Hadyn Parry: Re-engineering mosquitos to fight disease

95,815 views ใƒป 2013-01-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So I'd like to start by focusing on
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชืžืงื“
00:18
the world's most dangerous animal.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:21
Now, when you talk about dangerous animals,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
00:23
most people might think of lions or tigers or sharks.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื™ื•ืช, ื ืžืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
00:26
But of course the most dangerous animal
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ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:28
is the mosquito.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ.
00:29
The mosquito has killed more humans
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
00:32
than any other creature in human history.
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ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:35
In fact, probably adding them all together,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื,
00:37
the mosquito has killed more humans.
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
00:39
And the mosquito has killed more humans than wars
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช
00:41
and plague.
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ื•ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช.
00:43
And you would think, would you not,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:46
that with all our science, with all our advances in society,
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ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:50
with better towns, better civilizations, better sanitation,
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ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื,
00:55
wealth, that we would get better at controlling mosquitos,
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ืขื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื”ืฉืชืคืจื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
00:58
and hence reduce this disease.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฆืžืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:00
And that's not really the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
01:04
If it was the case, we wouldn't have
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ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•
01:06
between 200 and 300 million cases of malaria every year,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 200 ืœ-300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
01:10
and we wouldn't have
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•
01:12
a million and a half deaths from malaria,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืœืจื™ื”,
01:16
and we wouldn't have a disease
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื—ืœื”
01:19
that was relatively unknown 50 years ago
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื-ืžื•ื›ืจืช
01:21
now suddenly turned into
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:24
the largest mosquito-borne virus threat that we have,
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ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:27
and that's called dengue fever.
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ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™".
01:30
So 50 years ago, pretty much no one had heard of it,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ืื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”,
01:33
no one certainly in the European environment.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
01:36
But dengue fever now, according to the World Health Organization,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™, ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
01:40
infects between 50 and 100 million people every year,
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ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
01:43
so that's equivalent to the whole of the population
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
01:45
of the U.K. being infected every year.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืชื™ื“ื‘ืง ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:48
Other estimates put that number at roughly double
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ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช
01:51
that number of infections.
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš.
01:55
And dengue fever has grown in speed quite phenomenally.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื.
02:00
In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue
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ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”
02:03
has grown thirtyfold.
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
02:05
Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue fever is,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกืคืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื™ ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™,
02:08
for those who don't know.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข.
02:09
Now let's assume you go on holiday.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”.
02:11
Let's assume you go to the Caribbean,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:13
or you might go to Mexico. You might go to Latin America,
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ืื• ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
02:15
Asia, Africa, anywhere in Saudi Arabia.
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ืœืืกื™ื”, ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”.
02:19
You might go to India, the Far East.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
02:21
It doesn't really matter. It's the same mosquito,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ืชื•ืฉ
02:24
and it's the same disease. You're at risk.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”. ืืชื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:27
And let's assume you're bitten by a mosquito
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืขืงืฅ ืืชื›ื ื™ืชื•ืฉ
02:29
that's carrying that virus.
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ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
02:31
Well, you could develop flu-like symptoms.
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ืืชื ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉืคืขืช.
02:34
They could be quite mild.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
02:36
You could develop nausea, headache,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ,
02:38
your muscles could feel like they're contracting,
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื• ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ื›ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื,
02:40
and you could actually feel like your bones are breaking.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื• ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื›ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:44
And that's the nickname given to this disease.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:47
It's called breakbone fever,
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"ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช",
02:48
because that's how you can feel.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืš ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื•.
02:50
Now the odd thing is, is that once you've been bitten
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžืจื’ืข ืฉื ืขืงืฆืชื
02:53
by this mosquito, and you've had this disease,
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื—ื˜ืคืชื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:56
your body develops antibodies,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืคืชื— ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
02:58
so if you're bitten again with that strain,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชื™ืขืงืฆื• ืฉื•ื‘, ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
03:03
it doesn't affect you.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื.
03:04
But it's not one virus, it's four,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื,
03:07
and the same protection that gives you the antibodies
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื
03:10
and protects you from the same virus that you had before
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:14
actually makes you much more susceptible to the other three.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
03:17
So the next time you get dengue fever,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื—ืœื• ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™,
03:19
if it's a different strain, you're more susceptible,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืชื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:22
you're likely to get worse symptoms,
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ื•ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:25
and you're more likely to get the more severe forms,
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
03:27
hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome.
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ืงื“ื—ืช ืขื ื“ื™ืžื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื.
03:31
So you don't want dengue once,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ื ื’ื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:32
and you certainly don't want it again.
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ื‘.
03:35
So why is it spreading so fast?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ?
03:38
And the answer is this thing.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:40
This is Aedes aegypti.
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ื–ื”ื• "ืืื“ืก ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื™".
