Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Radica Stojanović

So historically there has

Razmatranjem istorije shvatamo

been a huge divide between what people

da je postojala velika razlika između onoga

consider to be non-living systems on one

što ljudi smatraju neživim sistemom sa jedne strane,

side, and living systems on the other side.

i živim sistemom sa druge.

So we go from, say, this beautiful and

Tako da se taj raspon kreće od ovog lepog i

complex crystal as non-life, and this rather

kompleksnog kristala koji je neživi sistem, i ove veoma

beautiful and complex cat on the other side.

lepe i kompleksne mačke sa druge strane.

Over the last hundred and fifty years or so,

U toku poslednjih 150 godina, nauka

science has kind of blurred this distinction

je dosta uticala na naše poimanje šta je to

between non-living and living systems, and

neživi, a šta živi organizam i te razlike više

now we consider that there may be a kind

nisu tako jasne, te smatramo da postoji čitav jedan

of continuum that exists between the two.

spektar inkrementnih prelaza između te dve oštre granice.

We'll just take one example here:

Evo samo jednog primera:

a virus is a natural system, right?

virus je prirodan sistem, zar ne?

But it's very simple. It's very simplistic.

To je veoma jednostavan sistem. Pojednostavljen je.

It doesn't really satisfy all the requirements,

Ne zadovoljava sve zahteve,

it doesn't have all the characteristics

nema sve osobine

of living systems and is in fact a parasite

živih sistema i u principu, da bi se reprodukovao

on other living systems in order to, say,

i evoluirao, virus parazitira na

reproduce and evolve.

drugim živim sistemima.

But what we're going to be talking about here

Danas ćemo ovde pričati o

tonight are experiments done on this sort of

eksperimentima koji su u principu odrađeni

non-living end of this spectrum -- so actually

na kraju spektra koji predstavlja nežive organizme--

doing chemical experiments in the laboratory,

to je izvođenje hemijskih eksperimenata u laboratoriji,

mixing together nonliving ingredients

mešanje neživih sastojaka materije

to make new structures, and that these

kako bismo napravili nove strukture, i kako ove nove

new structures might have some of the

strukture mogu pokazivati neke

characteristics of living systems.

od karakteristika živih sistema.

Really what I'm talking about here is

Ja u principu govorim o pokušaju

trying to create a kind of artificial life.

da napravim veštački život.

So what are these characteristics that I'm

Koje su to osobine o kojima pričam?

talking about? These are them.

To su ove osobine.

We consider first that life has a body.

Prvo, mislimo da život poseduje telo.

Now this is necessary to distinguish the self

To je neophodno kako bi se napravila razlika između organizma

from the environment.

i spoljašnje sredine.

Life also has a metabolism. Now this is a

Život takođe poseduje metabolizam. To je proces kojim

process by which life can convert resources

živo biće prerađuje različite resurse

from the environment into building blocks

iz spoljašnje sredine u gradivne jedinice kako

so it can maintain and build itself.

bi uspelo da sebe održi i da sebe gradi i raste.

Life also has a kind of inheritable information.

Život takođe poseduje naslednu informaciju.

Now we, as humans, we store our information

Mi ljudi nosimo našu naslednu informaciju

as DNA in our genomes and we pass this

zapisanu u DNK molekulu u našem genomu i prenosimo

information on to our offspring.

tu informaciju našem potomstvu.

If we couple the first two -- the body and the metabolism --

Ukoliko ukombinujemo prve dve - telo i metabolizam -

we can come up with a system that could

doći ćemo do sistema koji bi mogao

perhaps move and replicate, and if we

možda da se kreće i umnožava, i ukoliko

coupled these now to inheritable information,

bismo to povezali sa naslednom informacijom,

we can come up with a system that would be

dolazimo do sistema koji bi više

more lifelike, and would perhaps evolve.

podsećao na živi sistem, i možda bi evoluirao.

