We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely | Juan Enriquez

145,799 views ・ 2016-05-13

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
So, there's an actor called Dustin Hoffman.
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And years ago, he made this movie which some of you may have heard of,
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called "The Graduate."
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And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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The first one is the seduction scene.
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I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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(Laughter)
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The second scene is where he's taken out by the old guy to the pool,
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and as a young college graduate, the old guy basically says one word,
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just one word.
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And of course, all of you know what that word is.
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It's "plastics."
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(Laughter)
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And the only problem with that is, it was completely the wrong advice.
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(Laughter)
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Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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The word should have been "silicon."
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And the reason it should have been silicon
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is because the basic patents for semiconductors had already been made,
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had already been filed,
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and they were already building them.
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So Silicon Valley was just being built in 1967,
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when this movie was released.
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And the year after the movie was released,
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Intel was founded.
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So had the graduate heard the right one word,
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maybe he would have ended up onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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maybe with these two.
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(Laughter)
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So as you're thinking of that,
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let's see what bit of advice we might want to give
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so that your next graduate doesn't become a Tupperware salesman.
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(Laughter)
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So in 2015, what word of advice would you give people,
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when you took a college graduate out by the pool
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and you said one word, just one word?
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I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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So what is "lifecode?"
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Lifecode is the various ways we have of programming life.
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So instead of programming computers,
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we're using things to program viruses
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or retroviruses or proteins
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or DNA or RNA
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or plants or animals, or a whole series of creatures.
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And as you're thinking about this incredible ability
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to make life do what you want it to do,
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what it's programmed to do,
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what you end up doing
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is taking what we've been doing for thousands of years,
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which is breeding, changing,
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mixing, matching
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all kinds of life-forms,
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and we accelerate it.
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And this is not something new.
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This humble mustard weed has been modified
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so that if you change it in one way, you get broccoli.
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And if you change it in a second way, you get kale.
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And if you change it in a third way,
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you get cauliflower.
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So when you go to these all-natural, organic markets,
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you're really going to a place
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where people have been changing the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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The difference today,
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to pick a completely politically neutral term --
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[Intelligent design]
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(Laughter)
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We're beginning to practice intelligent design.
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That means that instead of doing this at random
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and seeing what happens over generations,
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we're inserting specific genes, we're inserting specific proteins,
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and we're changing lifecode for very deliberate purposes.
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And that allows us to accelerate how this stuff happens.
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Let me just give you one example.
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Some of you occasionally might think about sex.
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And we kind of take it for granted how we've changed sex.
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So we think it's perfectly normal and natural to change it.
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What's happened with sex over time is --
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normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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But in today's world,
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sex plus pill equals no baby.
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(Laughter)
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And again, we think that's perfectly normal and natural,
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but that has not been the case for most of human history.
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And it's not the case for animals.
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What it is does is it gives us control,
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so sex becomes separate from conception.
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And as you're thinking of the consequences of that,
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then we've been playing with stuff
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that's a little bit more advanced, like art.
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Not in the sense of painting and sculpture,
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but in the sense of assisted reproductive technologies.
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So what are assisted reproductive technologies?
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Assisted reproductive technologies are things like in vitro fertilization.
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And when you do in vitro fertilization, there's very good reasons to do it.
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Sometimes you just can't conceive otherwise.
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But when you do that,
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what you’re doing is separating sex, conception, baby.
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So you haven't just taken control of when you have a baby,
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you've separated when the baby and where the baby is fertilized.
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So you've separated the baby
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from the body from the act.
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And as you're thinking of other things we've been doing,
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think about twins.
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So you can freeze sperm, you can freeze eggs,
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you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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And what does that mean?
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Well, that's a good thing if you're a cancer patient.
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You're about to go under chemotherapy or under radiation,
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so you save these things.
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You don't irradiate them.
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But if you can save them and you can freeze them,
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and you can have a surrogate mother,
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it means that you've decoupled sex from time.
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It means you can have twins born -- oh, in 50 years?
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(Laughter)
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In a hundred years?
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Two hundred years?
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And these are three really profound changes
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that are not, like, future stuff.
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This is stuff we take for granted today.
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So this lifecode stuff turns out to be a superpower.
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It turns out to be this incredibly powerful way of changing viruses,
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of changing plants, of changing animals,
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perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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It's something that Steve Gullans and I have been thinking about for a while.
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Let's have some risks.
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Like every powerful technology, like electricity, like an automobile,
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like computers, this stuff potentially can be misused.
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And that scares a lot of people.
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And as you apply these technologies,
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you can even turn human beings into chimeras.
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Remember the Greek myth where you mix animals?
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Well, some of these treatments
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actually end up changing your blood type.
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Or they'll put male cells in a female body or vice versa,
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which sounds absolutely horrible
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until you realize, the reason you're doing that
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is you're substituting bone marrow during cancer treatments.
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So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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you may be changing some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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but you're also saving your life.
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And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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here's something that happened 20 years ago.
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This is Emma Ott.
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She's a recent college admittee.
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She's studying accounting.
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She played two varsity sports. She graduated as a valedictorian.
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And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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except that she's the first human being born to three parents.
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Why?
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Because she had a deadly mitochondrial disease
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that she might have inherited.
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So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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and you put it in there,
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you save the lives of people.
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But you also are doing germline engineering,
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which means her kids, if she has kids, will be saved
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and won't go through this.
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And [their] kids will be saved,
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and their grandchildren will be saved,
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and this passes on.
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That makes people nervous.
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So 20 years ago, the various authorities said,
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why don't we study this for a while?
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There are risks to doing stuff, and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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because there were a couple dozen people saved by this technology,
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and then we've been thinking about it for the next 20 years.
