We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely | Juan Enriquez

145,843 views ・ 2016-05-13

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Jasmina Francuski Lektor: Mile Živković
00:12
So, there's an actor called Dustin Hoffman.
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Ima jedan glumac koji se zove Dastin Hofman.
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie which some of you may have heard of,
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Pre mnogo godina, snimio je film za koji su neki od vas možda čuli,
00:19
called "The Graduate."
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a zove se Diplomac.
00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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Dve su ključne scene u tom filmu.
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
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Prva je scena zavođenja.
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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Neću govoriti o tome večeras.
00:28
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out by the old guy to the pool,
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U drugoj sceni, stariji tip ga izvodi do bazena
00:34
and as a young college graduate, the old guy basically says one word,
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i kao mladi diplomac fakulteta, stariji tip izgovara jednu reč,
00:39
just one word.
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samo jednu reč.
00:41
And of course, all of you know what that word is.
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I naravno, svi vi znate koja je to reč.
00:44
It's "plastics."
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To je "plastika"
00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:47
And the only problem with that is, it was completely the wrong advice.
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Jedini problem ovde je to što je to bio potpuno pogrešan savet.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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Reći ću vam zašto je bio pogrešan.
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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Reč je trebala biti "silicijum".
00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
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A trebala je biti silicijum
01:00
is because the basic patents for semiconductors had already been made,
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jer su osnovni patenti za poluprovodnike tada već bili izrađeni,
01:05
had already been filed,
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već su bili podneti,
01:06
and they were already building them.
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i tada su ih već počeli praviti.
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just being built in 1967,
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Izgradnja Silicijumske doline je bila u toku 1967. godine
01:11
when this movie was released.
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kad je ovaj film izašao.
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
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Godinu dana nakon što je film izašao,
01:15
Intel was founded.
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osnovan je Intel.
01:17
So had the graduate heard the right one word,
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Da je diplomac čuo pravu reč,
01:20
maybe he would have ended up onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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možda bi bio na sceni sa - pa, ne znam -
01:23
maybe with these two.
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možda sa ovom dvojicom.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
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Dok razmišljate o tome,
01:34
let's see what bit of advice we might want to give
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hajde da vidimo kakav bismo savet dali,
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become a Tupperware salesman.
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a da naš sledeći diplomac ne postane putujući trgovac.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice would you give people,
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Dakle u 2015. kakav biste vi savet dali
01:47
when you took a college graduate out by the pool
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kada biste odveli nekog diplomca do bazena
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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i rekli jednu stvar, samo jednu stvar?
01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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MIslim da bi odgovor bio "životni kod".
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
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Šta je "životni kod"?
01:56
Lifecode is the various ways we have of programming life.
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To su razni načini na koje možemo da programiramo život.
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
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Dakle, umesto programiranja kompjutera
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
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koristimo stvari za programiranje virusa
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
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ili retrovirusa ili proteina
02:05
or DNA or RNA
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ili DNK ili RNK
02:08
or plants or animals, or a whole series of creatures.
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ili biljaka ili životinja ili čitavog niza raznih bića.
02:11
And as you're thinking about this incredible ability
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I dok razmišljate o ovoj neverovatnoj moći
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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da naterate život da radi ono što vi hoćete,
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
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ono što je isprogramiran da uradi,
02:18
what you end up doing
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ovim mi, u stvari,
02:20
is taking what we've been doing for thousands of years,
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uzimamo ono što radimo hiljadama godina,
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
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a to je uzgoj, promena,
02:27
mixing, matching
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mešanje, sparivanje
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
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različitih oblika života,
02:31
and we accelerate it.
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i ubrzavamo sve to.
02:32
And this is not something new.
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I to nije ništa novo.
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
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Ova obična gorušica je tako modifikovana
02:37
so that if you change it in one way, you get broccoli.
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da ako je promenite na jedan način, dobijete brokoli.
02:40
And if you change it in a second way, you get kale.
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A ako je promenite na drugi način, dobijate kelj.
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
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A ako je promenite na treći način,
02:45
you get cauliflower.
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dobijate karfiol.