And so these are the things we will try to do

To su stvari koje mi pokušavamo da

in the lab, make some experiments that have

uradimo u laboratoriji, radeći eksperimente koji podražavaju

one or more of these characteristics of life.

jednu ili više osobina života.

So how do we do this? Well, we use

Kako mi to radimo? Mi koristimo model

a model system that we term a protocell.

sistem koji nazivamo proto-ćelija.

You might think of this as kind of like a

Možete to zamisliti kao tip

primitive cell. It is a simple chemical

primitivne ćelije. To je jednostavan hemijski

model of a living cell, and if you consider

model žive ćelije, i razmotrite i to da

for example a cell in your body may have

na primer jedna ćelija u vašem telu može imati

on the order of millions of different types

milion različitih tipova

of molecules that need to come together,

molekula koji se moraju naći jedan do drugog,

play together in a complex network

interagovati u složenoj mreži

to produce something that we call alive.

kako bi produkovali nešto što mi nazivamo "živim".

In the laboratory what we want to do

Ono što želimo da uradimo u laboratoriji

is much the same, but with on the order of

je slično tome, ali to je reda veličine

tens of different types of molecules --

desetina različitih molekula--

so a drastic reduction in complexity, but still

to je drastično smanjenje složenosti, ali i dalje

trying to produce something that looks lifelike.

mi pokušavamo da dođemo do nečeg što podseća na život.

And so what we do is, we start simple

Mi zato polazimo od jednostavnih stvari

and we work our way up to living systems.

i razrađujemo prolaz do živih sistema.

Consider for a moment this quote by

Porazmislite na momenat o ovom citatu

Leduc, a hundred years ago, considering a

Leduka, od pre stotinu godina i njegovo razmatranje

kind of synthetic biology:

o sintetičkoj biologiji:

"The synthesis of life, should it ever occur,

"Ukoliko se ikada desi sintetički život,

will not be the sensational discovery which we

to neće biti senzacionalno otkriće koje

usually associate with the idea."

uobičajeno povezujemo sa tom idejom. "

That's his first statement. So if we actually

To je njegova prva trvdnja. Tako da ako mi na kraju

create life in the laboratories, it's

i stvorimo život u laboratoriji, to

probably not going to impact our lives at all.

najverovatnije neće uopšte imati uticaj na naše živote.

"If we accept the theory of evolution, then

" Ukoliko prihvatimo teoriju evolucije, tada će prvu

the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist

zoru sintetičkog života predstvaljati

in the production of forms intermediate

produkt među-formi između

between the inorganic and the organic

neorganskog i organskog sveta,

world, or between the non-living

ili izmeđi neživog

and living world, forms which possess

i živog sveta, forme koje pokazuju

only some of the rudimentary attributes of life"

samo neke rudimentarne karakteristike života"

-- so, the ones I just discussed --

- to su primeri o kojima sam upravo pričao-

"to which other attributes will be slowly added

njima će ostale osobine biti lagano pridodate

in the course of development by the

u procesu razvoja, a delovanjem

evolutionary actions of the environment."

evolutivnih pritisaka prirodne sredine."

So we start simple, we make some structures

Početak je jednostavan, stvaramo neke forme

that may have some of these characteristics

koje mogu imati pojedine osobine

of life, and then we try to develop that

živog, a onda pokušamo da ih razvijemo da

to become more lifelike.

postanu više nalik na živo.

This is how we can start to make a protocell.

Ovako počinjemo da stvaramo proto-ćeliju.

We use this idea called self-assembly.

Koristimo ideju o samouspostavljanju.

What that means is, I can mix some

To znači da ja mogu da pomešam određene

chemicals together in a test tube in my lab,

hemikalije u eksperimentalnoj tubi u laboratoriji

and these chemicals will start to self-associate

i ove hemikalije će početi da se pridružuju

to form larger and larger structures.

kako bi napravile veće i veće strukture.