03:42
Now this is a mosquito that came, like its name suggests,
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืžื– ื”ืฉื,
03:45
out of North Africa, and it's spread round the world.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:49
Now, in fact, a single mosquito will only travel
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืžืจื—ืง
03:52
about 200 yards in its entire life. They don't travel very far.
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ืฉืœ ื›-180 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœื ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:55
What they're very good at doing is hitchhiking,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื,
03:58
particularly the eggs.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:59
They will lay their eggs in clear water, any pool, any puddle,
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ื”ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช,
04:04
any birdbath, any flower pot,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืžื‘ื˜-ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื’ืจื˜ืœ,
04:06
anywhere there's clear water, they'll lay their eggs,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
04:09
and if that clear water is near freight, it's near a port,
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื•ื—, ืœื™ื“ ื ืžืœ,
04:12
if it's anywhere near transport,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
04:15
those eggs will then get transported around the world.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:18
And that's what's happened. Mankind has transported
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”. ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
04:20
these eggs all the way around the world,
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืคื™ื–ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:22
and these insects have infested over 100 countries,
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ื•ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืœืฉื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืืจืฆื•ืช,
04:26
and there's now 2.5 billion people living in countries
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช
04:29
where this mosquito resides.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
04:32
To give you just a couple of examples
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ืจืง ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
04:33
how fast this has happened,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื–ื” ืงืจื”,
04:36
in the mid-'70s, Brazil declared, "We have no Aedes aegypti,"
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื”, "ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• 'ืืื“ืก ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื™',"
04:41
and currently they spend about a billion dollars now
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:44
a year trying to get rid of it, trying to control it,
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœืจืกืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
04:47
just one species of mosquito.
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
04:52
Two days ago, or yesterday, I can't remember which,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืื• ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™,
04:55
I saw a Reuters report that said
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืœ "ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจืก" ืฉืืžืจื”
04:57
Madeira had had their first cases of dengue,
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ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ืจื” ื ืชื’ืœื• ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื“ื ื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:00
about 52 cases, with about 400 probable cases.
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ื›-52 ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” 400 ืžืงืจื™ื.
05:04
That's two days ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
05:06
Interestingly, Madeira first got the insect in 2005,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ืจื” ื‘-2005,
05:11
and here we are, a few years later,
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ื•ื”ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
05:13
first cases of dengue.
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื“ื ื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:14
So the one thing you'll find is that where the mosquito goes,
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ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข,
05:17
dengue will follow.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื“ื ื’ื™.
05:20
Once you've got the mosquito in your area,
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ืžืขืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
05:22
anyone coming into that area with dengue,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื“ื ื’ื™,
05:24
mosquito will bite them, mosquito will bite somewhere else,
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื™ืขืงื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื•, ื™ืขืงื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
05:27
somewhere else, somewhere else,
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
05:28
and you'll get an epidemic.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื’ืคื”.
05:32
So we must be good at killing mosquitos.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
05:34
I mean, that can't be very difficult.
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ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
05:36
Well, there's two principle ways.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
05:39
The first way is that you use larvicides.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ื–ื—ืœื™ื.
05:42
You use chemicals. You put them into water where they breed.
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
05:45
Now in an urban environment, that's extraordinarily difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:48
You've got to get your chemical into every puddle,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช,
05:50
every birdbath, every tree trunk.
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ืœื›ืœ ืืžื‘ื˜-ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ื’ื–ืข-ืขืฅ.
05:52
It's just not practical.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืขืฉื™.
05:55
The second way you can do it
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื
05:57
is actually trying to kill the insects as they fly around.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
06:00
This is a picture of fogging.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืคื•ืœ.
06:02
Here what someone is doing
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ
06:05
is mixing up chemical in a smoke
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ื”ื•ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ืขืฉืŸ
06:08
and basically spreading that through the environment.
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ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:11
You could do the same with a space spray.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืกื’ื•ืจ
06:14
This is really unpleasant stuff,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ื,
06:15
and if it was any good, we wouldn't have this massive increase
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื–ื•
06:18
in mosquitos and we wouldn't have this massive increase in dengue fever.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื“ื ื’ื™.
06:22
So it's not very effective, but it's probably
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™
06:25
the best thing we've got at the moment.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
06:27
Having said that, actually, your best form of protection
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื
06:30
and my best form of protection is a long-sleeve shirt
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืขื ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
06:32
and a little bit of DEET to go with it.
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ื•ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื—ื”-ื—ืจืงื™ื.
06:35
So let's start again. Let's design a product,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ
06:39
right from the word go, and decide what we want.
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ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื•ื ื’, ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
06:42
Well we clearly need something that is effective
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืขื™ืœ
06:45
at reducing the mosquito population.
