Hadyn Parry: Re-engineering mosquitos to fight disease

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Predrag Djordjevic Lektor: Sara Tanjga

So I'd like to start by focusing on

Voleo bih da počnem fokusirajući se

the world's most dangerous animal.

na najopasniju životinju sveta.

Now, when you talk about dangerous animals,

Kada govorimo o opasnim životinjama,

most people might think of lions or tigers or sharks.

većina ljudi misli na lavove, tigrove ili ajkule.

But of course the most dangerous animal

Ali naravno, najopasnija životinja

is the mosquito.

je komarac.

The mosquito has killed more humans

Komarci su ubili više ljudskih bića

than any other creature in human history.

nego bilo koje drugo stvorenje u istoriji čoveka.

In fact, probably adding them all together,

Zapravo, ako bi ih sve sabrali,

the mosquito has killed more humans.

komarci su verovatno ubili više ljudi.

And the mosquito has killed more humans than wars

Komarci su ubili više ljudi nego ratovi

and plague.

i kuga.

And you would think, would you not,

Pomislili biste, zar ne,

that with all our science, with all our advances in society,

da sa svom našom naukom, svim naprecima u društvu,

with better towns, better civilizations, better sanitation,

sa boljim gradovima, boljom civilizacijom, boljom kanalizacijom,

wealth, that we would get better at controlling mosquitos,

bogatstvom, da bismo postali bolji u kontrolisanju komaraca

and hence reduce this disease.

i stoga umanjili ovu bolest.

And that's not really the case.

Zapravo, to i nije slučaj.

If it was the case, we wouldn't have

Da je to slučaj, ne bismo imali

between 200 and 300 million cases of malaria every year,

između 200 i 300 miliona slučajeva malarije godišnje,

and we wouldn't have

ne bismo imali

a million and a half deaths from malaria,

milion i po smrtnih slučajeva od malarije

and we wouldn't have a disease

i ne bismo imali bolest,

that was relatively unknown 50 years ago

koja je do pre 50 godina bila relativno nepoznata,

now suddenly turned into

a koja se sada pretvorila

the largest mosquito-borne virus threat that we have,

u najveći virus nošen komarcima,

and that's called dengue fever.

nazivan denga groznica.

So 50 years ago, pretty much no one had heard of it,

Pre 50 godina skoro niko nije ni čuo za njega,

no one certainly in the European environment.

sigurno niko u evropskoj sredini.

But dengue fever now, according to the World Health Organization,

Ali, sudeći po Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji, sada od denga groznice

infects between 50 and 100 million people every year,

oboli između 50 i 100 miliona ljudi svake godine,

so that's equivalent to the whole of the population

što je isto kao da cela populacija

of the U.K. being infected every year.

Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva oboli svake godine.

Other estimates put that number at roughly double

Druge procene nam daju otprilike dupli broj

that number of infections.

infekcija.

And dengue fever has grown in speed quite phenomenally.

Denga groznica je drastično porasla.

In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue

Tokom poslednjih 50 godina, učestalost denga groznice

has grown thirtyfold.

je porasla 30 puta.

Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue fever is,

Dozvolite mi da vam ispričam više o tome šta je denga groznica,

for those who don't know.

za one koji ne znaju.

Now let's assume you go on holiday.

Pretpostavimo da odete na odmor.

Let's assume you go to the Caribbean,

Pretpostavimo da odlazite na Karibe,

or you might go to Mexico. You might go to Latin America,

ili u Meksiko. Možete otići u Latinsku Ameriku,

Asia, Africa, anywhere in Saudi Arabia.

Aziju, Afriku, bilo gde u Saudijskoj Arabiji.

You might go to India, the Far East.

Možete otići u Indiju, Daleki istok.

It doesn't really matter. It's the same mosquito,

Zaista nije bitno. To je isti komarac

and it's the same disease. You're at risk.

i to je ista bolest. Vi ste izloženi riziku.

And let's assume you're bitten by a mosquito

Pretpostavimo da vas je ujeo komarac

that's carrying that virus.

koji nosi taj virus.

Well, you could develop flu-like symptoms.

Mogli biste da razvijete simptome nalik gripu.

They could be quite mild.

Mogli bi da budu zaista blagi.

