Your Brain Hallucinates Your Conscious Reality | Anil Seth | TED

11,185,629 views ใƒป 2017-07-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Neta Lavee ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Just over a year ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”,
00:14
for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
00:17
I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
00:22
I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช
00:25
and a coldness.
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ื•ืงื•ืจ.
00:27
And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™, ืจื“ื•ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ,
00:30
but definitely there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืจ.
00:32
Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”,
ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
00:34
you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,
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00:37
but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ,
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื– ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:40
of a continuity between then and now.
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00:42
Coming round from anesthesia is very different.
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ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื”ืจื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:44
I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช,
ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• 50 ืฉื ื”.
00:47
five years or even 50 years.
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00:48
I simply wasn't there.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
00:50
It was total oblivion.
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00:52
Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.
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ื”ืจื“ืžื” -- ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืกื.
00:54
It turns people into objects,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื,
00:57
and then, we hope, back again into people.
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ื•ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
00:59
And in this process
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
01:00
is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.
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ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
01:04
How does consciousness happen?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
01:06
Somehow, within each of our brains,
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01:08
the combined activity of many billions of neurons,
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:11
each one a tiny biological machine,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”,
01:14
is generating a conscious experience.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
ื•ืœื ืกืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช --
01:16
And not just any conscious experience --
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:18
your conscious experience right here and right now.
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01:20
How does this happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
01:22
Answering this question is so important
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:24
because consciousness for each of us is all there is.
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ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ.
01:27
Without it there's no world,
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื,
01:30
there's no self,
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ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:31
there's nothing at all.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:33
And when we suffer, we suffer consciously
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื‘ืœื ื•
01:35
whether it's through mental illness or pain.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ ืื• ื›ืื‘.
01:38
And if we can experience joy and suffering,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืกื‘ืœ,
01:41
what about other animals?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?
01:43
Might they be conscious, too?
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ื”ืื ื’ื ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
01:44
Do they also have a sense of self?
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ื”ืื ื’ื ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช?
01:46
And as computers get faster and smarter,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:49
maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘,
01:52
when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•.
01:54
I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.
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ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืชืคืชื— ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:59
And I think this because my research is telling me
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:02
that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence
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ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”,
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
02:05
and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.
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02:09
Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:12
You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:17
In the story I'm going to tell you,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
02:18
our conscious experiences of the world around us,
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
02:21
and of ourselves within it,
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ื•ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
02:22
are kinds of controlled hallucinations
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช
02:25
that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืขื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:29
Now, you might have heard that we know nothing
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœื•ื
02:33
about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
02:35
Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:39
But in fact,
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02:40
the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.
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ื‘-25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
02:44
If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,
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ืื ืชื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืืกืงืก,
02:47
you'll find scientists from all different disciplines
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
02:51
and sometimes even philosophers.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื.
02:53
All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
02:57
and what happens when it goes wrong.
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื.
02:59
And the strategy is very simple.
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ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
03:02
I'd like you to think about consciousness
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:04
in the way that we've come to think about life.
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03:06
At one time, people thought the property of being alive
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™
03:08
could not be explained by physics and chemistry --
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” --
03:11
that life had to be more than just mechanism.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”.
03:14
But people no longer think that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš.
03:16
As biologists got on with the job
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ
ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:18
of explaining the properties of living systems
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03:20
in terms of physics and chemistry --
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” --
03:22
things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื, ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก --
03:25
the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’,
03:29
and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื˜ืขื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืกื,
03:32
like a force of life or an รฉlan vital.
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ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื'.
ืื– ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
03:35
So as with life, so with consciousness.
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03:37
Once we start explaining its properties
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:40
in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,
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03:43
the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื™ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
03:47
should start to fade away.
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’.
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
03:49
At least that's the plan.
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03:51
So let's get started.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
03:52
What are the properties of consciousness?
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
03:54
What should a science of consciousness try to explain?
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ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื“ืข ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ?
