Hadyn Parry: Re-engineering mosquitos to fight disease

95,646 views ใƒป 2013-01-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : WooHyang Seo
00:15
So I'd like to start by focusing on
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๋จผ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
00:18
the world's most dangerous animal.
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Now, when you talk about dangerous animals,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด
00:23
most people might think of lions or tigers or sharks.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ž, ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด, ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
But of course the most dangerous animal
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์—ฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์€
00:28
is the mosquito.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
The mosquito has killed more humans
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค
00:32
than any other creature in human history.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
In fact, probably adding them all together,
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์ธ
00:37
the mosquito has killed more humans.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
And the mosquito has killed more humans than wars
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์—ญ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
00:41
and plague.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And you would think, would you not,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ :
00:46
that with all our science, with all our advances in society,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ,
00:50
with better towns, better civilizations, better sanitation,
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๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค, ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์œ„์ƒ ์‹œ์„ค,
00:55
wealth, that we would get better at controlling mosquitos,
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๋งŽ์•„์ง„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ 
00:58
and hence reduce this disease.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ .
01:00
And that's not really the case.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์งœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
01:04
If it was the case, we wouldn't have
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
01:06
between 200 and 300 million cases of malaria every year,
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๋งค๋…„ 2, 3์–ต์ฏค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€
01:10
and we wouldn't have
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์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„
01:12
a million and a half deaths from malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ์ด ๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:16
and we wouldn't have a disease
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
01:19
that was relatively unknown 50 years ago
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50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜
01:21
now suddenly turned into
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
01:24
the largest mosquito-borne virus threat that we have,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ธ
01:27
and that's called dengue fever.
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'๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด'๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
So 50 years ago, pretty much no one had heard of it,
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50๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ณ‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
no one certainly in the European environment.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ฃ .
01:36
But dengue fever now, according to the World Health Organization,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์€
01:40
infects between 50 and 100 million people every year,
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๋งค๋…„ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์—์„œ 1์–ต๋ช… ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
so that's equivalent to the whole of the population
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„
01:45
of the U.K. being infected every year.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
01:48
Other estimates put that number at roughly double
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์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
01:51
that number of infections.
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๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
And dengue fever has grown in speed quite phenomenally.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€
02:03
has grown thirtyfold.
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30๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue fever is,
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์ด์ œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ
02:08
for those who don't know.
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์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
Now let's assume you go on holiday.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:11
Let's assume you go to the Caribbean,
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์บ๋ฆฌ๋น„์–ธ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
or you might go to Mexico. You might go to Latin America,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์•„์‹œ์•„, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด,
02:15
Asia, Africa, anywhere in Saudi Arabia.
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๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋”” ์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:19
You might go to India, the Far East.
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์ € ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์ธ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:21
It doesn't really matter. It's the same mosquito,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋”œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ ,
02:24
and it's the same disease. You're at risk.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:27
And let's assume you're bitten by a mosquito
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:29
that's carrying that virus.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:31
Well, you could develop flu-like symptoms.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒ ๋…๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
They could be quite mild.
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๊ทธ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
You could develop nausea, headache,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ, ๋‘ํ†ต์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:38
your muscles could feel like they're contracting,
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๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:40
and you could actually feel like your bones are breaking.
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๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And that's the nickname given to this disease.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
It's called breakbone fever,
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๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋ผˆ ์งˆ๋ณ‘(breakbone fever)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:48
because that's how you can feel.
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์ •๋ง ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:50
Now the odd thing is, is that once you've been bitten
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ ์€, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฌผ๋ ค
02:53
by this mosquito, and you've had this disease,
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๊ท ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
02:56
your body develops antibodies,
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๋ชธ์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
02:58
so if you're bitten again with that strain,
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
03:03
it doesn't affect you.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
But it's not one virus, it's four,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋„ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ผ์„œ,
03:07
and the same protection that gives you the antibodies
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„
03:10
and protects you from the same virus that you had before
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์ค€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ์„
03:14
actually makes you much more susceptible to the other three.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
So the next time you get dengue fever,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:19
if it's a different strain, you're more susceptible,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชธ์€ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:22
you're likely to get worse symptoms,
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์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์•…ํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
and you're more likely to get the more severe forms,
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๋˜ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ธ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด์ด๋‚˜
03:27
hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome.
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์‡ผํฌ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
So you don't want dengue once,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”.