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ืฉื™ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
06:47
There's no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืคื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉื.
06:50
We want something that gets that population right the way down
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
06:53
so it can't get the disease transmission.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
06:56
Clearly the product you've got has got to be safe to humans.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
06:59
We are going to use it in and around humans.
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ื”ืจื™ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
07:01
It has to be safe.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
07:03
We don't want to have a lasting impact on the environment.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:05
We don't want to do anything that you can't undo.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:08
Maybe a better product comes along in 20, 30 years.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 20-30 ืฉื ื”.
07:13
Fine. We don't want a lasting environmental impact.
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ื™ื•ืคื™. ืื ื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช.
07:16
We want something that's relatively cheap, or cost-effective,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
07:20
because there's an awful lot of countries involved,
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ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
07:21
and some of them are emerging markets,
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื,
07:23
some of them emerging countries, low-income.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
07:27
And finally, you want something that's species-specific.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ,
07:29
You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue,
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ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื“ื ื’ื™,
07:32
but you don't really want to get all the other insects.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:35
Some are quite beneficial. Some are important to your ecosystem.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ื—ืœืงื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
07:38
This one's not. It's invaded you.
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ืœื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ.
07:40
But you don't want to get all of the insects.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื.
07:43
You just want to get this one.
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ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ืจืง ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
07:45
And most of the time, you'll find this insect
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื—ืจืง ื”ื–ื”
07:47
lives in and around your home,
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ื—ื™ ืืฆืœื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
07:49
so this -- whatever we do has got to get to that insect.
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ืœื›ืŸ-- ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื—ืจืง ื”ื–ื”.
07:53
It's got to get into people's houses, into the bedrooms,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”,
07:55
into the kitchens.
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ืœืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื.
07:57
Now there are two features of mosquito biology
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ
08:01
that really help us in this project,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”:
08:03
and that is, firstly, males don't bite.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื.
08:06
It's only the female mosquito that will actually bite you.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืงืฆื•ืช.
08:10
The male can't bite you, won't bite you,
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ื™ืขืงื•ืฅ ืืชื›ื,
08:12
doesn't have the mouth parts to bite you.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฅ.
08:14
It's just the female.
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ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื ืงื‘ื”.
08:16
And the second is a phenomenon
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”
08:18
that males are very, very good at finding females.
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ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
08:22
If there's a male mosquito that you release,
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ืื ืชืฉื—ืจืจื• ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ,
08:25
and if there's a female around, that male will find the female.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ื”, ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื”.
08:30
So basically, we've used those two factors.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:33
So here's a typical situation,
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™,
08:35
male meets female, lots of offspring.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื ืงื‘ื”, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
08:38
A single female will lay about
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš
08:39
up to 100 eggs at a time,
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ืขื“ 100 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
08:41
up to about 500 in her lifetime.
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ื•ืขื“ 500 ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
08:44
Now if that male is carrying a gene
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ืืš ืื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื ื•ืฉื ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
08:47
which causes the death of the offspring,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
08:49
then the offspring don't survive,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื“ื•,
08:52
and instead of having 500 mosquitos running around,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ 500 ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
08:55
you have none.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
08:58
And if you can put more, I'll call them sterile,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขื•ื“ ื›ืืœื” -- ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื "ืขืงืจื™ื",
09:01
that the offspring will actually die at different stages,
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ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:04
but I'll call them sterile for now.
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ืืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื "ืขืงืจื™ื"--
09:06
If you put more sterile males out into the environment,
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ืื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืขืงืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
09:09
then the females are more likely to find a sterile male
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื–ื›ืจ ืขืงืจ
09:12
than a fertile one, and you will bring that population down.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
09:18
So the males will go out, they'll look for females,
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ืื– ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš, ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
09:21
they'll mate. If they mate successfully, then no offspring.
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ื™ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•, ื•ืื ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืชืฆืœื™ื—, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
09:24
If they don't find a female, then they'll die anyway.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืžืžื™ืœื.
09:27
They only live a few days.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื.
09:31
And that's exactly where we are.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
09:33
So this is technology that was developed
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื”
09:35
in Oxford University a few years ago.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
09:38
The company itself, Oxitec, we've been working
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, "ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ืง", ืคื•ืขืœืช
09:40
for the last 10 years, very much on a sort of similar
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ื›ื‘ืจ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”
09:43
development pathway that you'd get with a pharmaceutical company.
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ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:46
So about 10 years of internal evaluation, testing,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
09:50
to get this to a state where we think it's actually ready.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
09:54
And then we've gone out into the big outdoors,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืฉื˜ื—,
09:56
always with local community consent,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
09:58
always with the necessary permits.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
10:00
So we've done field trials now in the Cayman Islands,
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ,
10:03
a small one in Malaysia,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”,
10:04
and two more now in Brazil.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
10:09
And what's the result?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช?
