Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life

148,725 views ใƒป 2011-11-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nitai Gat ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So historically there has
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
00:17
been a huge divide between what people
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ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
00:20
consider to be non-living systems on one
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื-ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“
00:23
side, and living systems on the other side.
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ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.
00:25
So we go from, say, this beautiful and
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืคื”
00:27
complex crystal as non-life, and this rather
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™, ืขื“ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ
00:30
beautiful and complex cat on the other side.
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ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:33
Over the last hundred and fifty years or so,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš,
00:36
science has kind of blurred this distinction
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:38
between non-living and living systems, and
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื-ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
00:40
now we consider that there may be a kind
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ
00:42
of continuum that exists between the two.
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ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
00:45
We'll just take one example here:
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืžื›ืืŸ:
00:47
a virus is a natural system, right?
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:49
But it's very simple. It's very simplistic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™.
00:51
It doesn't really satisfy all the requirements,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช,
00:53
it doesn't have all the characteristics
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
00:55
of living systems and is in fact a parasite
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืคืœ
00:57
on other living systems in order to, say,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™
01:00
reproduce and evolve.
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ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
01:02
But what we're going to be talking about here
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘
01:04
tonight are experiments done on this sort of
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ
01:06
non-living end of this spectrum -- so actually
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ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืœื-ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
01:08
doing chemical experiments in the laboratory,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
01:11
mixing together nonliving ingredients
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ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื-ื—ื™ื™ื
01:13
to make new structures, and that these
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื
01:15
new structures might have some of the
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื”
01:17
characteristics of living systems.
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:19
Really what I'm talking about here is
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ
01:21
trying to create a kind of artificial life.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:23
So what are these characteristics that I'm
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ืื– ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
01:25
talking about? These are them.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ? ื”ื ื” ื”ืŸ.
01:27
We consider first that life has a body.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:29
Now this is necessary to distinguish the self
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:31
from the environment.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:33
Life also has a metabolism. Now this is a
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื–ื”ื•
01:35
process by which life can convert resources
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
01:38
from the environment into building blocks
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ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“
01:40
so it can maintain and build itself.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
01:43
Life also has a kind of inheritable information.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™.
01:45
Now we, as humans, we store our information
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ืื ื•, ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
01:47
as DNA in our genomes and we pass this
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ื›ื“ื "ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื
01:50
information on to our offspring.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
01:52
If we couple the first two -- the body and the metabolism --
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ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื -- ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื --
01:54
we can come up with a system that could
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื”
01:56
perhaps move and replicate, and if we
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ืœื–ื•ื– ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ, ื•ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ
01:58
coupled these now to inheritable information,
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ืื•ืชื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™,
02:01
we can come up with a system that would be
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
02:03
more lifelike, and would perhaps evolve.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืชืชืคืชื—.
02:05
And so these are the things we will try to do
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
02:07
in the lab, make some experiments that have
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™
02:09
one or more of these characteristics of life.
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ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:12
So how do we do this? Well, we use
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
02:14
a model system that we term a protocell.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื.
02:16
You might think of this as kind of like a
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ
02:18
primitive cell. It is a simple chemical
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ืชื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™
02:20
model of a living cell, and if you consider
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื ื—ื™, ื•ืื ืชืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
02:23
for example a cell in your body may have
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ืฉืœืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:25
on the order of millions of different types
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:27
of molecules that need to come together,
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“,
02:29
play together in a complex network
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:31
to produce something that we call alive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื•.
02:34
In the laboratory what we want to do
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:36
is much the same, but with on the order of
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ
02:38
tens of different types of molecules --
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช --
02:40
so a drastic reduction in complexity, but still
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
02:42
trying to produce something that looks lifelike.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™-ื—ื™.
02:45
And so what we do is, we start simple
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ
02:47
and we work our way up to living systems.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:50
Consider for a moment this quote by
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ
02:52
Leduc, a hundred years ago, considering a
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ืœื“ื•ืง, ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
02:54
kind of synthetic biology:
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช:
02:56
"The synthesis of life, should it ever occur,
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"ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ืชืงืจื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
02:58
will not be the sensational discovery which we
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
03:00
usually associate with the idea."
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ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ."
03:02
That's his first statement. So if we actually
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื
03:04
create life in the laboratories, it's
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื–ื”
03:06
probably not going to impact our lives at all.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ.
