.
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λ‡Œμ˜ 인지 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 늘 ν™˜κ° μƒνƒœμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
including right now.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆλ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ³ μš”.
08:44
It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ ν™˜κ°μ„ 인정할 λ•Œ λΉ„λ‘œμ†Œ κ·Έκ±Έ 'ν˜„μ‹€'이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
we call that reality.
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08:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:53
Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,
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이제 μžμ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²½ν—˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
08:56
the specific experience of being you,
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μžμ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ ꡬ체적인 κ²½ν—˜ μ—­μ‹œ
08:58
is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.
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λ‡Œκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” ν†΅μ œλœ ν™˜κ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
This seems a very strange idea, right?
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μ΄μƒν•œ λ…Όλ¦¬λ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜μ‹œμ£ ?
09:04
Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,
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μ°©μ‹œλŠ” 우리 λˆˆμ„ μ†μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?
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그럼 μ €λΌλŠ” 쑴재의 μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 속일 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:10
For most of us,
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²½ν—˜μ€
09:11
the experience of being a person
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맀우 μΉœμˆ™ν•˜κ³ , 톡합적이며 맀우 μ—°μ†μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
is so familiar, so unified and so continuous
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09:15
that it's difficult not to take it for granted.
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그게 λ‹Ήμ—°μ‹œλ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
09:17
But we shouldn't take it for granted.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ±Έ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.
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사싀, μžμ•„λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
There's the experience of having a body
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신체λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
and of being a body.
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09:26
There are experiences of perceiving the world
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세상을 1인칭 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν—˜λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
09:28
from a first person point of view.
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09:30
There are experiences of intending to do things
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μ–΄λ–€ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ–»λŠ” κ²½ν—˜μ΄λ‚˜
09:32
and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.
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μ–΄λ–€ 일의 원인이 됨으둜써 μ–»λŠ” κ²½ν—˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
And there are experiences
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μ–΄λ–€ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
09:36
of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,
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μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 연속적이며 λ…νŠΉν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒμ  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ κ·Έ 원인이죠.
09:44
Many experiments show,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ 보여주고
09:45
and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,
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μ •μ‹ μ˜ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½ν•™μžλ“€λ„ 잘 μ•„λŠ” 사싀인데
09:47
that these different ways in which we experience being a self
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ•„λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 방식이
09:50
can all come apart.
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λͺ¨λ‘ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
What this means is the basic background experience
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그것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”
ν†΅ν•©λœ μžμ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ κ²½ν—˜μ€
09:55
of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.
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λ‡Œκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ λΆ€μ„œμ§€κΈ° μ‰¬μš΄ κ΅¬μ‘°λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
Another experience, which just like all others,
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그와 λ³„κ°œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜λ“€μ€
10:02
requires explanation.
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μ—¬λŠ λ•Œμ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ„€λͺ…이 뒀따라야 ν•˜μ£ .
10:04
So let's return to the bodily self.
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그럼 μ‹ μ²΄λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€ 보죠.
10:06
How does the brain generate the experience of being a body
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λ‡ŒλŠ” 신체 μžμ²΄μ™€ 신체λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 인지 κ²½ν—˜μ„
10:09
and of having a body?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
10:10
Well, just the same principles apply.
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같은 이둠을 μ μš©ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
The brain makes its best guess
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 일뢀인지 μ•„λ‹Œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ‡ŒλŠ” 졜적의 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ λ‚΄λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
about what is and what is not part of its body.
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10:16
And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.
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이λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ €κ³  λ‡Œκ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ ν•œκ°€μ§€ 멋진 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œκ³Όν•™ μ‹€ν—˜κ³Ό 달리 μ§‘μ—μ„œλ„ ν•  수 있죠.
10:22
this is one you can do at home.
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10:24
All you need is one of these.
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이것 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ 있으면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:27
And a couple of paintbrushes.
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λΆ“ λͺ‡ 자루만 있으면 되죠.
10:30
In the rubber hand illusion,
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κ°€μ§œ 손 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  λ•Œ
10:32
a person's real hand is hidden from view,
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μ‹€ν—˜μžμ˜ μ§„μ§œ 손은 μ•ˆλ³΄μ΄κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.