02:47
So when you go to these all-natural, organic markets,
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Kad odete na te prirodne, organske pijace,
02:51
you're really going to a place
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vi, u stvari, odlazite na mesto
02:52
where people have been changing the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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gde ljudi već dugo vremena menjaju životni kod biljaka.
02:57
The difference today,
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Razlika danas,
02:58
to pick a completely politically neutral term --
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uzmimo u potpunosti politički neutralan termin -
03:00
[Intelligent design]
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[Inteligentni dizajn]
03:02
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:03
We're beginning to practice intelligent design.
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Počinjemo da primenjujemo inteligentni dizajn.
03:06
That means that instead of doing this at random
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To znači da umesto da ovo radimo nasumično,
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
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i pratimo šta se događa kroz više generacija
03:11
we're inserting specific genes, we're inserting specific proteins,
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mi umećemo određene gene, mi umećemo određene proteine,
03:14
and we're changing lifecode for very deliberate purposes.
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i menjamo životni kod sa jasno određenim ciljem.
03:18
And that allows us to accelerate how this stuff happens.
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I to nam omogućava da ubrzamo odvijanje ovih procesa.
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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Daću vam jedan primer.
03:26
Some of you occasionally might think about sex.
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Neki od vas možda povremeno pomisle na seks.
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted how we've changed sex.
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U neku ruku, uzimamo zdravo za gotovo to kako smo promenili seks.
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal and natural to change it.
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Dakle, mislimo da je potpuno normalno i prirodno menjati ga.
03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
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Ono što se vremenom dogodilo sa seksom jeste -
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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normalno, seks jednako beba, na kraju.
03:43
But in today's world,
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Ali ne u današnjem svetu.
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
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seks plus pilule jenako je nema bebe.
03:48
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:49
And again, we think that's perfectly normal and natural,
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I opet, mislimo da je to potpuno normalno i prirodno,
03:52
but that has not been the case for most of human history.
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ali nije bilo tako većim delom istorije čovečanstva.
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
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I nije tako kod životinja.
03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
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Ovo nam daje kontrolu,
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
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pa seks postaje odvojen od začeća.
04:02
And as you're thinking of the consequences of that,
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I dok razmišljate o posledicama toga,
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
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igrali smo se i ovim stvarima
04:07
that's a little bit more advanced, like art.
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koje su nešto naprednije, poput umetnosti.
04:09
Not in the sense of painting and sculpture,
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Ne u smislu slikarstva i vajarstva,
04:11
but in the sense of assisted reproductive technologies.
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već u smislu novih reproduktivnih tehnologija.
04:17
So what are assisted reproductive technologies?
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Pa, šta su nove reproduktivne tehnologije?
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies are things like in vitro fertilization.
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Nove reproduktivne tehnologije su stvari poput veštačke oplodnje.
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization, there's very good reasons to do it.
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A kad se radi veštačka oplodnja, postoje dobri razlozi za to.
04:27
Sometimes you just can't conceive otherwise.
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Ponekad je jednostavno nemoguće začeti na drugi način.
04:31
But when you do that,
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Ali kada se to radi,
04:32
what you’re doing is separating sex, conception, baby.
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razdvajaju se seks, začeće, beba.
04:37
So you haven't just taken control of when you have a baby,
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Ne samo da ste preuzeli kontrolu nad tim kad ćete imati bebu,
04:40
you've separated when the baby and where the baby is fertilized.
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već ste razdvojili i kada i gde će beba biti oplođena.
04:44
So you've separated the baby
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Dakle, razdvojili ste bebu
04:46
from the body from the act.
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od tela, od čina.
04:49
And as you're thinking of other things we've been doing,
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I dok razmišljate o drugim stvarima koje radimo,
04:52
think about twins.
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razmislite o blizancima.
04:55
So you can freeze sperm, you can freeze eggs,
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Možete zamrnuti spermu, i jajne ćelije,
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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zamrznutu oplođenu jajnu ćeliju.
04:59
And what does that mean?
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A šta to znači?
05:01
Well, that's a good thing if you're a cancer patient.
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To je dobro ako imate rak.
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy or under radiation,
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Ako treba da idete na hemoterapiju ili zračenje,
05:07
so you save these things.
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i tako čuvate ove stvari.