So say on the order of tens of thousands,

Tako da na razmeri od desetina hiljada,

hundreds of thousands of molecules will

stotine hiljada molekula će se

come together to form a large structure

kretati jedni ka drugima i formiraće veliku strukturu

that didn't exist before.

koja nije postojala pre toga.

And in this particular example,

U ovom izdvojenom primeru,

what I took is some membrane molecules,

ja sam upotrebio molekule membrane,

mixed those together in the right environment,

pomešao ih u pravoj sredini,

and within seconds it forms these rather

i nakon nekoliko sekundi oni formiraju ovu zaista

complex and beautiful structures here.

složenu i lepu strukturu ovde.

These membranes are also quite similar,

Ove mebrane su takođe veoma slične,

morphologically and functionally,

morfološki i funkcionalno,

to the membranes in your body,

membranama u vašem telu,

and we can use these, as they say,

i možemo ih koristiti, kako bi se reklo,

to form the body of our protocell.

da formiramo telo naše proto-ćelije.

Likewise,

Na sličan način možemo

we can work with oil and water systems.

raditi sa sistemima ulja i vode.

As you know, when you put oil and water together,

Kao što znate, kada pomešate ulje i vodu,

they don't mix, but through self-assembly

ne dolazi do mešanja, ali putem samo-organizacije

we can get a nice oil droplet to form,

može doći do formiranja lepe kapljice ulja,

and we can actually use this as a body for

i to možemo dalje koristiti kao telo za

our artificial organism or for our protocell,

veštački organizam ili za našu proto-ćeliju,

as you will see later.

kao što ćete kasnije videti.

So that's just forming some body stuff, right?

To je samo kreiranje nekog vida tela, zar ne?

Some architectures.

To je arhitektura.

What about the other aspects of living systems?

Šta da radimo sa drugim aspektima živih sistema?

So we came up with this protocell model here

Smislili smo model proto-ćelije koji vam

that I'm showing.

ovde pokazujem.

We started with a natural occurring clay

Počeli smo da radimo sa prirodnom glinom

called montmorillonite.

koja se zove montmorilonit.

This is natural from the environment, this clay.

Ova glina je deo prirodne okoline.

It forms a surface that is, say, chemically active.

Formira površinu za koje se može reći da je hemijski aktivna.

It could run a metabolism on it.

Može biti osnova za odvijanje metabolizma.

Certain kind of molecules like to associate

Određeni tipovi molekula se prirodno vezuju za

with the clay. For example, in this case, RNA, shown in red

glinu. Na primer, u ovom slučaju RNK,

-- this is a relative of DNA,

prikazana u crvenoj boji, rođaka DNK,

it's an informational molecule --

je informacioni molekul-

it can come along and it starts to associate

se može tu naći i doći će do povezivanja

with the surface of this clay.

sa površinom gline.

This structure, then, can organize the

Potom ova struktura može da omogući

formation of a membrane boundary around

formiranje membrane koja je okružuje,

itself, so it can make a body of

i da na taj način napravi branu od

liquid molecules around itself, and that's

tečnih molekula oko sebe što je pokazano

shown in green here on this micrograph.

zelenom bojom na ovim mikrografijama.

So just through self-assembly, mixing things

Koristeći samo proces samoorganizacije i mešanja supstanci

together in the lab, we can come up with, say,

u laboratoriji, možemo doći recimo do

a metabolic surface with some

metaboličke površine na koju su prilepljeni

informational molecules attached

molekuli koji prenose informacije

inside of this membrane body, right?

u okviru membrane koja sve to uobličava, u redu?

So we're on a road towards living systems.

Tako da smo na putu ka živim sistemima.

But if you saw this protocell, you would not

Ali ukoliko biste ugledali ovu proto-ćeliju vi je ne biste

confuse this with something that was actually alive.

pomešali ni sa čim što je zaista živo.

It's actually quite lifeless. Once it forms,

U suštini u njoj nema života. Kada se formira,

it doesn't really do anything.

u principu ne čini ništa.