You could develop nausea, headache,

Moglo bi da vam bude muka, da imate glavobolju,

your muscles could feel like they're contracting,

osećali biste se kao da vam se mišići grče

and you could actually feel like your bones are breaking.

i zapravo biste mogli da osećate kao da vam se kosti lome.

And that's the nickname given to this disease.

Ovo je nadimak koji je dat ovoj bolesti.

It's called breakbone fever,

Zove se "groznica koja lomi kosti",

because that's how you can feel.

zato što se tako i osećate.

Now the odd thing is, is that once you've been bitten

Neobična stvar je ta što, jednom kada vas je ujeo

by this mosquito, and you've had this disease,

ovaj komarac i kada ste preležali bolest,

your body develops antibodies,

vaše telo razvija imuno tela,

so if you're bitten again with that strain,

tako da, ako ste opet ujedeni istim sojem,

it doesn't affect you.

on na vas ne utiče.

But it's not one virus, it's four,

Ali ne postoji jedan virus, već četiri,

and the same protection that gives you the antibodies

a ista zaštita koja vam daje imuno tela

and protects you from the same virus that you had before

i štiti od istog virusa koji ste imali ranije,

actually makes you much more susceptible to the other three.

zapravo vas čini podložnijim ostalim trima virusima.

So the next time you get dengue fever,

Sledeći put kada dobijete denga groznicu,

if it's a different strain, you're more susceptible,

ako je različiti sloj, vi ste podložniji,

you're likely to get worse symptoms,

izgledi su da ćete dobiti gore simptome

and you're more likely to get the more severe forms,

i verovatnije je da ćete razviti ozbiljnije oblike,

hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome.

hemoragijsku groznicu ili šok sindrom.

So you don't want dengue once,

Dakle, ne želite da dobijete denga groznicu jednom,

and you certainly don't want it again.

a sigurno je ne želite više puta.

So why is it spreading so fast?

Pa zašto se onda širi tako brzo?

And the answer is this thing.

Odgovor je ova stvar.

This is Aedes aegypti.

Ovo je Aedes aegypti.

Now this is a mosquito that came, like its name suggests,

Ovo je komarac koji je došao, kao što mu i ime upućuje,

out of North Africa, and it's spread round the world.

iz severne Afrike i raširio se celim svetom.

Now, in fact, a single mosquito will only travel

Jedan komarac može da preleti samo

about 200 yards in its entire life. They don't travel very far.

oko 180 metara tokom celog života. Oni ne putuju jako daleko.

What they're very good at doing is hitchhiking,

Ono u čemu su dobri je stopiranje,

particularly the eggs.

naročito njihovih jaja.

They will lay their eggs in clear water, any pool, any puddle,

Oni će svoja jaja položiti u čistoj vodi, bilo kom jezeru, bari,

any birdbath, any flower pot,

kupalištu za ptice ili saksiji,

anywhere there's clear water, they'll lay their eggs,

bilo gde, gde ima čiste vode oni će položiti svoja jaja

and if that clear water is near freight, it's near a port,

i ako je ta bistra voda blizu teretne stanice, blizu luke,

if it's anywhere near transport,

ako je negde blizu neke stanice,

those eggs will then get transported around the world.

ta jaja će biti prenesena širom sveta.

And that's what's happened. Mankind has transported

To se i desilo. Čovečanstvo je transportovalo

these eggs all the way around the world,

ova jaja širom sveta,

and these insects have infested over 100 countries,

ovi insekti su inficirali preko 100 zemalja

and there's now 2.5 billion people living in countries

i sada imamo 2,5 milijarde ljudi koji žive u zemljama

where this mosquito resides.

gde borave komarci.

To give you just a couple of examples

Da bih vam dao par primera

how fast this has happened,

kako se brzo ovo odigralo,

in the mid-'70s, Brazil declared, "We have no Aedes aegypti,"

tokom 1970-tih, Brazil je objavio: "Mi nemamo Aedes aegypti",

and currently they spend about a billion dollars now

a sada troše oko milijardu dolara

a year trying to get rid of it, trying to control it,

godišnje, pokušavajući da ih se otarase i da ih kontrolišu,

just one species of mosquito.

samo jednu vrstu komarca.

