We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely | Juan Enriquez

145,799 views ใƒป 2016-05-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ejay kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
So, there's an actor called Dustin Hoffman.
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๋”์Šคํ‹ด ํ˜ธํ”„๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie which some of you may have heard of,
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”, ์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด ๋ถ„์ด
00:19
called "The Graduate."
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"์กธ์—…"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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์ด ์˜ํ™”์—๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด์—์š”.
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค ๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
00:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out by the old guy to the pool,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
00:34
and as a young college graduate, the old guy basically says one word,
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์ Š์€ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””์˜ ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
just one word.
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””์š”.
00:41
And of course, all of you know what that word is.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ .
00:44
It's "plastics."
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"ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:47
And the only problem with that is, it was completely the wrong advice.
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๋‹ค ์ข‹์€๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์กฐ์–ธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” "์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜"์ด์—ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด
01:00
is because the basic patents for semiconductors had already been made,
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๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:05
had already been filed,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์„œ
01:06
and they were already building them.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just being built in 1967,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ 1967๋…„์—
01:11
when this movie was released.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ“ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
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์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์ธํ…”์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Intel was founded.
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01:17
So had the graduate heard the right one word,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:20
maybe he would have ended up onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ -๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธด ํ•ด๋„- ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:23
maybe with these two.
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ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
01:34
let's see what bit of advice we might want to give
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์–ธํ•ด์•ผ
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become a Tupperware salesman.
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ํ„ฐํผ์›จ์–ด ์˜์—…์‚ฌ์›์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice would you give people,
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2015๋…„์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์„
01:47
when you took a college graduate out by the pool
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ํ’€์žฅ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋”” ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” "๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ"๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
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"๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ"๋Š” ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
01:56
Lifecode is the various ways we have of programming life.
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๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜
02:05
or DNA or RNA
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DNA ๋‚˜ RNA
02:08
or plants or animals, or a whole series of creatures.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And as you're thinking about this incredible ability
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
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02:18
what you end up doing
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:20
is taking what we've been doing for thousands of years,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€์ดํ•˜๊ณ 
02:27
mixing, matching
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์ด์ข… ๊ต๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ 
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ์—ฎ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
02:31
and we accelerate it.
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02:32
And this is not something new.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
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์ด ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒจ์žํ’€์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด
02:37
so that if you change it in one way, you get broccoli.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
02:40
And if you change it in a second way, you get kale.
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์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ์ผ€์ผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:45
you get cauliflower.
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์ฝœ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:47
So when you go to these all-natural, organic markets,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋† ์žฅํ„ฐ๋Š”
02:51
you're really going to a place
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
02:52
where people have been changing the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์˜จ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
The difference today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ
02:58
to pick a completely politically neutral term --
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์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:00
[Intelligent design]
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[์ง€์  ์„ค๊ณ„]
03:02
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:03
We're beginning to practice intelligent design.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
That means that instead of doing this at random
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:11
we're inserting specific genes, we're inserting specific proteins,
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ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:14
and we're changing lifecode for very deliberate purposes.
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์˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
And that allows us to accelerate how this stuff happens.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Some of you occasionally might think about sex.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋” ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted how we've changed sex.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal and natural to change it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„น์Šค๋Š”
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์•„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
But in today's world,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
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์„น์Šค ๋”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์•Œ์•ฝ์€ ์•„๊ธฐ์—†์Œ์ด์ฃ .
03:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:49
And again, we think that's perfectly normal and natural,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ ์ •์ƒ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:52
but that has not been the case for most of human history.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
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์„น์Šค์™€ ์ž„์‹ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
And as you're thinking of the consequences of that,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ART ๋“ฑ ์ข€ ๋” ์ง„๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋†€๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
04:07
that's a little bit more advanced, like art.
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04:09
Not in the sense of painting and sculpture,
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ART๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:11
but in the sense of assisted reproductive technologies.
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์ƒ์‹ ๋ณด์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
So what are assisted reproductive technologies?
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์ƒ์‹๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies are things like in vitro fertilization.
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์ƒ์‹๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ์•„๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization, there's very good reasons to do it.
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์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ์•„๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Sometimes you just can't conceive otherwise.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž„์‹ ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:31
But when you do that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:32
what youโ€™re doing is separating sex, conception, baby.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์„น์Šค, ์ž„์‹ , ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
So you haven't just taken control of when you have a baby,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:40
you've separated when the baby and where the baby is fertilized.
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์™€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
So you've separated the baby
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
04:46
from the body from the act.
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์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
And as you're thinking of other things we've been doing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:52
think about twins.