03:57
Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:01
There are experiences of the world around us,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
ืžืœื ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
04:04
full of sights, sounds and smells,
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04:06
there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืจื‘-ื—ื•ืฉื™, ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ.
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข.
04:11
And then there's conscious self.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™.
04:13
The specific experience of being you or being me.
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04:15
The lead character in this inner movie,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:17
and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ.
04:21
Let's start with experiences of the world around us,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:24
and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื—.
04:28
Imagine being a brain.
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04:30
You're locked inside a bony skull,
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ืืชื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืขืฆื,
04:32
trying to figure what's out there in the world.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:34
There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช. ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
04:37
All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ื ื–ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
04:40
which are only indirectly related to things in the world,
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:43
whatever they may be.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื•.
04:45
So perception -- figuring out what's there --
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ืื– ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” -- ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื --
04:47
has to be a process of informed guesswork
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ
04:50
in which the brain combines these sensory signals
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:53
with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is
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ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:57
to form its best guess of what caused those signals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:00
The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืจื•ืช.
05:03
What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”.
05:09
Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.
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05:12
You might have seen this illusion before,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:14
but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:16
If you look at those two patches, A and B,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”, A ื•-B,
05:18
they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืจืื• ืœื›ื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื‘ืข.
05:23
But they are in fact exactly the same shade.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
05:26
And I can illustrate this.
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05:27
If I put up a second version of the image here
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ืื ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ
05:29
and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,
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ื•ืื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืขื ืคืก ืืคื•ืจ,
05:32
you can see there's no difference.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
05:34
It's exactly the same shade of gray.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ.
ื•ืื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™,
05:36
And if you still don't believe me,
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05:37
I'll bring the bar across and join them up.
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ืื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืคืก ื•ืื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
05:40
It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืืคื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
05:44
This isn't any kind of magic trick.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืกื.
05:46
It's the same shade of gray,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ,
05:47
but take it away again, and it looks different.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืก, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
05:51
So what's happening here
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ
05:52
is that the brain is using its prior expectations
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•
05:55
built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
05:58
that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,
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ืฉืฆืœ ืžืขืžืขื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
06:01
so that we see B as lighter than it really is.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช B ื›ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื.
06:05
Here's one more example,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
06:07
which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
06:10
to change what we consciously experience.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข.
06:12
Have a listen to this.
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื”.
06:15
(Distorted voice)
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(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ืช)
06:19
Sounded strange, right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:20
Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•.
06:23
(Distorted voice)
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(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ืช)
06:27
Still strange.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื”.
06:29
Now listen to this.
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06:30
(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ืื ื™ืœ ืกืช': ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืจืงืกื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืข.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:34
(Laughter)
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06:35
Which I do.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:36
So you heard some words there, right?
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ืื– ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคืขื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:38
Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘.
06:41
(Distorted voice)
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(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ืช)
06:44
Yeah? So you can now hear words there.
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ื›ืŸ? ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื–ืœ.
06:47
Once more for luck.
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(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ืช)
06:49
(Distorted voice)
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
06:53
OK, so what's going on here?
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06:55
The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
06:58
hasn't changed at all.
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
07:00
All that's changed is your brain's best guess
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
07:03
of the causes of that sensory information.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™.
07:05
And that changes what you consciously hear.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข.
07:08
All this puts the brain basis of perception
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ื–ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
07:11
in a bit of a different light.
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:13
Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
07:17
from the outside world,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
07:18
it depends as much, if not more,
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ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:21
on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.
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ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืœ,
07:26
We don't just passively perceive the world,
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07:28
we actively generate it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ.
07:29
The world we experience comes as much, if not more,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:32
from the inside out
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ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
07:33
as from the outside in.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
07:35
Let me give you one more example of perception
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื”
07:37
as this active, constructive process.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
07:41
Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืขื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื”
07:46
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:49
on experience.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
07:50
In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื --
07:53
which is in this case Sussex campus --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืกืืกืงืก --
07:55
into a psychedelic playground.