So, something is missing.

Tako da nešto tu nedostaje.

Some things are missing.

Neke stvari nedostaju.

So some things that are missing is,

Neke od osobina koje nedostaju su, na primer,

for example, if you had a flow of energy

protok energije kroz sistem,

through a system, what we'd want

ono što bismo mi želeli je da ta

is a protocell that can harvest

proto-ćelija požnje

some of that energy in order to maintain itself,

deo energije kako bi održala samu sebe,

much like living systems do.

baš kao što živi sistemi čine.

So we came up with a different protocell

Tako da smo došli do drugačijeg modela

model, and this is actually simpler than the previous one.

proto-ćelije, i u principu je jednostavniji od prethodnog.

In this protocell model, it's just an oil droplet,

Ovo je samo kapljica ulja, taj novi model proto-ćelije,

but a chemical metabolism inside

ali sa takvim metabolizmom u sebi da

that allows this protocell to use energy

može da koristi energiju kako

to do something, to actually become dynamic,

bi uradila nešto, kako bi postala dinamična,

as we'll see here.

kao što ćete videti.

You add the droplet to the system.

Dodate samo ovu kapljicu u sistem.

It's a pool of water, and the protocell

Ovo je bazen vode i proto-ćelija počinje

starts moving itself around in the system.

da se kreće u okviru tog sistema.

Okay? Oil droplet forms

U redu? Kapljica ulja se formira procesom

through self-assembly, has a chemical

samoorganizacije, unutar sebe poseduje

metabolism inside so it can use energy,

hemijski metabolizam tako da može da koristi energiju

and it uses that energy to move itself

koju koristi kako bi se

around in its environment.

kretala u sredini gde se nalazi.

As we heard earlier, movement is very

Kao što smo ranije čuli, kretanje je jako

important in these kinds of living systems.

važno kod ovih tipova živog sistema.

It is moving around, exploring its environment,

Kreće se uokolo, istražuje okolinu,

and remodeling its environment, as you see,

i menja okolinu, kao što vidite,

by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell.

baš ovim hemijskim talasima koje sama protoćelija formira.

So it's acting, in a sense, like a living system

Tako da se na neki način ponaša kao živi sistem koji

trying to preserve itself.

pokušava da se održi.

We take this same moving protocell here,

Uzmemo ovu istu proto-ćeliju odavde,

and we put it in another experiment,

postavimo je u drugi eksperiment,

get it moving. Then I'm going

i pokrenemo je. Potom ću ja

to add some food to the system,

dodati malo hrane u sistem,

and you'll see that in blue here, right?

i uočićete to u plavoj boji ovde, u redu?

So I add some food source to the system.

Tako da ja dodam izvor hrane u sistem.

The protocell moves. It encounters the food.

Protoćelija se kreće. Nailazi na hranu.

It reconfigures itself and actually then

Potom se uspostavi iznova i u stanju je

is able to climb to the highest concentration

da se popenje do najviše koncentracije

of food in that system and stop there.

hrane u tom sistemu, i tu se zaustavi.

Alright? So not only do we have this system

U redu? Tako da ne samo da imamo ovaj sistem

that has a body, it has a metabolism,

koji ima telo, ima metabolizam,

it can use energy, it moves around.

može koristiti energiju, i kreće se uokolo.

It can sense its local environment

Ono može da oseti spoljašnju sredinu

and actually find resources

i u principu pronalazi izvore energije

in the environment to sustain itself.

u svoj sredini kako bi se održalo.

Now, this doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have

Sada, ne poseduje mozak, ne poseduje

a neural system. This is just a sack of

nervni sistem. Ovo je samo grupa

chemicals that is able to have this interesting

hemijskih supstanci koja je u stanju da ispolji

and complex lifelike behavior.

ovo interesantno, složeno ponašanje slično živom sistemu.