Two days ago, or yesterday, I can't remember which,

Pre dva dana ili juče, ne mogu da se setim,

I saw a Reuters report that said

video sam jedan izveštaj Rojtersa koji kaže

Madeira had had their first cases of dengue,

da je Madeira iskusila prve slučajeve denga groznice,

about 52 cases, with about 400 probable cases.

oko 52 slučaja, sa 400 mogućih slučaja.

That's two days ago.

To je bilo pre dva dana.

Interestingly, Madeira first got the insect in 2005,

Interesantno je da je Madeira ove insekte dobila 2005.

and here we are, a few years later,

i evo nas, nekoliko godina kasnije,

first cases of dengue.

prvi slučajevi denge.

So the one thing you'll find is that where the mosquito goes,

Jedna stvar koju možete da zapazite je da gde god da se pojave komarci,

dengue will follow.

denga prati.

Once you've got the mosquito in your area,

Jednom kada su komarci u vašoj oblasti,

anyone coming into that area with dengue,

bilo ko, ko sa dengom dođe u tu oblast,

mosquito will bite them, mosquito will bite somewhere else,

komarac ga ugrize, zatim ugrize nekoga negde drugo,

somewhere else, somewhere else,

pa negde drugo, negde drugo

and you'll get an epidemic.

i dobijate epidemiju.

So we must be good at killing mosquitos.

Dakle, moramo biti dobri u ubijanju komaraca.

I mean, that can't be very difficult.

To ne bi trebalo da bude veoma teško.

Well, there's two principle ways.

Postoje dva glavna načina.

The first way is that you use larvicides.

Prvi način je upotreba larvacida.

You use chemicals. You put them into water where they breed.

Upotrebljavate hemikalije. Stavite ih u vodu gde se razmnožavaju.

Now in an urban environment, that's extraordinarily difficult.

U urbanim sredinama je to jako teško.

You've got to get your chemical into every puddle,

Hemikalije morate da stavite u svaku baru,

every birdbath, every tree trunk.

svako kupalište za ptice, svako stablo drveta.

It's just not practical.

Jednostavno, nije praktično.

The second way you can do it

Drugi način na koji to možete uraditi

is actually trying to kill the insects as they fly around.

jeste da zapravo pokušate da ubijete insekte dok lete okolo.

This is a picture of fogging.

Ovo je fotografija magljenja.

Here what someone is doing

Ono što ovde neko radi

is mixing up chemical in a smoke

je mešanje hemikalije u dim

and basically spreading that through the environment.

a onda je, u osnovi, širi kroz sredinu.

You could do the same with a space spray.

Isto bi mogli da uradite i sprejevima.

This is really unpleasant stuff,

Ovo je neprijatna stvar

and if it was any good, we wouldn't have this massive increase

i da je imalo dobra, ne bismo imali ova velika povećanja

in mosquitos and we wouldn't have this massive increase in dengue fever.

broja komaraca i ne bismo imali ovo veliko povećanje denga groznice.

So it's not very effective, but it's probably

Nije mnogo efikasna, ali je verovatno

the best thing we've got at the moment.

najbolja stvar kojom trenutno raspolažemo.

Having said that, actually, your best form of protection

Pošto smo to rekli, vaša najbolja forma zaštite

and my best form of protection is a long-sleeve shirt

i moja najbolja forma zaštite je košulja dugih rukava

and a little bit of DEET to go with it.

i uz nju, malo DEET-a (repelent insekata).

So let's start again. Let's design a product,

Počnimo ispočetka. Dizajniramo proizvod

right from the word go, and decide what we want.

od samog početka i odlučimo šta želimo.

Well we clearly need something that is effective

Očigledno je da nam je neophodno nešto što je efikasno

at reducing the mosquito population.

u smanjivanju populacije komaraca.

There's no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there.

Nema smisla u ubijanju ponekog komarca tu i tamo.

We want something that gets that population right the way down

Želimo nešto što će populaciju odmah smanjiti

so it can't get the disease transmission.

tako da ne može doći do prenosa bolesti.

Clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans.

Jasno je da proizvod koji koristite mora da bude bezbedan za ljude.

We are going to use it in and around humans.

Koristićemo ga u ljudima i oko ljudi.