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그리고 κ°€μ§œ 손을 μ•žμ— 놓아두죠.
10:36
Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush
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ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μžκ°€ κ°€μ§œ 손을 보고 μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—
10:40
while the person stares at the fake hand.
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λΆ“μœΌλ‘œ λ™μ‹œμ— 두 손을 κ±΄λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
Now, for most people, after a while,
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그러면 μž μ‹œ ν›„ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
10:45
this leads to the very uncanny sensation
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κ·Έ κ°€μ§œ 손이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺΈμ˜ 일뢀인 것같은
10:47
that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.
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μ΄μƒν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ κ°–κ²Œ 되죠.
10:51
And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch
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자기 손이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μœ„μΉ˜μ— μ†μ²˜λŸΌ 생긴 물체가 있고
10:55
on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,
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거기에 λ­”κ°€ λ‹ΏλŠ” 것을 보고 μžˆμ„ λ•Œ κ·Έ 촉각이 λ™μ‹œμ— λŠκ»΄μ§€λ©΄
11:00
is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess
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λ‡ŒλŠ” κ·Έ μžκ·Ήμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ°€μ§œ 손이 λͺΈμ˜ μΌλΆ€λΌλŠ”
11:03
that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.
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졜적의 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:06
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:15
So you can measure all kinds of clever things.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ κΈ°λ°œν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  수 있죠.
11:17
You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,
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피뢀에 열을 느끼고 λ†€λΌλŠ” λ°˜μ‘λ„ μ‹€ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
but there's no need.
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그럴 ν•„μš”λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œμš”.
11:22
It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.
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이 νŒŒλž€ 옷의 청년이 κ°€μ§œ 손을 μ§„μ§œλ‘œ μ—¬κΈ΄ 건 λΆ„λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
This means that even experiences of what our body is
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 신체λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것도
11:28
is a kind of best guessing --
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졜적의 예츑 κ²°κ³Όμž„μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.
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λ‡Œκ°€ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ ν†΅μ œλœ ν™˜κ°μΈ 것이죠.
11:33
There's one more thing.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆκ°€ 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,
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λ°”κΉ₯ 세상에 μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œλ§Œ 신체λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
we also experience them from within.
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신체λ₯Ό λ‚΄λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°λ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ λ‚΄λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺΈμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body
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λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 감각 μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ”
11:49
are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,
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λ‚΄λΆ€ μž₯기의 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ‡Œλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,
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심μž₯이 어떀지, ν˜ˆμ•• μƒνƒœλŠ” 어떀지
11:56
lots of things.
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κ·Έ 외에도 많죠.
11:57
This kind of perception, which we call interoception,
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 인지λ₯Ό λ‚΄μˆ˜κ°κ°μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”λ°
12:00
is rather overlooked.
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거의 λ¬΄μ‹œλ˜κ³  있죠.
12:02
But it's critically important
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --
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λͺΈ μ•ˆμ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μΈμ§€ν•˜κ³  μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό
12:06
well, that's what keeps us alive.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
12:09
Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°€μ§œ 손 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
12:11
This is from our lab at Sussex.
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저희 μ„œμ„ΉμŠ€λŒ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ κ°€μƒν˜„μ‹€ μ†μ˜ 손을 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
which flashes red and back
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λΉ¨κ°›κ²Œ 번쩍거리고 있죠.
12:18
either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.
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심μž₯ λ°•λ™μˆ˜μ— λ§žμΆ”κ±°λ‚˜ 차이λ₯Ό 두고 색이 λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,
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λ§Œμ•½ 심μž₯박동에 λ§žμΆ°μ„œ 색이 λ°”λ€Œλ©΄
12:23
people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.
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그것이 μ‹€μ œ λͺΈμ˜ μΌλΆ€λΌλŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„ κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded
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신체λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” κ²½ν—˜μ€
λ‚΄λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 우리 λͺΈμ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것에 깊이 뿌리λ₯Ό λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
in perceiving our bodies from within.
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12:35
There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,
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이제 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ£Όλͺ©ν•  λ‚΄μš©μ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different
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우리 λ‚΄λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺΈμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것과
우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ°”κΉ₯ 세상을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
from experiences of the world around us.