03:32
and you certainly don't want it again.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:35
So why is it spreading so fast?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:38
And the answer is this thing.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
This is Aedes aegypti.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์ˆฒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Now this is a mosquito that came, like its name suggests,
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์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
03:45
out of North Africa, and it's spread round the world.
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๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ , ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Now, in fact, a single mosquito will only travel
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 200 ์•ผ๋“œ ์ •๋„
03:52
about 200 yards in its entire life. They don't travel very far.
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๋ฐ–์— ์ด๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
03:55
What they're very good at doing is hitchhiking,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ํžˆ์น˜ ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์ธ๋ฐ,
03:58
particularly the eggs.
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์•Œ๋“ค์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํŠน์ถœํ•˜์ฃ .
03:59
They will lay their eggs in clear water, any pool, any puddle,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ, ์–ด๋–ค ์›…๋ฉ์ด,
04:04
any birdbath, any flower pot,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฐ›์ด, ์–ด๋–ค ํ™”๋ถ„์—๋ผ๋„
04:06
anywhere there's clear water, they'll lay their eggs,
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:09
and if that clear water is near freight, it's near a port,
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๊ทธ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ™”๋ฌผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์žฅ, ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ
04:12
if it's anywhere near transport,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋ผ๋ฉด
04:15
those eggs will then get transported around the world.
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๊ทธ ์•Œ๋“ค์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And that's what's happened. Mankind has transported
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•Œ๋“ค์„
04:20
these eggs all the way around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ ,
04:22
and these insects have infested over 100 countries,
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์ด ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 100๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
and there's now 2.5 billion people living in countries
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  25์–ต ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
04:29
where this mosquito resides.
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๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
To give you just a couple of examples
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง„ ๊ฑด์ง€
04:33
how fast this has happened,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
04:36
in the mid-'70s, Brazil declared, "We have no Aedes aegypti,"
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70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์ˆฒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:41
and currently they spend about a billion dollars now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
04:44
a year trying to get rid of it, trying to control it,
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ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
04:47
just one species of mosquito.
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๋งค๋…„ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Two days ago, or yesterday, I can't remember which,
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์ดํ‹€ ์ „์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด์ œ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
04:55
I saw a Reuters report that said
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์–ด๋Š ๋กœ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:57
Madeira had had their first cases of dengue,
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๋งˆ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
05:00
about 52 cases, with about 400 probable cases.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 52๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์™€ 400๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์˜์‹ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:04
That's two days ago.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ‹€ ์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Interestingly, Madeira first got the insect in 2005,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋งˆ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 2005๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
05:11
and here we are, a few years later,
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๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์ธ ์ง€๊ธˆ
05:13
first cases of dengue.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
So the one thing you'll find is that where the mosquito goes,
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์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ง€
05:17
dengue will follow.
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Once you've got the mosquito in your area,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ 
05:22
anyone coming into that area with dengue,
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
05:24
mosquito will bite them, mosquito will bite somewhere else,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ์„์„ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
05:27
somewhere else, somewhere else,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
05:28
and you'll get an epidemic.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ณ‘์ด ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So we must be good at killing mosquitos.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
I mean, that can't be very difficult.
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๋ญ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Well, there's two principle ways.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:39
The first way is that you use larvicides.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
You use chemicals. You put them into water where they breed.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ํ™”์•ฝ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Now in an urban environment, that's extraordinarily difficult.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
05:48
You've got to get your chemical into every puddle,
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด,
05:50
every birdbath, every tree trunk.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ฌผํ†ต, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
It's just not practical.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
05:55
The second way you can do it
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
05:57
is actually trying to kill the insects as they fly around.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
This is a picture of fogging.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Here what someone is doing
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
06:05
is mixing up chemical in a smoke
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์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์†์— ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ์„ž์–ด์„œ
06:08
and basically spreading that through the environment.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
You could do the same with a space spray.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
This is really unpleasant stuff,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์œ ์พŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
06:15
and if it was any good, we wouldn't have this massive increase
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:18
in mosquitos and we wouldn't have this massive increase in dengue fever.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
So it's not very effective, but it's probably
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๋ณ„๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
06:25
the best thing we've got at the moment.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
Having said that, actually, your best form of protection
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๋งํ•œ ๊น€์—, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ
06:30
and my best form of protection is a long-sleeve shirt
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์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธด ํŒ” ์…”์ธ ์™€
06:32
and a little bit of DEET to go with it.