03:08
"If we accept the theory of evolution, then
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"ืื ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืื–ื™
03:10
the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ
03:12
in the production of forms intermediate
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื
03:14
between the inorganic and the organic
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
03:16
world, or between the non-living
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื-ื—ื™
03:18
and living world, forms which possess
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ื•ื”ื—ื™, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
03:20
only some of the rudimentary attributes of life"
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ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื"
03:22
-- so, the ones I just discussed --
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-- ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื’ืข --
03:24
"to which other attributes will be slowly added
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"ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœืื˜
03:26
in the course of development by the
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
03:28
evolutionary actions of the environment."
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”."
03:30
So we start simple, we make some structures
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื
03:32
that may have some of these characteristics
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:34
of life, and then we try to develop that
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ื ื ืกื” ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชื
03:36
to become more lifelike.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:38
This is how we can start to make a protocell.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื.
03:40
We use this idea called self-assembly.
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ืื ื• ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
03:42
What that means is, I can mix some
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘
03:44
chemicals together in a test tube in my lab,
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
03:46
and these chemicals will start to self-associate
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ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
03:48
to form larger and larger structures.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
03:50
So say on the order of tens of thousands,
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ื ื ื™ื— ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช-ืืœืคื™,
03:52
hundreds of thousands of molecules will
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ืžืื•ืช-ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื•
03:54
come together to form a large structure
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:56
that didn't exist before.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:58
And in this particular example,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื–ื•,
04:00
what I took is some membrane molecules,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”,
04:02
mixed those together in the right environment,
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ืขืจื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
04:04
and within seconds it forms these rather
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื
04:06
complex and beautiful structures here.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืืœื•.
04:08
These membranes are also quite similar,
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ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™,
04:10
morphologically and functionally,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ,
04:12
to the membranes in your body,
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ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:14
and we can use these, as they say,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ,
04:16
to form the body of our protocell.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื.
04:18
Likewise,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ,
04:19
we can work with oil and water systems.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื.
04:21
As you know, when you put oil and water together,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื,
04:23
they don't mix, but through self-assembly
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
04:25
we can get a nice oil droplet to form,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ,
04:27
and we can actually use this as a body for
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ
04:29
our artificial organism or for our protocell,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:31
as you will see later.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
04:33
So that's just forming some body stuff, right?
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:35
Some architectures.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
04:37
What about the other aspects of living systems?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช?
04:39
So we came up with this protocell model here
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื”ื–ื”
04:41
that I'm showing.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื”.
04:43
We started with a natural occurring clay
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื—ื™ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
04:45
called montmorillonite.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ื ื˜ืžื•ืจื™ืœื•ื ื™ื˜.
04:47
This is natural from the environment, this clay.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:49
It forms a surface that is, say, chemically active.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
04:51
It could run a metabolism on it.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
04:53
Certain kind of molecules like to associate
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
04:55
with the clay. For example, in this case, RNA, shown in red
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ืœื—ื™ืžืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืจื "ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื
04:57
-- this is a relative of DNA,
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-- ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื --
04:59
it's an informational molecule --
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื“ืข --
05:01
it can come along and it starts to associate
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
05:03
with the surface of this clay.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืžืจ.
05:05
This structure, then, can organize the
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช
05:07
formation of a membrane boundary around
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ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘
05:09
itself, so it can make a body of
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ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื•ืฃ
05:11
liquid molecules around itself, and that's
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ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื–ื”
05:13
shown in green here on this micrograph.
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ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจืฃ.
05:15
So just through self-assembly, mixing things
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ืื– ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:17
together in the lab, we can come up with, say,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
05:20
a metabolic surface with some
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ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื”
05:22
informational molecules attached
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
05:24
inside of this membrane body, right?
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
05:26
So we're on a road towards living systems.
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ืื– ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:30
But if you saw this protocell, you would not
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
05:32
confuse this with something that was actually alive.
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™.
05:34
It's actually quite lifeless. Once it forms,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
05:36
it doesn't really do anything.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
05:38
So, something is missing.
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ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ.
05:40
Some things are missing.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื.
05:42
So some things that are missing is,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ื,
05:44
for example, if you had a flow of energy
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
05:46
through a system, what we'd want
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ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
05:48
is a protocell that can harvest
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื
05:50
some of that energy in order to maintain itself,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
05:52
much like living systems do.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:54
So we came up with a different protocell
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ืฉื•ื ื”
05:56
model, and this is actually simpler than the previous one.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื•ื“ื.