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12:44
When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --
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μ§€κΈˆ 주변을 λ‘˜λŸ¬λ³΄λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬λ¬Όλ“€λ‘œ κ°€λ“ν•˜μ£ .
12:46
tables, chairs, rubber hands,
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νƒμž, 의자, κ°€μ§œ 고무손.
12:49
people, you lot --
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€.
12:50
even my own body in the world,
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제 λͺΈλ„ 이 μ„Έμƒμ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
I can perceive it as an object from the outside.
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제 λͺΈλ„ λ°”κΉ₯ μ„Έμƒμ˜ μ‚¬λ¬Όλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 있겠죠.
12:55
But my experiences of the body from within,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚΄λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺΈμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
they're not like that at all.
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μ €λŠ” μ‹ μž₯이 여기에 μžˆλŠ” 것도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
12:58
I don't perceive my kidneys here,
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13:00
my liver here,
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간이 여기에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
13:02
my spleen ...
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제 λΉ„μž₯은..
13:03
I don't know where my spleen is,
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어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² λ„€μš”.
13:05
but it's somewhere.
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뭐, μ–΄λ”˜κ°€ 있겠죠.
13:06
I don't perceive my insides as objects.
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μ €λŠ” λ‚΄λΆ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬λ¬Όλ‘œ μΈμ§€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.
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사싀 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생기지 μ•ŠλŠ” ν•œ λ‚΄λΆ€λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
13:13
And this is important, I think.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 점이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
Perception of the internal state of the body
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μΈμ§€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
13:17
isn't about figuring out what's there,
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κ·Έ 쑴재λ₯Ό μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:19
it's about control and regulation --
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μ œμ–΄μ™€ 쑰정에 κ΄€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds
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생리적 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμ •ν•œ λ²”μœ„ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
13:25
that are compatible with survival.
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생쑴에 μ ν•©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
13:28
When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μž₯기의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λ©΄
13:31
we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 감각으둜 μΈμ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μ œμ–΄ν•˜κ³  μ‘°μ •ν•˜λ©΄
13:38
we experience how well or how badly that control is going.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것이 잘 μ œμ–΄λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 그렇지 μ•Šμ€μ§€λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
13:41
So our most basic experiences of being a self,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬λΌλŠ” μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ κ°–λŠ”
13:44
of being an embodied organism,
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κ°€μž₯ 기본적인 κ²½ν—˜μ€
13:46
are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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생쑴을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 생물학적 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜κ³Ό κΉŠμ€ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
And when we follow this idea all the way through,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일련의 κ°œλ…λ“€μ„ 따라가닀 보면
13:55
we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,
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μ˜μ‹ κ²½ν—˜μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  뢀뢄이 μ΄ν•΄λ˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 예츑 μΈμ§€μ˜ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:03
all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.
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이 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μƒμ‘΄μ΄λΌλŠ” 기본적 μš•κ΅¬μ— 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
We experience the world and ourselves
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세상과 우리 μžμ‹ μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
14:09
with, through and because of our living bodies.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺΈμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺΈμ΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
Let me bring things together step-by-step.
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그럼 ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© 정리해보죠.
14:16
What we consciously see depends
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것은
14:18
on the brain's best guess of what's out there.
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κ·Έ λŒ€μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‡Œμ˜ 졜적 예츑 결과에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
Our experienced world comes from the inside out,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 세상은 단지 λ°–μ—μ„œ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
14:22
not just the outside in.
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μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:24
The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences
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κ°€μ§œ 손 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해
우리 λͺΈμΈ 것과 μ•„λ‹Œ 것을 κ²½ν—˜ν•  λ•Œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ μš©λ¨μ„ μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
of what is and what is not our body.
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14:30
And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 신체에 κ΄€ν•œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ€ 우리 λ‚΄λ©΄ κΉŠμ€ κ³³μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ
14:34
coming from deep inside the body.
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감각 μ‹ ν˜Έμ— 주둜 μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
And finally,
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
14:37
experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation
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신체λ₯Ό 가진 μ‘΄μž¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ€ 무엇이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
14:42
than figuring out what's there.