If we count the number of chemicals

Ukoliko izbrojimo broj hemijskih supstanci

in that system, actually, including the water

u tom sistemu, uključujući i vodu koja je

that's in the dish, we have five chemicals

u posudi, dolazimo do 5 hemikalija

that can do this.

koje mogu ovo da urade.

So then we put these protocells together in a

Potom postavimo ove proto-ćelije zajedno u

single experiment to see what they would do,

isti eksperiment i posmatramo šta će se desiti,

and depending on the conditions, we have

i u zavisnosti od uslova, imamo proto-ćelije

some protocells on the left that are

sa leve strane koje se

moving around and it likes to touch the other

kreću uokolo i sviđa im se da dodiruju druge

structures in its environment.

strukture u svojoj okolini.

On the other hand we have two moving

Sa druge strane imamo dve proto-ćelije

protocells that like to circle each other,

koje se kreću i prosto kruže jedna oko druge,

and they form a kind of a dance, a complex dance with each other.

tako da to podseća na vrstu plesa, složenog plesa u duetu.

Right? So not only do individual protocells

Zar ne? Tako da ne samo da pojedinačne proto-ćelije

have behavior, what we've interpreted as

karakteriše određeno ponašanje, koje mi shvatamo kao

behavior in this system, but we also have

ponašanje u ovom sistemu, već se susrećemo

basically population-level behavior

takođe i sa ponašanjem na nivou populacije što

similar to what organisms have.

je slično onome što i organizme karakteriše.

So now that you're all experts on protocells,

Pošto se sada svi stručnjaci za proto-ćelije,

we're going to play a game with these protocells.

igraćemo se malo sa ovim proto-ćelijama.

We're going to make two different kinds.

Napravićemo dve različite vrste.

Protocell A has a certain kind of chemistry

Proto-ćelija A poseduje određenu vrstu hemije

inside that, when activated, the protocell

u sebi, i kada je aktivirana ta proto-ćelija počinje

starts to vibrate around, just dancing.

da vibrira uokolo, prosto pleše.

So remember, these are primitive things,

Zapamtite da pričamo o primitivnim stvarima,

so dancing protocells, that's very

tako da su nama proto-ćelije koje plešu

interesting to us. (Laughter)

veoma interesantan fenomen. (Smeh)

The second protocell has a different

Drugi tip proto-ćelije poseduje drukčiju vrstu

chemistry inside, and when activated,

hemije i kada su aktivirane

the protocells all come together and they fuse

ove proto-ćelije se prosto udruže i stope

into one big one. Right?

u jednu veliku proto-ćeliju. U redu?

And we just put these two together

Samo ih stavimo zajedno u

in the same system.

isti sistem.

So there's population A,

Ovo je populacija A,

there's population B, and then

ovo je populacija B, i potom

we activate the system,

mi aktiviramo sistem,

and protocell Bs, they're the blue ones,

i proto-ćelija tipa B, to su ove plave ovde,

they all come together. They fuse together

one se ujedine. Sjedine su i formiraju

to form one big blob, and the other protocell

jednu veliku grudvu, a druge proto-ćelije prosto

just dances around. And this just happens

samo plešu uokolo. Ovo se praktično dešava

until all of the energy in the system is

dok se ne istroši sva energija u sistemu

basically used up, and then, game over.

a potom se igra završava.

So then I repeated this experiment

Potom sam ponovio ovaj eksperiment

a bunch of times, and one time

nebrojeno puta, i jednom se

something very interesting happened.

nešto veoma interesantno desilo.

So, I added these protocells together

Prosto sam dodao proto-ćelije zajedno u

to the system, and protocell A and protocell B

sistem, i proto-ćelija A i proto-ćelija B

fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

su se sjedinile i formirale hibridnu proto-ćeliju AB.

That didn't happen before. There it goes.

To se ranije nije dešavalo. Ovako to izgleda.

There's a protocell AB now in this system.

Sada imamo i proto-ćeliju AB u sistemu.