10:10
Well, the result has been very good.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“.
10:14
In about four months of release,
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ื‘-4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
10:17
we've brought that population of mosquitos
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ืฆืžืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
10:19
โ€” in most cases we're dealing with villages here
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-- ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื
10:21
of about 2,000, 3,000 people, that sort of size,
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ืฉืœ 2,000, 3,000 ื ืคืฉ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
10:25
starting small โ€”
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ --
10:26
we've taken that mosquito population down
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ืฆืžืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
10:28
by about 85 percent in about four months.
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ื‘ื›-85 ืื—ื•ื– ืชื•ืš 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:32
And in fact, the numbers after that get,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ืœืื”,
10:34
those get very difficult to count, because there just aren't any left.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
10:37
So that's been what we've seen in Cayman,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ,
10:39
it's been what we've seen in Brazil
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ
10:42
in those trials.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:44
And now what we're doing is we're going through a process
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื”
10:47
to scale up to a town of about 50,000,
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ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 50,000 ื ืคืฉ,
10:49
so we can see this work at big scale.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:52
And we've got a production unit in Oxford,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
10:55
or just south of Oxford, where we actually produce these mosquitos.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:58
We can produce them,
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื
10:59
in a space a bit more than this red carpet,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
11:01
I can produce about 20 million a week.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
11:04
We can transport them around the world.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:06
It's not very expensive, because it's a coffee cup --
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืจื ื™ืงืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”--
11:09
something the size of a coffee cup
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”
11:10
will hold about three million eggs.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›-3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
11:14
So freight costs aren't our biggest problem. (Laughter)
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:18
So we've got that. You could call it a mosquito factory.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื".
11:21
And for Brazil, where we've been doing some trials,
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืขืจื›ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
11:24
the Brazilian government themselves have now built
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ืขืช
11:26
their own mosquito factory, far bigger than ours,
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ืžืคืขืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœื ื•,
11:28
and we'll use that for scaling up in Brazil.
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ื•ืื ื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
11:34
There you are. We've sent mosquito eggs.
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื. ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
11:36
We've separated the males from the females.
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ื”ืคืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
11:39
The males have been put in little pots
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
11:42
and the truck is going down the road
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ื”ื˜ื ื“ืจ ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
11:44
and they are releasing males as they go.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”.
11:47
It's actually a little bit more precise than that.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:49
You want to release them so that
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ืš
11:51
you get good coverage of your area.
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ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
11:53
So you take a Google Map, you divide it up,
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ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืคื” ืฉืœ "ื’ื•ื’ืœ", ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
11:55
work out how far they can fly,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืฃ,
11:57
and make sure you're releasing such that you get
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ื•ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉื™ื’
11:59
coverage of the area, and then you go back,
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ื•ืื– ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
12:02
and within a very short space of time,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“,
12:04
you're bringing that population right the way down.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช.
12:08
We've also done this in agriculture.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
12:10
We've got several different species of agriculture coming along,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
12:14
and I'm hoping that soon
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืจื”
12:16
we'll be able to get some funding together so we can get back
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
12:19
and start looking at malaria.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
12:22
So that's where we stand at the moment,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข,
12:24
and I've just got a few final thoughts,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช:
12:26
which is that this is another way in which biology
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:30
is now coming in to supplement chemistry
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ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
12:34
in some of our societal advances in this area,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”,
12:38
and these biological approaches are coming in
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
12:40
in very different forms,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
12:42
and when you think about genetic engineering,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
12:45
we've now got enzymes for industrial processing,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
12:48
enzymes, genetically engineered enzymes in food.
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
12:51
We have G.M. crops, we have pharmaceuticals,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
12:53
we have new vaccines,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:55
all using roughly the same technology, but with very different outcomes.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืืš ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“.
12:59
And I'm in favor, actually. Of course I am.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“, ื‘ืขืฆื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
13:02
I'm in favor of particularly where the older technologies
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช
13:05
don't work well or have become unacceptable.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช.
13:08
And although the techniques are similar,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
13:12
the outcomes are very, very different,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื“.
13:13
and if you take our approach, for example,
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
13:15
and you compare it to, say, G.M. crops,
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ื•ืชืฉื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
13:17
both techniques are trying to produce a massive benefit.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช.
13:21
Both have a side benefit,
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ืœืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
13:23
which is that we reduce pesticide use tremendously.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
13:27
But whereas a G.M. crop is trying to protect the plant,
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ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—,
13:31
for example, and give it an advantage,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
13:34
what we're actually doing is taking the mosquito
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ
13:37
and giving it the biggest disadvantage it can possibly have,
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•,
13:41
rendering it unable to reproduce effectively.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™-ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
13:44
So for the mosquito, it's a dead end.
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ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
13:48
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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