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μ œμ–΄μ™€ μ‘°μ ˆμ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 우리 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 세상과 우리 μžμ‹ μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²½ν—˜μ€
14:48
well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations
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μΌμ’…μ˜ ν†΅μ œλœ ν™˜κ°μ΄λΌ ν•  수 있고
14:50
that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution
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수백만 λ…„κ°„ 진화 과정을 거치며
14:53
to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.
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μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό 기회둜 κ°€λ“ν•œ 이 μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ 우리의 생쑴을 μ§€μΌœμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
We predict ourselves into existence.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λ©° μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:00
Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.
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μ €λŠ” μ„Έ 가지 결둠을 내리렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:03
First, just as we can misperceive the world,
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첫째, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세상을 μ˜€μΈν•˜λ“―μ΄ 우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ˜€μΈν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:05
we can misperceive ourselves
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15:07
when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.
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예츑 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ 잘λͺ»λ˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 되죠.
15:09
Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
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이 점을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ©΄ μ •μ‹ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 기회λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:14
because we can finally get at the mechanisms
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μš°μšΈμ¦μ΄λ‚˜ μ‘°ν˜„λ³‘ 같은 병을
15:16
rather than just treating the symptoms
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μ¦μƒλ§Œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
15:18
in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.
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κ·Έ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜κΉŒμ§€ λ‹€λ£° 수 있게 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
15:21
Second:
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λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ
15:22
what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to
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λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 쑴재의 μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡μ— μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ²˜λŸΌ
15:26
a software program running on a robot,
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λ‹¨μˆœν™”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ—…λ‘œλ“œν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
however smart or sophisticated.
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λ‘œλ΄‡μ΄ 아무리 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κ³  μˆ˜μ€€ λ†’λ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„ 말이죠.
15:31
We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄κ³Ό ν”Όλ₯Ό 가진 λ™λ¬Όλ‘œμ„œ
15:34
whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ μ˜μ‹ κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ˜μœ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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우리 생쑴을 μ§€μΌœμ£ΌλŠ” 생물학적 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
15:40
Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.
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아무리 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ λ‹€ν•΄λ„ 지각λŠ₯λ ₯은 κ°€μ§ˆ 수 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
Finally,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
15:46
our own individual inner universe,
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우리 각자의 λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 우주
15:48
our way of being conscious,
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μ˜μ‹μ  μ‘΄μž¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ 길은
15:50
is just one possible way of being conscious.
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였직 ν•œκ°€μ§€ 방법 밖에 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
And even human consciousness generally --
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일반적으둜 μΈκ°„μ˜ μ˜μ‹μ€
15:55
it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ˜μ‹ κ°€μš΄λ° 극히 일뢀에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:59
Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,
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우리 개개인의 μžμ•„μ™€ 세상은 μ €λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:03
but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 생물학적 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:06
shared with many other living creatures.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…체도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ .
16:09
Now, these are fundamental changes
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이제 우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방법에
16:13
in how we understand ourselves,
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기본적인 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:16
but I think they should be celebrated,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°˜κΈΈλ§Œν•œ 일이라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
16:17
because as so often in science, from Copernicus --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ³Όν•™ λ°œμ „κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 우주의 쀑심이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ˜ μ½”νŽ˜λ₯΄λ‹ˆμΏ μŠ€ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
16:20
we're not at the center of the universe --
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16:22
to Darwin --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생λͺ…체듀과 관계λ₯Ό 맺게 된 λ‹€μœˆ μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό 거쳐
16:23
we're related to all other creatures --
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16:25
to the present day.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
16:28
With a greater sense of understanding
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인지 감각이 λ°œλ‹¬ν•¨μ— 따라
16:31
comes a greater sense of wonder,
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더 λ§Žμ€ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ„ κ°–κ²Œ 되고
16:33
and a greater realization
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더 λ§Žμ€ κΉ¨λ‹¬μŒμ„ μ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄
16:35
that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŒ€μžμ—°κ³Ό λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μΌλΆ€μž„μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:40
And ...
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ..
16:42
when the end of consciousness comes,
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ 끝을 λ§žμ΄ν•  λ•Œκ°€ λ˜μ–΄λ„
16:45
there's nothing to be afraid of.
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μ „ν˜€ λ‘λ €μ›Œν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
16:48
Nothing at all.
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μ „ν˜€μš”.
16:50
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:51
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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