Protocell AB likes to dance around for a bit,

Proto-ćelija AB voli da malo pleše tu,

while protocell B does the fusing, okay?

dok proto-ćelija B odrađuje sjedinjavanje, u redu?

But then something even more interesting happens.

Ali potom se nešto još interesantnije desilo.

Watch when these two large protocells,

Gledajte sada kako se ove dve velike proto-ćelije,

the hybrid ones, fuse together.

hibridne ćelije sjedinjuju.

Now we have a dancing protocell

Sada imamo proto-ćeliju koja pleše i

and a self-replication event. Right. (Laughter)

i udvaja se sama. U redu. (Smeh)

Just with blobs of chemicals, again.

I sve to samo uz pomoć šačice hemikalija.

So the way this works is, you have

Način na koji to funkcioniše je sledeći,

a simple system of five chemicals here,

imate ovde jednostavan sistem od pet hemikalija,

a simple system here. When they hybridize,

i jednostavan sistem ovde. Dođe do njihovog sjedinjavanja,

you then form something that's different than

i dobijete nešto što je različito od polaznog

before, it's more complex than before,

sistema, kompleksnije je od polaznog sistema,

and you get the emergence of another kind of

i pojavljuje se nova osobina koja je karakteristična

lifelike behavior which

za živi sistem a to je

in this case is replication.

u ovom slučaju replikacija.

So since we can make some interesting

S obzirom da možemo da napravimo interesantne

protocells that we like, interesting colors and

proto-ćelije koje nam se sviđaju, interesantnih boja i

interesting behaviors, and they're very easy

interesantnog ponašanja, i to veoma lako,

to make, and they have interesting lifelike

i pokazuju pri tome interesantne karakteristike

properties, perhaps these protocells have

živih sistema, možda ove proto-ćelije mogu da nam

something to tell us about the origin of life

kažu nešto o poreklu života na

on the Earth. Perhaps these represent an

Zemlji. Možda ovo predstvalja jednostavan korak,

easily accessible step, one of the first steps

a to je jedan od prvih koraka

by which life got started on the early Earth.

koji je doveo do početka života na Zemlji.

Certainly, there were molecules present on

Sigurno je da su postojali razni molekuli u

the early Earth, but they wouldn't have been

ranoj istoriji Zemlje, ali to nisu bila ova čista

these pure compounds that we worked with

jedinjenja sa kojima smo mi radili u

in the lab and I showed in these experiments.

laboratoriji i pokazali vam ove eksperimente.

Rather, they'd be a real complex mixture of

To su pre bile složene smeše raznih jedinjenja,

all kinds of stuff, because

s obzirom na to da nekontorlisane

uncontrolled chemical reactions produce

hemijske reakcije dovode do nastanka

a diverse mixture of organic compounds.

raznolikih smeša organskih jedinjenja.

Think of it like a primordial ooze, okay?

Razmišljajte o tome kao o primordijalnoj supi, u redu?

And it's a pool that's too difficult to fully

To je sistem koji je veoma teško potpuno

characterize, even by modern methods, and

okarakterisati čak i modernim metodama, i ti

the product looks brown, like this tar here

produkti su braon boje, kao katran prikazan

on the left. A pure compound

sa leve strane. Da biste uvideli kontrast,

is shown on the right, for contrast.

sa desne strane je pokazano čisto jedinjenje.

So this is similar to what happens when you

Ovo je slično onome što se desi kada

take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen,

stavite čiste kristale šećera u posudu

you put them in a pan, and you apply energy.

u svojoj kuhinji, i zagrejete posudu.

You turn up the heat, you start making

Povećate potom temperaturu, i tako počnu da se

or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar,

formiraju i raskidaju hemijske veze u šećeru,

forming a brownish caramel, right?

i formira se braon karamel, zar ne?