It has to be safe.

Mora da bude bezbedan.

We don't want to have a lasting impact on the environment.

Ne želimo da ima trajan uticaj na životnu sredinu.

We don't want to do anything that you can't undo.

Ne želimo da učini nešto što ne možemo opovrgnuti.

Maybe a better product comes along in 20, 30 years.

Možda naiđe bolji proizvod za 20, 30 godina.

Fine. We don't want a lasting environmental impact.

Dobro. Ne želimo trajan uticaj na životnu sredinu.

We want something that's relatively cheap, or cost-effective,

Želimo nešto što je jeftino ili isplativo,

because there's an awful lot of countries involved,

zato što je jako mnogo zemalja uključeno,

and some of them are emerging markets,

neke od njih su tržišta u razvoju,

some of them emerging countries, low-income.

neke od njih su zemlje u razvoju sa niskim primanjima.

And finally, you want something that's species-specific.

Konačno, želite nešto što je specifično za vrstu.

You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue,

Želite da se rešite komaraca koji prenose dengu,

but you don't really want to get all the other insects.

ali ne želite da utičete na sve druge insekte.

Some are quite beneficial. Some are important to your ecosystem.

Neki su jako korisni. Neki su značajni za vaš ekosistem.

This one's not. It's invaded you.

Ovaj nije. Izvršio je invaziju na vas.

But you don't want to get all of the insects.

Ne želite da utičete na sve insekte.

You just want to get this one.

Samo želite da utičete na ovog.

And most of the time, you'll find this insect

Većinu puta, naći ćete ovog insekta

lives in and around your home,

kako živi u i oko vaše kuće.

so this -- whatever we do has got to get to that insect.

Tako da, šta god da radimo mora da utiče na tog insekta.

It's got to get into people's houses, into the bedrooms,

Mora da prodre u kuće ljudi, u spavaće sobe,

into the kitchens.

u kuhinje.

Now there are two features of mosquito biology

Postoje dve osobine u biologiji komaraca

that really help us in this project,

koje nam puno pomažu u ovom projektu,

and that is, firstly, males don't bite.

a to je da, prvo, mužjaci ne grizu.

It's only the female mosquito that will actually bite you.

Ženke su one koje vas zapravo grizu.

The male can't bite you, won't bite you,

Mužjak vas ne može ugristi, ne želi ugristi,

doesn't have the mouth parts to bite you.

nema delove usta kojima bi vas ugrizao.

It's just the female.

To je samo ženka.

And the second is a phenomenon

Drugi je taj fenomen

that males are very, very good at finding females.

da su mužjaci jako, jako dobri u nalaženju ženki.

If there's a male mosquito that you release,

Ako oslobodite mužjaka komarca,

and if there's a female around, that male will find the female.

a negde u blizini je ženka, mužjak će je pronaći.

So basically, we've used those two factors.

U osnovi, koristili smo ova dva faktora.

So here's a typical situation,

Evo tipične situacije,

male meets female, lots of offspring.

mužjak susreće ženku, ima mnoštvo potomaka.

A single female will lay about

Jedna ženka će izleći

up to 100 eggs at a time,

do 100 jaja odjednom,

up to about 500 in her lifetime.

a oko 500 tokom svog života.

Now if that male is carrying a gene

Ako mužjak nosi gen

which causes the death of the offspring,

koji uzrokuje smrt potomaka,

then the offspring don't survive,

onda potomci neće preživeti

and instead of having 500 mosquitos running around,

i umesto 500 potomaka okolo,

you have none.

nemate nijednog.

And if you can put more, I'll call them sterile,

Ako možete da ih stavite više, nazvaću ih sterilnim,

that the offspring will actually die at different stages,

onda će potomci zapravo umirati u različitim fazama života,

but I'll call them sterile for now.

ali za sada ću ih nazivati sterilnima.

If you put more sterile males out into the environment,

Ako u životnu sredinu oslobodite više sterilnih mužjaka,

then the females are more likely to find a sterile male

onda su izgledi da ženka naiđe na sterilnog mužjaka veći

than a fertile one, and you will bring that population down.

nego da naiđe na plodnog i vi ćete oboriti brojnost te populacije.