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์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:55
So you can freeze sperm, you can freeze eggs,
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์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€์„ ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And what does that mean?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:01
Well, that's a good thing if you're a cancer patient.
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์•”ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy or under radiation,
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „์—
05:07
so you save these things.
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๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:08
You don't irradiate them.
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05:10
But if you can save them and you can freeze them,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ผ๋ ค๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
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๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
it means that you've decoupled sex from time.
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„น์Šค์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
It means you can have twins born -- oh, in 50 years?
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ 50์‚ด ์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:27
In a hundred years?
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๋ฐฑ์‚ด?
05:29
Two hundred years?
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์ด๋ฐฑ์‚ด?
05:31
And these are three really profound changes
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ๋ฐ
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:38
So this lifecode stuff turns out to be a superpower.
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์ด ๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly powerful way of changing viruses,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณ€์ด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
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05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I have been thinking about for a while.
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ตด๋ž€๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Let's have some risks.
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:58
Like every powerful technology, like electricity, like an automobile,
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์ „๊ธฐ, ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Š ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:02
like computers, this stuff potentially can be misused.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์˜ค์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
06:10
you can even turn human beings into chimeras.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Remember the Greek myth where you mix animals?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ํ™”์—์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ ?
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์ˆ  ์ค‘์—๋Š”
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:21
Or they'll put male cells in a female body or vice versa,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชธ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
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์—„์ฒญ ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:27
until you realize, the reason you're doing that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow during cancer treatments.
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๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉด
06:35
you may be changing some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
but you're also saving your life.
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๋ชฉ์ˆจ์€ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:42
here's something that happened 20 years ago.
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20๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์— ๋งˆ ์˜คํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž…ํ•™ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:49
She's studying accounting.
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ํšŒ๊ณ„ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:51
She played two varsity sports. She graduated as a valedictorian.
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ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์กธ์—…์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์—ฐ์„ค๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฑด ์—†์ฃ .
06:57
except that she's the first human being born to three parents.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์…‹์ธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด์š”.
07:02
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
07:03
Because she had a deadly mitochondrial disease
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์— ๋งˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:05
that she might have inherited.
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์œ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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์ œ3์ž์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€
07:09
and you put it in there,
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:11
you save the lives of people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:13
But you also are doing germline engineering,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์‹ ๊ณตํ•™๋„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:16
which means her kids, if she has kids, will be saved
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์— ๋งˆ์˜ ์ž๋…€๋„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:20
and won't go through this.
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์œ ์ „๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
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์ž๋…€๋„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
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์†์ฃผ๋„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:25
and this passes on.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ด๋ ค์š”.
07:26
That makes people nervous.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
So 20 years ago, the various authorities said,
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20๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”.
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ์ข€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff, and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ผ์„ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people saved by this technology,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it for the next 20 years.
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20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”.
07:45
So as we think about it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค๊ณ 
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey, maybe we should have longer studies,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
maybe we should do this, maybe we should do that,"
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์ด๊ฑด ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ
07:52
there are consequences to acting, and there are consequences to not acting.
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์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
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์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:59
which, by the way, is completely unnatural.
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
08:02
It is normal and natural for humans to be felled
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์—
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio, of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
When we put vaccines into people, we are putting unnatural things
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
into their body
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08:15
because we think the benefit outweighs the risk.
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ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants, unnatural animals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
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70์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
We can do things like create new life-forms.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
And as you create new life-forms, again, that sounds terribly scary
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๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ
๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
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08:35
until you realize that those life-forms live on your dining room table.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋… ์‹ํƒ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
08:39
Those flowers you've got on your dining room table --
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์ €๋… ์‹ํƒ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋†“์ธ ์ด ๊ฝƒ์€
08:42
there's not a lot that's natural about them,
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์–ด์š”.
08:44
because people have been breeding the flowers to make this color,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋„๋ก ์œก์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:49
You don't usually give your loved one wildflowers
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ผ์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์—†์ง€์š”.
08:51
because they don't last a whole lot of time.
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์•ผ์ƒํ™”๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:56
What all this does
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค์ง‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
See, for four billion years,
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, 40์–ต ๋…„ ๊ฐ„
09:02
what lived and died on this planet depended on two principles:
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
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์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฃ .
09:10
And so what lived and died, what was structured,
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์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And what we've done
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:17
is created this completely parallel evolutionary system
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural selection and non-random mutation.
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์œ ์‚ฌ ์ง„ํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
So let me explain these things.
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์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
This is natural selection.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋น„์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์€
09:34
we started breeding wolves thousands of years ago
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „ ์ค‘์•™ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
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๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
09:39
And then we started turning them into big dogs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:41
and into little dogs.