05:08
You don't irradiate them.
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Ne ozračite ih.
05:10
But if you can save them and you can freeze them,
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Ali ako ih možete sačuvati, i možete zamrznuti,
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
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i možete imati surogat majku,
05:14
it means that you've decoupled sex from time.
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to znači da ste razdvojili seks i vreme.
05:17
It means you can have twins born -- oh, in 50 years?
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To znači da možete imati blizance kroz pedeset godina?
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:27
In a hundred years?
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Kroz sto godina?
05:29
Two hundred years?
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Dvesto godina?
05:31
And these are three really profound changes
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Ovo su tri zaista temeljne promene
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
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koje nisu stvar budućnsti.
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
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Sve ovo danas uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.
05:38
So this lifecode stuff turns out to be a superpower.
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Dakle, ispada da je promena životnog koda supermoć.
05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly powerful way of changing viruses,
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To postaje izuzetno moćan način da menjamo viruse,
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
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menjamo biljke, menjamo životinje,
05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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možda čak i da evoluiramo same sebe.
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I have been thinking about for a while.
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To je nešto o čemu Stiv Galans i ja razmišljamo već neko vreme.
05:56
Let's have some risks.
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Hajde da rizikujemo.
05:58
Like every powerful technology, like electricity, like an automobile,
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Kao i svaka moćna tehnologija, kao struja, kao auto,
06:02
like computers, this stuff potentially can be misused.
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kao kompjuteri, ove stvari se potencijalno mogu zloupotrebiti.
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
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A to plaši mnoge ljude.
06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
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Primenom ovih tehnologija,
06:10
you can even turn human beings into chimeras.
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možete pretvoriti ljude u čudovišta.
06:13
Remember the Greek myth where you mix animals?
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Sećate se grčkog mita u kom su izmešane životinje?
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
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U nekim od ovih tretmana
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
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vam zapravo promene krvnu grupu.
06:21
Or they'll put male cells in a female body or vice versa,
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Ili stavljaju muške ćelije u žensko telo i obrnuto,
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
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što zvuči potpuno zastrašujuće
06:27
until you realize, the reason you're doing that
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dok ne shvatite, razlog zbog kog se to radi
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow during cancer treatments.
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jeste zamena koštane srži prilikom lečenja raka.
06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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Dakle, uzimanjem tuđe koštane srži,
06:35
you may be changing some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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možda menjate neke izvorne aspekte sebe,
06:38
but you're also saving your life.
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ali takođe spasavate i svoj život.
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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I dok razmišljate o ovome,
06:42
here's something that happened 20 years ago.
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evo nešto što se desilo pre dvadeset godina.
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
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Ovo je Ema Ot.
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
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Nedavno je upisala fakultet.
06:49
She's studying accounting.
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Studira računovodstvo.
06:51
She played two varsity sports. She graduated as a valedictorian.
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Bavila se s dva univerzitetska sporta. Bila je student generacije.
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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I to nije naročito neobično,
06:57
except that she's the first human being born to three parents.
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osim što je ona prvo ljudsko biće sa tri roditelja.
07:02
Why?
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Zašto?
07:03
Because she had a deadly mitochondrial disease
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Imala je smrtonosnu mitohondrijalnu bolest
07:05
that she might have inherited.
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koju je možda nasledila.
07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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Pa, kad uzmete DNK treće osobe
07:09
and you put it in there,
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i stavite je tamo,
07:11
you save the lives of people.
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vi spasavate ljudske živote.
07:13
But you also are doing germline engineering,
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Ali takođe sprovodite genetički inženjering,
07:16
which means her kids, if she has kids, will be saved
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što znači da će njena deca, ako ih bude imala, biti spasena
07:20
and won't go through this.
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i neće prolaziti kroz to.
07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
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I njihova deca će biti spasena,
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
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i njihovi unuci će biti spaseni,
07:25
and this passes on.
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i to se prenosi dalje.
07:26
That makes people nervous.
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Ovo čini ljude nervoznim.
07:28
So 20 years ago, the various authorities said,
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Pre dvadeset godina, razne institucije su rekle,
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
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zašto ovo ne bismo izučavali neko vreme?