If you let that go unregulated, you'll

Ukoliko ne regulišite taj proces, proces uspostvaljanja

continue to make and break chemical bonds,

i raskidanja hemijskih veza se nastavlja,

forming an even more diverse mixture of

i tako nastaje još raznovrsnija smeša molekula

molecules that then forms this kind of black

koji formiraju crnu katransku masu

tarry stuff in your pan, right, that's

na vašoj posudi, koju je veoma teško

difficult to wash out. So that's what

oprati. Tako da bi izvor inicijalnog života

the origin of life would have looked like.

izgledao slično tome.

You needed to get life out of this junk that

Treba da dobijete život iz ovog smeća koje je

is present on the early Earth,

postojalo na mladoj planeti Zemlji,

four, 4.5 billion years ago.

pre 4-4.5 milijardi godina.

So the challenge then is,

Izazov leži u tome da zaboravite

throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab,

na sva čista hemijska jedinjena koja imate u laboratoriji,

and try to make some protocells with lifelike

i pokušate da napravite proto-ćelije koje pokazuju

properties from this kind of primordial ooze.

osobine živih sistema sa ovim tipom primordijalne supe.

So we're able to then see the self-assembly

Bili smo u mogućnosti da uočimo samo-organizovanje

of these oil droplet bodies again

tela ovih uljanih kapljica ponovo,

that we've seen previously,

kao što smo i ranije videli,

and the black spots inside of there

a ove crne tačke unutar njih su ustvari

represent this kind of black tar -- this diverse,

prosto tip crnog katrana-- tip tog raznovrsnog,

very complex, organic black tar.

veoma složenog, organskog crnog katrana.

And we put them into one of these

Ubacimo ih u jedan od ovih

experiments, as you've seen earlier, and then

eksperimenata, kao što ste ranije videli, i potom

we watch lively movement that comes out.

posmatramo živopisne pokrete koji nastaju iz toga.

They look really good, very nice movement,

Deluju veoma dobro, prave lepe pokrete,

and also they appear to have some kind of

a takođe se čini i da pokazuju izvestan oblik

behavior where they kind of circle

ponašanja pri kojem oni na neki način kruže

around each other and follow each other,

jedni oko drugih, i prate jedan drugog,

similar to what we've seen before -- but again,

slično onome što smo već videli--ali ovog puta,

working with just primordial conditions,

da napomenem još jednom, koristeći samo primordijalne uslove,

no pure chemicals.

ne čiste hemikalije.

These are also, these tar-fueled protocells,

Ove proto-ćelije na bazi katrana su

are also able to locate resources

takođe sposobne da lociraju izvore energije

in their environment.

u svojoj okolini.

I'm going to add some resource from the left,

Dodaću izvor energije sa leve strane,

here, that defuses into the system,

baš ovde, i raspršiće se po sistemu,

and you can see, they really like that.

i videćete da proto-ćelije to baš vole.

They become very energetic, and able

Postaju veoma energične, i u stanju su da nađu izvore

to find the resource in the environment,

energije u svojoj sredini,

similar to what we saw before.

slično onome što smo ranije videli.

But again, these are done in these primordial

Napominjem ponovo da je sve ovo sada urađeno

conditions, really messy conditions,

u uslovima primordijalne supe, to su zbrkani, složeni uslovi,

not sort of sterile laboratory conditions.

a ne sterilni laboratorijski uslovi.

These are very dirty little protocells,

Ovo su u principu veoma nečiste male

as a matter of fact. (Laughter)

proto-ćelije. (Smeh).

But they have lifelike properties, is the point.

Suština je u tome da imaju osobine koje podsećaju na živi sistem.

So, doing these artificial life experiments

Rad na ovim eksperimentima o veštačkom životu nam

helps us define a potential path between

pomaže da definišemo moguću putanju koja

non-living and living systems.

povezuje nežive i žive sisteme.

And not only that, but it helps us

I ne samo to, pomaže nam i da

broaden our view of what life is

proširimo našu percepciju o tome šta je život

and what possible life there could be

i kakav mogući život bi se mogao dešavati

out there -- life that could be very different

u vasioni-- život koji bi mogao biti veoma različit

from life that we find here on Earth.

od života koji nalazimo ovde na Zemlji.