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์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ DEET(๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
So let's start again. Let's design a product,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”. ์ž, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
06:39
right from the word go, and decide what we want.
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์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ฃ 
06:42
Well we clearly need something that is effective
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:45
at reducing the mosquito population.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ—™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
There's no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
We want something that gets that population right the way down
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ
06:53
so it can't get the disease transmission.
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
Clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:59
We are going to use it in and around humans.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
It has to be safe.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
We don't want to have a lasting impact on the environment.
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์ž์—ฐ์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
We don't want to do anything that you can't undo.
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๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ง“์€ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Maybe a better product comes along in 20, 30 years.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 20,30๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:13
Fine. We don't want a lasting environmental impact.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:16
We want something that's relatively cheap, or cost-effective,
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๋˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
because there's an awful lot of countries involved,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์—” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:21
and some of them are emerging markets,
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๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๊ณ ,
07:23
some of them emerging countries, low-income.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:27
And finally, you want something that's species-specific.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ข…์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue,
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ข…๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€
07:32
but you don't really want to get all the other insects.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„  ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Some are quite beneficial. Some are important to your ecosystem.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์ตํ•˜์ฃ . ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์—ฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
This one's not. It's invaded you.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋žตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
But you don't want to get all of the insects.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์—†์• ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
You just want to get this one.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ์—†์• ์•ผ์ฃ .
07:45
And most of the time, you'll find this insect
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€,
07:47
lives in and around your home,
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์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
so this -- whatever we do has got to get to that insect.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ-- ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋“  ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
It's got to get into people's houses, into the bedrooms,
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์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘, ์•ˆ๋ฐฉ,
07:55
into the kitchens.
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๋ถ€์—Œ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Now there are two features of mosquito biology
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€
08:01
that really help us in this project,
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:03
and that is, firstly, males don't bite.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
It's only the female mosquito that will actually bite you.
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์•”์ปท ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
The male can't bite you, won't bite you,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฌผ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
08:12
doesn't have the mouth parts to bite you.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
It's just the female.
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์•”์ปท๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:16
And the second is a phenomenon
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
that males are very, very good at finding females.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ์•”์ปท์„ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
If there's a male mosquito that you release,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
08:25
and if there's a female around, that male will find the female.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์•”์ปท์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์•”์ปท์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
So basically, we've used those two factors.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So here's a typical situation,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:35
male meets female, lots of offspring.
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์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
A single female will lay about
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์•”์ปท ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—
08:39
up to 100 eggs at a time,
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์•ฝ 100 ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ ,
08:41
up to about 500 in her lifetime.
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ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ 500๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
Now if that male is carrying a gene
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ
08:47
which causes the death of the offspring,
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๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:49
then the offspring don't survive,
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
08:52
and instead of having 500 mosquitos running around,
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500๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
08:55
you have none.
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
And if you can put more, I'll call them sterile,
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ •๋ž€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
that the offspring will actually die at different stages,
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:04
but I'll call them sterile for now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฌด์ •๋ž€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‘์ฃ .
09:06
If you put more sterile males out into the environment,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฌด์ •๋ž€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ’€์–ด ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
09:09
then the females are more likely to find a sterile male
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์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์‹๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์‹๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์„
09:12
than a fertile one, and you will bring that population down.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
So the males will go out, they'll look for females,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
09:21
they'll mate. If they mate successfully, then no offspring.
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์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
If they don't find a female, then they'll die anyway.
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์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท์„ ๋ชป ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
They only live a few days.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ์ผ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:31
And that's exactly where we are.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
So this is technology that was developed
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
09:35
in Oxford University a few years ago.
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
The company itself, Oxitec, we've been working
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•œ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ…(Oxitec)์ด๋ผ๋Š”
09:40
for the last 10 years, very much on a sort of similar
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์น  ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜
09:43
development pathway that you'd get with a pharmaceutical company.
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๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
So about 10 years of internal evaluation, testing,
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์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์—”
09:50
to get this to a state where we think it's actually ready.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
And then we've gone out into the big outdoors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ฐ,
09:56
always with local community consent,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์–‘ํ•ด์™€
09:58
always with the necessary permits.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
So we've done field trials now in the Cayman Islands,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋งจ ์ œ๋„(Cayman Islands)์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์–ด์š”.
10:03
a small one in Malaysia,
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๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์‹คํ—˜,
10:04
and two more now in Brazil.
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋”.
10:09
And what's the result?