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff, and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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Postoje rizici kad se rade određene stvari i postoje rizici kad se one ne rade,
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people saved by this technology,
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jer ima nekoliko desetina ljudi koji su spaseni ovom tehnologijom,
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it for the next 20 years.
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i onda smo razmišljali o tome narednih dvadeset godina.
07:45
So as we think about it,
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Dok razmišljamo o tome,
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey, maybe we should have longer studies,
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dok zastajemo da kažemo: "Hej, možda bi trebalo duže da izučavamo,
možda treba da uradimo ovo, a možda da uradimo ono",
07:50
maybe we should do this, maybe we should do that,"
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07:52
there are consequences to acting, and there are consequences to not acting.
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Delovanje ima svoje posledice, a i nedelovanje ima posledice.
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
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Kao lečenje smrtonosnih bolesti,
07:59
which, by the way, is completely unnatural.
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što je potpuno neprirodno.
08:02
It is normal and natural for humans to be felled
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Normalno je i prirodno da ljudi budu gnevni
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio, of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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zbog masovnih epidemija dečje paralize, malih boginja, tuberkuloze.
08:10
When we put vaccines into people, we are putting unnatural things
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Kada ubrizgavamo vakcine u ljude, mi stavljamo neprirodne stvari
08:13
into their body
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u njihova tela
08:15
because we think the benefit outweighs the risk.
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jer mislimo da prednosti pretežu nad rizicima.
08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants, unnatural animals,
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Zato što smo napravili neprirodne biljke, neprirodne životinje
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
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možemo da nahranimo sedam milijardi ljudi.
08:26
We can do things like create new life-forms.
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Možemo da radimo stvari poput stvaranja novih oblika života.
08:30
And as you create new life-forms, again, that sounds terribly scary
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I stvaranje novih oblika života, opet, zvuči užasno zastrašujuće
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
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i strašno uznemirujuće,
08:35
until you realize that those life-forms live on your dining room table.
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dok ne shvatite da ti životni oblici žive na vašem trpezarijskom stolu.
08:39
Those flowers you've got on your dining room table --
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Ono cveće što imate na trpezarijskom stolu -
08:42
there's not a lot that's natural about them,
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nema mnogo toga prirodnog u njima,
08:44
because people have been breeding the flowers to make this color,
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jer ljudi uzgajaju cveće kako bi napravili ovu boju,
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
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ovu veličinu, da traje nedelju dana.
08:49
You don't usually give your loved one wildflowers
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Svojim bližnjim obično ne poklanjate poljsko cveće
08:51
because they don't last a whole lot of time.
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jer ne traje baš dugo.
08:56
What all this does
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Svim ovim se
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
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Darvin okreće naglavačke.
09:01
See, for four billion years,
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Tokom četiri milijarde godina
09:02
what lived and died on this planet depended on two principles:
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sve što je živelo i umiralo zavisilo je od dva principa:
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
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na prirodnoj selekciji i nasumičnoj mutaciji
09:10
And so what lived and died, what was structured,
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Sve što je živelo i umiralo, što je bilo ustrojeno,
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
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sada je okrenuto naglavačke.
09:16
And what we've done
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I tako smo
09:17
is created this completely parallel evolutionary system
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stvorili paralelni evolutivni sistem
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural selection and non-random mutation.
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gde primenjujemo neprirodnu selekciju i nenasumičnu mutaciju.
09:23
So let me explain these things.
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Da objasnim ove stvari.
09:25
This is natural selection.
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Ovo je prirodna selekcija.
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
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Ovo je neprirodna selekcija.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
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Ono što se događa sa ovim stvarima jeste,
09:34
we started breeding wolves thousands of years ago
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počeli smo da gajimo vukove pre više hiljada godina,
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
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u centralnoj Aziji, da bismo stvorili pse.
09:39
And then we started turning them into big dogs
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A onda smo počeli da ih pretvaramo u velike pse,
09:41
and into little dogs.
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pa u male pse.
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
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Ako uzmete jednu od čivava
09:45
you see in the Hermès bags on Fifth Avenue
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koje viđate na kesama Hermesa na Petoj aveniji,
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
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i pustite je u afričku ravnicu,
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
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videćete prirodnu selekciju na delu.
09:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:58
Few things on Earth are less natural than a cornfield.
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Malo je stvari koje su neprirodnije od polja kukuruza.
10:02
You will never, under any scenario, walk through a virgin forest
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Nikad, ni po jednom scenariju, nećete proći kroz prašumu
10:05
and see the same plant growing in orderly rows
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i videti istu biljku kako raste u pravilnim redovima,
10:08
at the same time,
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u isto vreme,
10:09
nothing else living there.
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gde ništa drugo ne živi.
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
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Radom na polju kukuruza
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
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birate šta će živeti, a šta umreti.
10:16
And you're doing that through unnatural selection.
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I to radite kroz neprirodnu selekciju.
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field, it's the same with a rice field.
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Isto je sa poljem pšenice, isto je s pirinčanim poljem.
10:21
It's the same with a city, it's the same with a suburb.
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Isto je s gradovima. Isto je s predgrađima.
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
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U stvari, polovina zemljine površine
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
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je uređena na neprirodan način
10:27
so that what lives and what dies there is what we want,
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tako da ono što tu živi i što umire je ono što mi želimo,
10:30
which is the reason why you don't have grizzly bears
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i zato nemamo grizlije
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
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koji se šetaju centrom Menhetna.
10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
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Šta kažete na ovu nasumičnu mutaciju?
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
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Ovo je nasumična mutacija.
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
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Ovo je Antonio Alfonseka.
10:42
He's otherwise known as the Octopus, his nickname.
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Inaće je poznat kao Hobotnica, njegov nadimak.
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher of the Year in 2000.
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On je bio Bacač godine, 2000.
10:47
And he had a random mutation that gave him six fingers
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Imao je nasumičnu mutaciju koja mu je dala šest prstiju
10:50
on each hand,
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na obe ruke,
10:52
which turns out to be really useful if you're a pitcher.
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što je veoma korisno ako ste bacač.
10:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
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A nenasumična mutacija?
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
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Nenasumična mutacija je pivo.
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
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Vino. Jogurt.
11:05
How many times have you walked through the forest
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Koliko ste puta hodali kroz šumu
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
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i našli potpuno prirodan sir?
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
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Ili potpuno prirodan jogurt?
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
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Dakle, ovakve stvari pravimo.
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
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Zanimljivo je da
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
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sve više saznajemo o svemu ovom.
11:18
We found one of the single most powerful gene-editing instruments,
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Pronašli smo jedan od najmoćnijih instrumenata za izmenu gena,
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
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CRISPR, u jogurtu.
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
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I kako menjamo ćelije,
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10 pharmaceutical products,
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proizvodimo osam od deset glavnih farmaceutskih proizvoda,
11:32
including the stuff that you use to treat arthritis,
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uključujući i ono što koristite za artritis,
11:34
which is the number one best-selling drug, Humira.
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najprodavaniji lek, Humira.
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
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Dakle, ovaj životni kod
11:40
It really is a superpower.
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je stvarno supermoćan.
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
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To je način programiranja stvari
11:44
and there's nothing that's going to change us
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i ne postoji ništa što će nas promeniti
11:46
more than this lifecode.
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više od ovog životnog koda.
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
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I dok razmišljate o životnom kodu,
11:51
let's think of five principles
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hajde da razmislimo o pet principa,
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
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kojima treba da se rukovodimo
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
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i voleo bih da mi date još.
11:58
So, principle number one:
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Princip broj jedan:
12:00
we have to take responsibility for this stuff.
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moramo preuzeti odgovornost za sve ovo.
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
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Razlog zbog kog moramo preuzeti odgovornost
12:05
is because we're in charge.
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je to što je to naša briga.
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
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Ovo nisu nasumične mutacije.
12:08
This is what we are doing, what we are choosing.
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To je ono što radimo, što biramo.
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
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To nije: "Eto, desilo se".
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
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Nije se nasumično desilo.
12:14
It didn't come down by a verdict of somebody else.
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Nije nam se desilo tuđom odlukom.
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
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Mi modifikujemo ove stvari.
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule: you break it, you own it.
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to je pravilo koje glasi: ako pokvariš nešto, ti si odgovoran.