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So as we think about it,
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as we take the time to say, "Hey, maybe we should have longer studies,
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maybe we should do this, maybe we should do that,"
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there are consequences to acting, and there are consequences to not acting.
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Like curing deadly diseases --
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which, by the way, is completely unnatural.
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It is normal and natural for humans to be felled
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by massive epidemics of polio, of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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When we put vaccines into people, we are putting unnatural things
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into their body
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because we think the benefit outweighs the risk.
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Because we've built unnatural plants, unnatural animals,
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we can feed about seven billion people.
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We can do things like create new life-forms.
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And as you create new life-forms, again, that sounds terribly scary
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and terribly bothersome,
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until you realize that those life-forms live on your dining room table.
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Those flowers you've got on your dining room table --
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there's not a lot that's natural about them,
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because people have been breeding the flowers to make this color,
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to be this size, to last for a week.
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You don't usually give your loved one wildflowers
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because they don't last a whole lot of time.
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What all this does
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is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
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See, for four billion years,
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what lived and died on this planet depended on two principles:
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on natural selection and random mutation.
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And so what lived and died, what was structured,
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has now been flipped on its head.
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And what we've done
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is created this completely parallel evolutionary system
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where we are practicing unnatural selection and non-random mutation.
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So let me explain these things.
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This is natural selection.
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This is unnatural selection.
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(Laughter)
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So what happens with this stuff is,
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we started breeding wolves thousands of years ago
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in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
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And then we started turning them into big dogs
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and into little dogs.
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But if you take one of the chihuahuas
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you see in the Hermès bags on Fifth Avenue
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and you let it loose on the African plain,
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you can watch natural selection happen.
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(Laughter)
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Few things on Earth are less natural than a cornfield.
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You will never, under any scenario, walk through a virgin forest
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and see the same plant growing in orderly rows
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at the same time,
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nothing else living there.
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When you do a cornfield,
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you're selecting what lives and what dies.
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And you're doing that through unnatural selection.
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It's the same with a wheat field, it's the same with a rice field.
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It's the same with a city, it's the same with a suburb.
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In fact, half the surface of Earth
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has been unnaturally engineered
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so that what lives and what dies there is what we want,
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which is the reason why you don't have grizzly bears
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walking through downtown Manhattan.
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How about this random mutation stuff?
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Well, this is random mutation.
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This is Antonio Alfonseca.
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He's otherwise known as the Octopus, his nickname.
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He was the Relief Pitcher of the Year in 2000.
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And he had a random mutation that gave him six fingers
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on each hand,
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which turns out to be really useful if you're a pitcher.
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(Laughter)
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How about non-random mutation?
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A non-random mutation is beer.
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It's wine. It's yogurt.
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How many times have you walked through the forest
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and found all-natural cheese?
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Or all-natural yogurt?
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So we've been engineering this stuff.
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Now, the interesting thing is,
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we get to know the stuff better.
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We found one of the single most powerful gene-editing instruments,
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CRISPR, inside yogurt.
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And as we start engineering cells,
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we're producing eight out of the top 10 pharmaceutical products,
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including the stuff that you use to treat arthritis,
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which is the number one best-selling drug, Humira.
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So this lifecode stuff.
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It really is a superpower.
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It really is a way of programming stuff,
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and there's nothing that's going to change us
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more than this lifecode.
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So as you're thinking of lifecode,
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let's think of five principles
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as to how we start guiding,
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and I'd love you to give me more.
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So, principle number one:
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we have to take responsibility for this stuff.
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The reason we have to take responsibility
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is because we're in charge.
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These aren't random mutations.
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This is what we are doing, what we are choosing.
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It's not, "Stuff happened."
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It didn't happen at random.
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It didn't come down by a verdict of somebody else.
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We engineer this stuff,
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and it's the Pottery Barn rule: you break it, you own it.
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Principle number two:
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we have to recognize and celebrate diversity in this stuff.
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There have been at least 33 versions of hominids
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that have walked around this Earth.
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Most all of them went extinct except us.
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But the normal and natural state of this Earth
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is we have various versions of humans walking around at the same time,
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which is why most of us have some Neanderthal in us.
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Some of us have some Denisova in us.
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And some in Washington have a lot more of it.
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(Laughter)
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Principle number three:
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we have to respect other people's choices.
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Some people will choose to never alter.
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Some people will choose to alter all.
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Some people will choose to alter plants but not animals.
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Some people will choose to alter themselves.
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Some people will choose to evolve themselves.
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Diversity is not a bad thing,
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because even though we think of humans as very diverse,
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we came so close to extinction
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that all of us descend from a single African mother
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and the consequence of that
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is there's more genetic diversity in 55 African chimpanzees
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than there are in seven billion humans.
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Principle number four:
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we should take about a quarter of the Earth
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and only let Darwin run the show there.
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It doesn't have to be contiguous,
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doesn't have to all be tied together.
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It should be part in the oceans, part on land.
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But we should not run every evolutionary decision on this planet.
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We want to have our evolutionary system running.
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We want to have Darwin's evolutionary system running.
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And it's just really important to have these two things running in parallel
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and not overwhelm evolution.
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(Applause)
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Last thing I'll say.
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This is the single most exciting adventure human beings have been on.
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This is the single greatest superpower humans have ever had.
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It would be a crime for you not to participate in this stuff
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because you're scared of it,
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because you're hiding from it.
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You can participate in the ethics. You can participate in the politics.
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You can participate in the business.
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You can participate in just thinking about where medicine is going,
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where industry is going,
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where we're going to take the world.
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It would be a crime for all of us
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not to be aware when somebody shows up at a swimming pool
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and says one word, just one word,
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if you don't listen if that word is "lifecode."
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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