05:58
In this protocell model, it's just an oil droplet,
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื”ื–ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืžืŸ,
06:00
but a chemical metabolism inside
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ืืš ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”
06:02
that allows this protocell to use energy
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
06:04
to do something, to actually become dynamic,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™,
06:07
as we'll see here.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:09
You add the droplet to the system.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:11
It's a pool of water, and the protocell
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ื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื
06:13
starts moving itself around in the system.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:15
Okay? Oil droplet forms
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ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืžืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจืช
06:17
through self-assembly, has a chemical
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
06:19
metabolism inside so it can use energy,
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ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
06:21
and it uses that energy to move itself
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
06:23
around in its environment.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
06:25
As we heard earlier, movement is very
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื“
06:27
important in these kinds of living systems.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
06:29
It is moving around, exploring its environment,
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื–ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”,
06:31
and remodeling its environment, as you see,
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ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
06:33
by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื.
06:35
So it's acting, in a sense, like a living system
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื”
06:37
trying to preserve itself.
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
06:40
We take this same moving protocell here,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื”ื ืข ื›ืืŸ,
06:43
and we put it in another experiment,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
06:45
get it moving. Then I'm going
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœื ื•ืข, ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“
06:47
to add some food to the system,
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขื˜ "ืžื–ื•ืŸ" ืœืžืขืจื›ืช,
06:49
and you'll see that in blue here, right?
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ืื•ืชื• ืชืจืื• ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
06:52
So I add some food source to the system.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:54
The protocell moves. It encounters the food.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื ืข. ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:56
It reconfigures itself and actually then
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:58
is able to climb to the highest concentration
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
07:00
of food in that system and stop there.
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ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืจ ืฉื.
07:02
Alright? So not only do we have this system
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื? ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•
07:04
that has a body, it has a metabolism,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
07:06
it can use energy, it moves around.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
07:09
It can sense its local environment
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
07:11
and actually find resources
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
07:13
in the environment to sustain itself.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
07:15
Now, this doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื•ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”
07:17
a neural system. This is just a sack of
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืกื•ืคืช
07:19
chemicals that is able to have this interesting
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื
07:21
and complex lifelike behavior.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ื–ื•.
07:23
If we count the number of chemicals
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ืื ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
07:25
in that system, actually, including the water
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื
07:27
that's in the dish, we have five chemicals
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ืฉื‘ืฆืœื—ืช, ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
07:29
that can do this.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
07:31
So then we put these protocells together in a
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
07:33
single experiment to see what they would do,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื•,
07:35
and depending on the conditions, we have
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
07:37
some protocells on the left that are
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ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ
07:39
moving around and it likes to touch the other
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ืฉื–ื–ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื
07:41
structures in its environment.
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ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:43
On the other hand we have two moving
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื
07:45
protocells that like to circle each other,
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ื–ื–ื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:47
and they form a kind of a dance, a complex dance with each other.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:49
Right? So not only do individual protocells
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ืื•ืงื™ื™? ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
07:51
have behavior, what we've interpreted as
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื ื•
07:53
behavior in this system, but we also have
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ื›ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื,
07:55
basically population-level behavior
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
07:58
similar to what organisms have.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
08:01
So now that you're all experts on protocells,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื,
08:04
we're going to play a game with these protocells.
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ื ืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:06
We're going to make two different kinds.
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:08
Protocell A has a certain kind of chemistry
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ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื A ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
08:11
inside that, when activated, the protocell
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื
08:13
starts to vibrate around, just dancing.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืจืงื•ื“.
08:15
So remember, these are primitive things,
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
08:17
so dancing protocells, that's very
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ืื– ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ืžืจืงื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ
08:19
interesting to us. (Laughter)
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ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื•ื“. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:21
The second protocell has a different
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ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
08:23
chemistry inside, and when activated,
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ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœืช,
08:25
the protocells all come together and they fuse
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื
08:27
into one big one. Right?
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ืœืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
08:29
And we just put these two together
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ื•ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“
08:31
in the same system.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช.
08:33
So there's population A,
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ื”ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” A,
08:35
there's population B, and then
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” B, ื•ืื–
08:37
we activate the system,
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ืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
08:39
and protocell Bs, they're the blue ones,
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ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ B, ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
08:41
they all come together. They fuse together
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ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื›ื•ืœื. ื”ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื
08:43
to form one big blob, and the other protocell
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
08:45
just dances around. And this just happens
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘. ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
08:47
until all of the energy in the system is
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช
08:49
basically used up, and then, game over.
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ืžื•ืฆืชื”, ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื’ืžืจ.