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ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ืื“ืœื™.
07:57
We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream
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ืขื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช Deep Dream ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ
08:01
to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
08:05
In this case, to see dogs.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
08:07
And you can see this is a very strange thing.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:09
When perceptual predictions are too strong,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื“ื™,
08:11
as they are here,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
08:13
the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
08:16
people might report in altered states,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื”.
08:18
or perhaps even in psychosis.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
08:21
Now, think about this for a minute.
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ืื ื”ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช,
08:23
If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,
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08:28
then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,
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ืื– ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”,
08:32
but a controlled hallucination
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ืืœื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื–ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช
08:34
in which the brain's predictions are being reined in
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
08:37
by sensory information from the world.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:40
In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:43
including right now.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”.
08:44
It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,
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ืืœื ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
08:47
we call that reality.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:53
Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
08:56
the specific experience of being you,
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื,
08:58
is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.
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ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:01
This seems a very strange idea, right?
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื›ืŸ, ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
09:04
Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™?
09:06
but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?
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09:10
For most of us,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•,
09:11
the experience of being a person
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื
ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืฆื™ืคื”,
09:13
is so familiar, so unified and so continuous
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ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
09:15
that it's difficult not to take it for granted.
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09:17
But we shouldn't take it for granted.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
09:19
There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:22
There's the experience of having a body
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
09:24
and of being a body.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ.
ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
09:26
There are experiences of perceiving the world
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09:28
from a first person point of view.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
09:30
There are experiences of intending to do things
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:32
and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:35
And there are experiences
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:36
of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื ืคืจื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
09:40
built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
09:44
Many experiments show,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื,
09:45
and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,
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ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช,
09:47
that these different ways in which we experience being a self
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ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
09:50
can all come apart.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืง.
09:52
What this means is the basic background experience
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจืงืข,
09:55
of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:00
Another experience, which just like all others,
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10:02
requires explanation.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
10:04
So let's return to the bodily self.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช.
10:06
How does the brain generate the experience of being a body
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ,
10:09
and of having a body?
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ?
10:10
Well, just the same principles apply.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
10:12
The brain makes its best guess
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:13
about what is and what is not part of its body.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•.
10:16
And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:20
And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:22
this is one you can do at home.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
10:24
All you need is one of these.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:26
(Laughter)
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10:27
And a couple of paintbrushes.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข.
10:30
In the rubber hand illusion,
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ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™,
10:32
a person's real hand is hidden from view,
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ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืชืจืช,
10:34
and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.
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ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•.
10:36
Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush
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ืื– ืžืœื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
10:40
while the person stares at the fake hand.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช.
10:43
Now, for most people, after a while,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
10:45
this leads to the very uncanny sensation
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
10:47
that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.
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ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:51
And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ืข ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืขื”
10:55
on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,
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ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื•ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
11:00
is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess
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ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
11:03
that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.
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11:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:15
So you can measure all kinds of clever things.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
11:17
You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
11:20
but there's no need.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฆื•ืจืš.
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช.
11:22
It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
11:25
This means that even experiences of what our body is
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11:28
is a kind of best guessing --
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ --
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
11:30
a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.
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11:33
There's one more thing.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื›ืขืฆื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
11:36
We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,
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11:39
we also experience them from within.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:41
We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
11:47
And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body
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11:49
are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,
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ืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
11:53
how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,
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ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘, ืžื” ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื,
11:56
lots of things.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:57
This kind of perception, which we call interoception,
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
12:00
is rather overlooked.
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ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:02
But it's critically important
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12:03
because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื --
12:06
well, that's what keeps us alive.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:09
Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™.
12:11
This is from our lab at Sussex.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกืืกืงืก.
12:13
And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
12:16
which flashes red and back
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ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื
12:18
either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.
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ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื• ืœื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:21
And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘,
12:23
people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:27
So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง
12:31
in perceiving our bodies from within.