And that leads me to the next

To me vodi do sledećeg

term, which is "weird life."

izraza, a to je "čudan život".

This is a term by Steve Benner.

Ovo je izraz Stiva Benera.

This is used in reference to a report

Izraz je korišćen 2007. u izveštaju

in 2007 by the National Research Council

Nacionalnog istraživačkog saveta u

in the United States, wherein

Sjedinjenim Državama, kada su pokušali da

they tried to understand how we can

shvate kako bismo mogli da tražimo

look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay,

život na drugim mestima u univerzumu,

especially if that life is very different from life

naročito ako je taj život veoma različit od života

on Earth. If we went to another planet and

na Zemlji. Ukoliko bismo otišli na drugu planetu i mislimo

we thought there might be life there,

da tamo možda postoji život,

how could we even recognize it as life?

kako mi uopšte možemo prepoznati to kao život?

Well, they came up with three very general

Došli su do tri veoma uopštena kriterijuma.

criteria. First is -- and they're listed here.

Izlistani su ovde- prvi je.

The first is, the system has to be in

Prvi kriterijum glasi da sistem ne može biti

non-equilibrium. That means the system

u ravnoteži. To samo znači u principu

cannot be dead, in a matter of fact.

da sistem ne može biti mrtav.

Basically what that means is, you have

To jednostavno znači da postoji energija koja

an input of energy into the system that life

ulazi u sistem koji "život" može

can use and exploit to maintain itself.

koristiti i upotrebiti da održi samog sebe.

This is similar to having the Sun shining

To je slično Suncu koje obasjava

on the Earth, driving photosynthesis,

Zemlju i podržava fotosintezu,

driving the ecosystem.

što pokreće ekosistem.

Without the Sun, there's likely to be

Bez Sunca, najverovatnije ne bi uopšte

no life on this planet.

bilo života na ovoj planeti.

Secondly, life needs to be in liquid form,

Drugi kriterijum je da život mora biti u tečnoj formi,

so that means even if we had some

a to znači da ukoliko bismo imali

interesting structures, interesting molecules

neke interesantne strukture i molekule

together but they were frozen solid,

zajedno u zamrznutom, čvrstom stanju

then this is not a good place for life.

to ne bi bilo optimalno mesto za život.

And thirdly, we need to be able to make

Treće, neophodno je da budemo u stanju da uspostavimo

and break chemical bonds. And again

i razgradimo hemijske veze. Ponovo,

this is important because life transforms

to je važno zato što život transformiše

resources from the environment into

izvore energije iz svoje sredine u

building blocks so it can maintain itself.

gradivne jedinice kako bi sebe održao.

Now today, I told you about very strange

Danas sam vam pričao o veoma stranim i

and weird protocells -- some that contain clay,

čudnim proto-ćelijama-- neke sadrže glinu,

some that have primordial ooze in them,

neke sadrže primordijalnu supu u sebi,

some that have basically oil

neke sadrže ulje umesto

instead of water inside of them.

vode u sebi.

Most of these don't contain DNA,

Većina njih ne poseduje DNK,

but yet they have lifelike properties.

ali opet imaju osobine koje podsećaju na živi svet.

But these protocells satisfy

Ali ove proto-ćelije zadovoljavaju ove

these general requirements of living systems.

opšte zahteve koje treba živi sistem da ispolji.

So by making these chemical, artificial

Radeći ove hemijske eksperimente,

life experiments, we hope not only

eksperimente o veštačkom životu, nadamo se da ćemo razumeti

to understand something fundamental

ne samo osnove o nastanku

about the origin of life and the existence

života i opstanku na našoj planeti,

of life on this planet, but also

već takođe i koji bi se to

what possible life there could be

mogući oblici života mogli naći

out there in the universe. Thank you.

u univerzumu. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)