So the males will go out, they'll look for females,

Znači, mužjaci će izaći, tragaće za ženkama,

they'll mate. If they mate successfully, then no offspring.

pariće se. Ako je parenje uspešno, onda nema potomaka.

If they don't find a female, then they'll die anyway.

Ako ne nađu ženku, onda će svejedno umreti.

They only live a few days.

Oni žive samo nekoliko dana.

And that's exactly where we are.

Mi smo upravo tu.

So this is technology that was developed

Ovo je tehnologija razvijena

in Oxford University a few years ago.

na Oksford Univerzitetu pre nekoliko godina.

The company itself, Oxitec, we've been working

Sama kompanija, Oxitec, je zadnjih 10 godina

for the last 10 years, very much on a sort of similar

radila na stazi razvoja

development pathway that you'd get with a pharmaceutical company.

koja mnogo nalikuje onoj koju srećemo kod farmaceutskih kompanija.

So about 10 years of internal evaluation, testing,

Dakle, 10 godina procena i testiranja

to get this to a state where we think it's actually ready.

da bi ovo doveli do stanja, gde mislimo da je zapravo spremno.

And then we've gone out into the big outdoors,

Zatim smo u otišli u veliki svet,

always with local community consent,

uvek uz odobrenje lokalnih zajednica,

always with the necessary permits.

uvek uz neophodne dozvole.

So we've done field trials now in the Cayman Islands,

Uradili smo testiranja na terenu na Kajmanskim ostrvima,

a small one in Malaysia,

jedno manje u Maleziji

and two more now in Brazil.

i još dva u Brazilu.

And what's the result?

I kakvi su rezultati?

Well, the result has been very good.

Rezultati su bili veoma dobri.

In about four months of release,

Tokom otprilike četiri meseca od oslobađanja

we've brought that population of mosquitos

doveli smo populaciju komaraca

— in most cases we're dealing with villages here

- u većini slučajeva se ovde radi o selima

of about 2,000, 3,000 people, that sort of size,

od po 2.000, 3.000 stanovnika, otprilike te veličine,

starting small —

počinjemo od malog -

we've taken that mosquito population down

smanjili smo tu populaciju komaraca

by about 85 percent in about four months.

za oko 85 procenata za oko 4 meseca.

And in fact, the numbers after that get,

Zapravo, brojevi nakon toga

those get very difficult to count, because there just aren't any left.

postaju jako teški za brojanje, zato što ih jednostavno više nema.

So that's been what we've seen in Cayman,

To je bilo ono što smo videli na Kajmanskim ostrvima,

it's been what we've seen in Brazil

to smo videli u Brazilu

in those trials.

tokom tih proba.

And now what we're doing is we're going through a process

Ono što sada radimo je da prolazimo kroz proces

to scale up to a town of about 50,000,

proporcionalnog povećavanja na grad od otprilike 50.000 stanovnika,

so we can see this work at big scale.

kako bismo videli kako ovo radi u velikoj razmeri.

And we've got a production unit in Oxford,

U Oksfordu imamo proizvodnu jedinicu

or just south of Oxford, where we actually produce these mosquitos.

ili samo malo južnije od Oksforda, gde zapravo proizvodimo ove komarce.

We can produce them,

Možemo ih proizvesti,

in a space a bit more than this red carpet,

u prostoru tek nešto većem od ovog crvenog tepiha,

I can produce about 20 million a week.

mogu ih proizvesti i do 20 miliona nedeljno.

We can transport them around the world.

Možemo ih prenositi širom sveta.

It's not very expensive, because it's a coffee cup --

Nije mnogo skupo, zato što je to samo šoljica za kafu -

something the size of a coffee cup

slično veličini šoljice za kafu

will hold about three million eggs.

što može da nosi oko 3 miliona jaja.

So freight costs aren't our biggest problem. (Laughter)

Dakle, troškovi prevoza nisu naš najveći problem. (Smeh)

So we've got that. You could call it a mosquito factory.

To je ono što imamo. Možete to nazvati fabrikom komaraca.

And for Brazil, where we've been doing some trials,

Što se tiče Brazila, gde smo radili neka ispitivanja,

the Brazilian government themselves have now built

sama vlada Brazila je napravila

their own mosquito factory, far bigger than ours,

njihovu sopstvenu fabriku komaraca, mnogo veću nego što je naša

and we'll use that for scaling up in Brazil.