08:52
So then I repeated this experiment
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
08:54
a bunch of times, and one time
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช
08:56
something very interesting happened.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื”.
08:58
So, I added these protocells together
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ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“
09:00
to the system, and protocell A and protocell B
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื A ื•- B
09:02
fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.
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ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื - AB.
09:04
That didn't happen before. There it goes.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื. ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
09:06
There's a protocell AB now in this system.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื AB ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
09:09
Protocell AB likes to dance around for a bit,
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื AB ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืžืขื˜,
09:12
while protocell B does the fusing, okay?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื B ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืœื”ืชืื—ื“, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
09:15
But then something even more interesting happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
09:18
Watch when these two large protocells,
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ืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:20
the hybrid ones, fuse together.
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ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื.
09:22
Now we have a dancing protocell
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชื ืจื•ืงื“
09:25
and a self-replication event. Right. (Laughter)
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ื•ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:29
Just with blobs of chemicals, again.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืง ืขื ื›ืชืžื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
09:31
So the way this works is, you have
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื”
09:33
a simple system of five chemicals here,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
09:35
a simple system here. When they hybridize,
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ื•ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื. ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืœืื•ืช,
09:37
you then form something that's different than
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”
09:39
before, it's more complex than before,
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ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
09:41
and you get the emergence of another kind of
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ื•ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ
09:43
lifelike behavior which
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:45
in this case is replication.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ.
09:47
So since we can make some interesting
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื
09:49
protocells that we like, interesting colors and
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
09:51
interesting behaviors, and they're very easy
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ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ื•ื”ื ืงืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“
09:53
to make, and they have interesting lifelike
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
09:55
properties, perhaps these protocells have
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ
09:58
something to tell us about the origin of life
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:00
on the Earth. Perhaps these represent an
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ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
10:02
easily accessible step, one of the first steps
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ืฉืœื‘ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:04
by which life got started on the early Earth.
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ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ.
10:07
Certainly, there were molecules present on
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
10:09
the early Earth, but they wouldn't have been
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ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื•
10:11
these pure compounds that we worked with
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ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื™ืžืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
10:13
in the lab and I showed in these experiments.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
10:15
Rather, they'd be a real complex mixture of
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
10:17
all kinds of stuff, because
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:19
uncontrolled chemical reactions produce
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ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช
10:21
a diverse mixture of organic compounds.
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
10:23
Think of it like a primordial ooze, okay?
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›"ืžืจืง ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™", ืื•ืงื™ื™?
10:26
And it's a pool that's too difficult to fully
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ
10:28
characterize, even by modern methods, and
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ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
10:30
the product looks brown, like this tar here
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืคืช ื›ืืŸ
10:32
on the left. A pure compound
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”
10:34
is shown on the right, for contrast.
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
10:36
So this is similar to what happens when you
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื
10:38
take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—,
10:40
you put them in a pan, and you apply energy.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืช, ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:42
You turn up the heat, you start making
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ืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
10:44
or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar,
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ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจ,
10:46
forming a brownish caramel, right?
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจืžืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:48
If you let that go unregulated, you'll
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ืื ืœื ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืืชื
10:50
continue to make and break chemical bonds,
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ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
10:52
forming an even more diverse mixture of
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ื•ืชืฆืจื• ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
10:54
molecules that then forms this kind of black
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
10:56
tarry stuff in your pan, right, that's
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ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื“ืžื•ื™-ื–ืคืช ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืช
10:58
difficult to wash out. So that's what
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ืงื•ืช. ืื– ื›ืš
11:00
the origin of life would have looked like.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:02
You needed to get life out of this junk that
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ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืจืคืฉ ื”ื–ื”
11:04
is present on the early Earth,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ,
11:06
four, 4.5 billion years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:08
So the challenge then is,
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ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”,
11:10
throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab,
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ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืขื‘ื“ื”,
11:12
and try to make some protocells with lifelike
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
11:14
properties from this kind of primordial ooze.
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”"ืžืจืง ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™" ื”ื–ื”.
11:17
So we're able to then see the self-assembly
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช
11:19
of these oil droplet bodies again
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ื‘
11:21
that we've seen previously,
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
11:23
and the black spots inside of there
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ื•ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื
11:25
represent this kind of black tar -- this diverse,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” -- ื–ืคืช
11:27
very complex, organic black tar.