12:22
Principle number two:
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Princip broj dva:
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate diversity in this stuff.
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moramo prepoznati i veličati raznolikost u ovim stvarima.
12:27
There have been at least 33 versions of hominids
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Postojale su najmanje 33 verzije hominida
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
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koje su hodale po zemlji.
12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
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Većina njih je izumrla, osim nas.
12:35
But the normal and natural state of this Earth
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Normalno i prirodno stanje na planeti
12:37
is we have various versions of humans walking around at the same time,
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podrazumeva različite verzije ljudi koje žive u isto vreme,
12:41
which is why most of us have some Neanderthal in us.
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zato mnogi od nas imaju ponešto od Neandertalca u sebi
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
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Neki od nas imaju ponešto od Denisova u sebi.
12:47
And some in Washington have a lot more of it.
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A neki u Vašingtonu ga imaju mnogo više.
12:49
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:51
Principle number three:
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Princip broj tri:
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
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moramo poštovati izbore drugih ljudi.
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
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Neki ljudi će odlučiti da se nikad ne izmene.
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
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Neki će odlučiti da izmene sve.
13:00
Some people will choose to alter plants but not animals.
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Neki će odlučiti da izmene biljke, ali ne životinje.
13:03
Some people will choose to alter themselves.
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Neki će odlučiti da izmene sebe.
13:05
Some people will choose to evolve themselves.
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Neki će odlučiti da evoluiraju sebe.
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
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Različitost nije loša stvar.
13:09
because even though we think of humans as very diverse,
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jer, iako ljude smatramo veoma različitim,
13:12
we came so close to extinction
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toliko smo se približili izumiranju
13:14
that all of us descend from a single African mother
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da svi mi potičemo od iste afričke majke,
13:16
and the consequence of that
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a posledica toga
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity in 55 African chimpanzees
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je da kod 55 afričkih šimpanzi ima više genetske različitosti,
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
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nego kod sedam milijardi ljudi.
13:26
Principle number four:
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Princip broj četiri:
13:29
we should take about a quarter of the Earth
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treba da uzmemo otprilike četvrtinu zemlje
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
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i dozvolimo Darvinu da vlada tamo.
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
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Teritorija se ne mora graničiti,
13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
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ne mora sva biti povezana.
13:38
It should be part in the oceans, part on land.
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Treba da se nalazi i u okeanima, i na kopnu.
13:40
But we should not run every evolutionary decision on this planet.
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Ne treba mi da donosimo svaku evolutivnu odluku na ovoj planeti.
13:44
We want to have our evolutionary system running.
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Želimo da se naš evolutivni sistem razvija.
13:46
We want to have Darwin's evolutionary system running.
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Želimo da se Darvinov evolutivni sistem razvija.
13:49
And it's just really important to have these two things running in parallel
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I stvarno je izuzetno važno da se ova dva sistema razvijaju pararelno
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
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a ne da nadvladaju evoluciju.
13:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
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Poslednja stvar koju ću reći.
14:04
This is the single most exciting adventure human beings have been on.
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Ovo je najuzbudljivija avantura u kojoj ljudska bića učestvuju
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower humans have ever had.
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Ovo je najveća super moć koju su ljudi ikad imali.
14:11
It would be a crime for you not to participate in this stuff
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Bio bi zločin da ne učestvujete u tome
14:13
because you're scared of it,
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zato što je se plašite,
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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zato što se skrivate od nje.
14:17
You can participate in the ethics. You can participate in the politics.
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Možete učestvovati u etici. Možete učestvovati u politici.
14:20
You can participate in the business.
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Možete učestvovati u biznisu.
14:22
You can participate in just thinking about where medicine is going,
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Možete razmišljati o tome kuda ide medicina.
14:25
where industry is going,
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kuda ide industrija,
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
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kuda ćemo odvesti svet.
14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
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Za sve nas bi bio zločin
14:30
not to be aware when somebody shows up at a swimming pool
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da ne budemo svesni da kada nam neko pokaže bazen
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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i kaže jednu stvar, samo jednu stvar
14:37
if you don't listen if that word is "lifecode."
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da ne slušamo ako je ta stvar "životni kod".
14:39
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
14:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
About this website

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