što ćemo iskoristiti za rast u Brazilu.

There you are. We've sent mosquito eggs.

To je to. Poslali smo jaja komaraca.

We've separated the males from the females.

Razdvojili smo mužjake od ženki.

The males have been put in little pots

Mužjaci su stavljeni u male posude,

and the truck is going down the road

kamion se kreće duž puta

and they are releasing males as they go.

i kako se kreće, oslobađa komarce.

It's actually a little bit more precise than that.

Zapravo je malo preciznije.

You want to release them so that

Želite da ih oslobodite tako da

you get good coverage of your area.

dobijete dobru pokrivenost u vašoj oblasti.

So you take a Google Map, you divide it up,

Uzmete Google mapu, podelite je,

work out how far they can fly,

procenite koliko daleko mogu da odlete

and make sure you're releasing such that you get

i osigurate da ih oslobađate tako da dobijete

coverage of the area, and then you go back,

pokrivenost te oblasti, a onda se vratite nazad

and within a very short space of time,

i za jako malo vremena,

you're bringing that population right the way down.

obarate broj te populacije.

We've also done this in agriculture.

Ovo smo takođe radili u poljoprivredi.

We've got several different species of agriculture coming along,

Imamo nekoliko različitih vrsta poljoprivrede koje napreduju

and I'm hoping that soon

i nadam se da ćemo uskoro

we'll be able to get some funding together so we can get back

moći da dobijemo sredstva, tako da možemo da se vratimo

and start looking at malaria.

i posvetimo se malariji.

So that's where we stand at the moment,

Dakle, tu smo u ovom momentu

and I've just got a few final thoughts,

i imam samo još par misli,

which is that this is another way in which biology

a to je da je ovo drugi način na koji biologija

is now coming in to supplement chemistry

sada dolazi da dopuni hemiju

in some of our societal advances in this area,

u nekim od naših društvenih napredaka u ovoj oblasti,

and these biological approaches are coming in

a ovi biološki pristupi dolaze

in very different forms,

u različitim oblicima

and when you think about genetic engineering,

i kada pomislite na genetski inženjering,

we've now got enzymes for industrial processing,

sada imamo enzime za industrijsko prerađivanje,

enzymes, genetically engineered enzymes in food.

genetski projektovane enzime u hrani.

We have G.M. crops, we have pharmaceuticals,

Imamo genetski modifikovane useve, lekove,

we have new vaccines,

imamo nove vakcine,

all using roughly the same technology, but with very different outcomes.

svi koriste skoro istu tehnologiju, ali sa različitim rezultatima.

And I'm in favor, actually. Of course I am.

I ja sam za, zapravo. Naravno da jesam.

I'm in favor of particularly where the older technologies

Naročito sam za na područjima gde starije tehnologije

don't work well or have become unacceptable.

ne rade kako treba ili su postale neprihvatljive.

And although the techniques are similar,

I iako su tehnologije slične,

the outcomes are very, very different,

rezultati su jako, jako različiti

and if you take our approach, for example,

i ako uzmete naš pristup na primer

and you compare it to, say, G.M. crops,

i uporedite ga sa, recimo, genetski modifikovanim usevima,

both techniques are trying to produce a massive benefit.

obe tehnologije pokušavaju da proizvedu ogromnu korist.

Both have a side benefit,

Obe imaju i dodatnu korist,

which is that we reduce pesticide use tremendously.

a to je da jako smanjuju upotrebu pesticida.

But whereas a G.M. crop is trying to protect the plant,

Međutim, dok genetski modifikovani usevi pokušavaju da zaštite biljku,

for example, and give it an advantage,

tako što joj, na primer, daju neku prednost,

what we're actually doing is taking the mosquito

ono što mi radimo je da uzimamo komarca

and giving it the biggest disadvantage it can possibly have,

i dajemo mu najveći hendikep koji može da ima,

rendering it unable to reproduce effectively.

čime ga činimo nesposobnim da se efikasno razmnožava.

So for the mosquito, it's a dead end.

Za komarca, to je ćorsokak.

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Hvala vam puno. (Aplauz)