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ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
11:29
And we put them into one of these
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื—ื“
11:31
experiments, as you've seen earlier, and then
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื,
11:33
we watch lively movement that comes out.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
11:35
They look really good, very nice movement,
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“,
11:37
and also they appear to have some kind of
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ื•ื’ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
11:39
behavior where they kind of circle
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืงื™ืคื™ื
11:41
around each other and follow each other,
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ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,
11:44
similar to what we've seen before -- but again,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื -- ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘,
11:46
working with just primordial conditions,
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื,
11:48
no pure chemicals.
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ืœืœื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
11:50
These are also, these tar-fueled protocells,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ื–ืคืช ื”ืœืœื•
11:52
are also able to locate resources
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
11:54
in their environment.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
11:55
I'm going to add some resource from the left,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉืื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
11:57
here, that defuses into the system,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืžืคืขืคืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
11:59
and you can see, they really like that.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
12:01
They become very energetic, and able
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื ืžืจืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
12:03
to find the resource in the environment,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
12:05
similar to what we saw before.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
12:07
But again, these are done in these primordial
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, (ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื) ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื
12:09
conditions, really messy conditions,
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ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืชื ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื,
12:11
not sort of sterile laboratory conditions.
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ืœื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื™ื.
12:13
These are very dirty little protocells,
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ืืœื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื,
12:15
as a matter of fact. (Laughter)
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:17
But they have lifelike properties, is the point.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:20
So, doing these artificial life experiments
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
12:23
helps us define a potential path between
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:26
non-living and living systems.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื-ื—ื™ื•ืช.
12:29
And not only that, but it helps us
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื•
12:31
broaden our view of what life is
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ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:33
and what possible life there could be
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื•
12:35
out there -- life that could be very different
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ืื™ ืฉื -- ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
12:37
from life that we find here on Earth.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:40
And that leads me to the next
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื’
12:42
term, which is "weird life."
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ื”ื‘ื, ืฉื”ื•ื "ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื".
12:44
This is a term by Steve Benner.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื ื˜ื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ืจ.
12:47
This is used in reference to a report
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื•"ื—
12:49
in 2007 by the National Research Council
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ืž- 2007 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ
12:51
in the United States, wherein
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื•
12:53
they tried to understand how we can
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ
12:55
look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay,
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
12:57
especially if that life is very different from life
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:59
on Earth. If we went to another planet and
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื. ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ
13:02
we thought there might be life there,
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:04
how could we even recognize it as life?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื—ื™ื™ื?
13:06
Well, they came up with three very general
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
13:08
criteria. First is -- and they're listed here.
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ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ -- ื•ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
13:10
The first is, the system has to be in
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:12
non-equilibrium. That means the system
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ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:14
cannot be dead, in a matter of fact.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
13:15
Basically what that means is, you have
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื”
13:17
an input of energy into the system that life
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
13:19
can use and exploit to maintain itself.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
13:22
This is similar to having the Sun shining
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉื–ื•ืจื—ืช
13:24
on the Earth, driving photosynthesis,
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”,
13:26
driving the ecosystem.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:28
Without the Sun, there's likely to be
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ืœืœื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื
13:30
no life on this planet.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
13:32
Secondly, life needs to be in liquid form,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ,
13:34
so that means even if we had some
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžื”
13:36
interesting structures, interesting molecules
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
13:38
together but they were frozen solid,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
13:40
then this is not a good place for life.
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ืื–ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
13:42
And thirdly, we need to be able to make
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
13:44
and break chemical bonds. And again
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ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
13:46
this is important because life transforms
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื
13:48
resources from the environment into
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ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
13:50
building blocks so it can maintain itself.
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ืœืื‘ื ื™-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
13:52
Now today, I told you about very strange
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื
13:54
and weird protocells -- some that contain clay,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื -- ื—ืœืงื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืžืจ,
13:56
some that have primordial ooze in them,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื™ืฉื ื• "ืžืจืง ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™",
13:59
some that have basically oil
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉืžืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
14:01
instead of water inside of them.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื.
14:03
Most of these don't contain DNA,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื "ื,
14:05
but yet they have lifelike properties.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:07
But these protocells satisfy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื ื™ื
14:10
these general requirements of living systems.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:13
So by making these chemical, artificial
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ืื– ืข"ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
14:15
life experiments, we hope not only
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื
14:17
to understand something fundamental
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
14:19
about the origin of life and the existence
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื
14:21
of life on this planet, but also
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ื’ื
14:23
what possible life there could be
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื•
14:25
out there in the universe. Thank you.
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ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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