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ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
12:35
There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
12:38
which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
12:42
from experiences of the world around us.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื --
12:44
When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --
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12:46
tables, chairs, rubber hands,
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช, ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืžื™,
ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืชื --
12:49
people, you lot --
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12:50
even my own body in the world,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:52
I can perceive it as an object from the outside.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื›ืขืฆื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
12:55
But my experiences of the body from within,
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ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:57
they're not like that at all.
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12:58
I don't perceive my kidneys here,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
13:00
my liver here,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืืŸ,
13:02
my spleen ...
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ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืœ...
13:03
I don't know where my spleen is,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื,
13:05
but it's somewhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื.
13:06
I don't perceive my insides as objects.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืขืฆืžื™ื.
13:08
In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืืœื ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
13:13
And this is important, I think.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื™.
13:15
Perception of the internal state of the body
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ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
13:17
isn't about figuring out what's there,
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ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืคื”,
13:19
it's about control and regulation --
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ืืœื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” --
13:21
keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds
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ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
13:25
that are compatible with survival.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
13:28
When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
13:31
we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.
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ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช.
13:34
When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื”,
13:38
we experience how well or how badly that control is going.
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ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื• ืœื.
13:41
So our most basic experiences of being a self,
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•,
13:44
of being an embodied organism,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ,
13:46
are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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ื ื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:52
And when we follow this idea all the way through,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:55
we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,
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13:58
since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”,
14:03
all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
14:07
We experience the world and ourselves
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14:09
with, through and because of our living bodies.
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ืขื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื”ื—ื™.
14:13
Let me bring things together step-by-step.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื›ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘.
14:16
What we consciously see depends
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืชืœื•ื™
ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
14:18
on the brain's best guess of what's out there.
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14:20
Our experienced world comes from the inside out,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
14:22
not just the outside in.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
14:24
The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences
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ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ืžืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื”
14:27
of what is and what is not our body.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื•ืžื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:30
And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
14:34
coming from deep inside the body.
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14:36
And finally,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื,
14:37
experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื”
ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
14:42
than figuring out what's there.
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14:44
So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื•ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• --
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช
14:48
well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations
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14:50
that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution
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ืฉื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
14:53
to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืœื ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:56
We predict ourselves into existence.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื.
15:00
Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
15:03
First, just as we can misperceive the world,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
15:05
we can misperceive ourselves
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
15:07
when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื.
15:09
Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื
15:14
because we can finally get at the mechanisms
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15:16
rather than just treating the symptoms
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื
15:18
in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.
15:21
Second:
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ืฉื ื™ืช:
15:22
what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช
15:26
a software program running on a robot,
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
15:29
however smart or sophisticated.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ืื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื.
15:31
We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื
ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช
15:34
whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels
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15:37
by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:40
Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
15:45
Finally,
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15:46
our own individual inner universe,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:48
our way of being conscious,
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:50
is just one possible way of being conscious.
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15:53
And even human consciousness generally --
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ --
15:55
it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
15:59
Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
16:03
but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
16:06
shared with many other living creatures.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
16:09
Now, these are fundamental changes
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
16:13
in how we understand ourselves,
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžื—,
16:16
but I think they should be celebrated,
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16:17
because as so often in science, from Copernicus --
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืžืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก --
16:20
we're not at the center of the universe --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
16:22
to Darwin --
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ื“ืจืš ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ --
16:23
we're related to all other creatures --
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ืื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื --
16:25
to the present day.
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:28
With a greater sense of understanding
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ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืคืœื™ืื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:31
comes a greater sense of wonder,
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16:33
and a greater realization
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:35
that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื ื—ืœืง ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•.
16:40
And ...
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ื•...
16:42
when the end of consciousness comes,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ืœืคื—ื“.
16:45
there's nothing to be afraid of.
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16:48
Nothing at all.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœื•ื.
16:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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