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
10:10
Well, the result has been very good.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
In about four months of release,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 4๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ’€์–ด๋†“์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
10:17
we've brought that population of mosquitos
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ,
10:19
โ€” in most cases we're dealing with villages here
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- ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์€ 2์ฒœ์—์„œ 3์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”
10:21
of about 2,000, 3,000 people, that sort of size,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
10:25
starting small โ€”
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ-
10:26
we've taken that mosquito population down
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
10:28
by about 85 percent in about four months.
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4๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— 85 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
And in fact, the numbers after that get,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”,
10:34
those get very difficult to count, because there just aren't any left.
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๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So that's been what we've seen in Cayman,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ€์ด๋งจ ์ œ๋„์™€
10:39
it's been what we've seen in Brazil
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์˜
10:42
in those trials.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
And now what we're doing is we're going through a process
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
10:47
to scale up to a town of about 50,000,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ ค ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด์„œ
10:49
so we can see this work at big scale.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
And we've got a production unit in Oxford,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
or just south of Oxford, where we actually produce these mosquitos.
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์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—๋„, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด์–ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
We can produce them,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
in a space a bit more than this red carpet,
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๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ์ด ๋ถ‰์€ ์นดํŽซ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
11:01
I can produce about 20 million a week.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์•ˆ์— ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
We can transport them around the world.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
It's not very expensive, because it's a coffee cup --
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๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
11:09
something the size of a coffee cup
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์ปคํ”ผ ์ปต๋งŒํ•œ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—
11:10
will hold about three million eggs.
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3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
11:14
So freight costs aren't our biggest problem. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šด์†ก๋น„๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
So we've got that. You could call it a mosquito factory.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:21
And for Brazil, where we've been doing some trials,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋Š”,
11:24
the Brazilian government themselves have now built
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ
11:26
their own mosquito factory, far bigger than ours,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
11:28
and we'll use that for scaling up in Brazil.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
There you are. We've sent mosquito eggs.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์•Œ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
We've separated the males from the females.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์„ ์•”์ปท์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
11:39
The males have been put in little pots
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์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ 
11:42
and the truck is going down the road
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๋ณ‘์„ ์‹ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
and they are releasing males as they go.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋†“์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:47
It's actually a little bit more precise than that.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
11:49
You want to release them so that
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ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‹ค ๋ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
11:51
you get good coverage of your area.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ’€์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
So you take a Google Map, you divide it up,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด์„œ, ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ 
11:55
work out how far they can fly,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:57
and make sure you're releasing such that you get
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
11:59
coverage of the area, and then you go back,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
12:02
and within a very short space of time,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—
12:04
you're bringing that population right the way down.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
We've also done this in agriculture.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†์—…์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
We've got several different species of agriculture coming along,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋†์—…์šฉ ์ข…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:14
and I'm hoping that soon
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ›„์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„
12:16
we'll be able to get some funding together so we can get back
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธธ
12:19
and start looking at malaria.
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ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
So that's where we stand at the moment,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
and I've just got a few final thoughts,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
12:26
which is that this is another way in which biology
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ํ™”ํ•™์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:30
is now coming in to supplement chemistry
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
12:34
in some of our societal advances in this area,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:38
and these biological approaches are coming in
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ
12:40
in very different forms,
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
and when you think about genetic engineering,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:45
we've now got enzymes for industrial processing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
enzymes, genetically engineered enzymes in food.
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์œ ์ „ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
We have G.M. crops, we have pharmaceuticals,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ž‘๋ฌผ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ,
12:53
we have new vaccines,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ,
12:55
all using roughly the same technology, but with very different outcomes.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
And I'm in favor, actually. Of course I am.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
13:02
I'm in favor of particularly where the older technologies
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์ €๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์˜›๋‚  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด
13:05
don't work well or have become unacceptable.
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ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ž์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
And although the techniques are similar,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
13:12
the outcomes are very, very different,
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง, ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
and if you take our approach, for example,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
13:15
and you compare it to, say, G.M. crops,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:17
both techniques are trying to produce a massive benefit.
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๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‹ค ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
Both have a side benefit,
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋†์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„
13:23
which is that we reduce pesticide use tremendously.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ˆ˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
But whereas a G.M. crop is trying to protect the plant,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:31
for example, and give it an advantage,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
13:34
what we're actually doing is taking the mosquito
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:37
and giving it the biggest disadvantage it can possibly have,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ์–ด
13:41
rendering it unable to reproduce effectively.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
So for the mosquito, it's a dead end.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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