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์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
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5๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์—๋ฅด๋ฉ”์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
09:45
you see in the Hermรจs bags on Fifth Avenue
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์น˜์™€์™€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‰์›์— ํ’€์–ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
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์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:58
Few things on Earth are less natural than a cornfield.
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฐญ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
You will never, under any scenario, walk through a virgin forest
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„, ์›์‹œ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๋ฉฐ
10:05
and see the same plant growing in orderly rows
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๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํžˆ ์ค„๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
10:08
at the same time,
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๋‹จ์ผ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
nothing else living there.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์‚ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฐญ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์ผ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
And you're doing that through unnatural selection.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋น„์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field, it's the same with a rice field.
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๋ฐ€๋ฐญ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๋ฒผ๋…ผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
It's the same with a city, it's the same with a suburb.
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๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ต์™ธ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์€
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:27
so that what lives and what dies there is what we want,
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๋น„์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ํ„ฐ๋ผ
10:30
which is the reason why you don't have grizzly bears
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ์žˆ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งจํ•˜ํŠผ์— ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ์ด ์—†์ง€์š”.
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
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10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ํฐ์„ธ์นด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
He's otherwise known as the Octopus, his nickname.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ๋ฌธ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher of the Year in 2000.
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2000๋…„๋„์— ๊ตฌ์›ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜€์ฃ .
10:47
And he had a random mutation that gave him six fingers
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์–‘ ์†์— ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด 6๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:50
on each hand,
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ
10:52
which turns out to be really useful if you're a pitcher.
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ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
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์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
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๋น„์šฐ์—ฐ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
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์™€์ธ, ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅดํŠธ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:05
How many times have you walked through the forest
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆฒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๋ฉฐ
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
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์ฒœ์—ฐ ์น˜์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
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์ฒœ์—ฐ ์š”๊ฑฐํŠธ๋Š”์š”?
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ œ์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
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์ž, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
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11:18
We found one of the single most powerful gene-editing instruments,
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์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
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์š”๊ฑฐํŠธ ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10 pharmaceutical products,
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์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ค‘ 8๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
including the stuff that you use to treat arthritis,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:34
which is the number one best-selling drug, Humira.
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'ํœด๋ฏธ๋ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด์ฃ .
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
It really is a superpower.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ง„์งœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ 
11:44
and there's nothing that's going to change us
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๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
11:46
more than this lifecode.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
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๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:51
let's think of five principles
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์นจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์น™์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
So, principle number one:
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์›์น™ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:00
we have to take responsibility for this stuff.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:05
is because we're in charge.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
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์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”.
12:08
This is what we are doing, what we are choosing.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
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"์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋๋„ค." ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
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์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:14
It didn't come down by a verdict of somebody else.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‰๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•˜๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule: you break it, you own it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํฌํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด์ฃ . "ํ›ผ์† ์‹œ ๋ณ€์ƒ ์ฑ…์ž„"
12:22
Principle number two:
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์›์น™ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate diversity in this stuff.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
There have been at least 33 versions of hominids
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ 33 ์ข…์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
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12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋นผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:35
But the normal and natural state of this Earth
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉด
12:37
is we have various versions of humans walking around at the same time,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ํ…Œ๊ณ 
12:41
which is why most of us have some Neanderthal in us.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์†Œ๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
12:47
And some in Washington have a lot more of it.
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
12:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:51
Principle number three:
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Some people will choose to alter plants but not animals.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ• ํ…Œ๊ณ 
13:03
Some people will choose to alter themselves.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:05
Some people will choose to evolve themselves.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ• ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ์š”.
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๋‚˜์œ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:09
because even though we think of humans as very diverse,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:12
we came so close to extinction
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•  ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:14
that all of us descend from a single African mother
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋ฉฐ
13:16
and the consequence of that
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity in 55 African chimpanzees
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ 55๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
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70์–ต ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ’์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Principle number four:
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
we should take about a quarter of the Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 1/4์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™๋งŒ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์„ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
It should be part in the oceans, part on land.
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ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
But we should not run every evolutionary decision on this planet.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง„ํ™”์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
We want to have our evolutionary system running.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
We want to have Darwin's evolutionary system running.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
And it's just really important to have these two things running in parallel
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ 
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
This is the single most exciting adventure human beings have been on.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒช์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower humans have ever had.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
It would be a crime for you not to participate in this stuff
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๋ฌด์„ญ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ
14:13
because you're scared of it,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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์ฃ„์•…์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
You can participate in the ethics. You can participate in the politics.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ข…๊ต์œค๋ฆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:20
You can participate in the business.
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์‚ฌ์—…์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
You can participate in just thinking about where medicine is going,
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์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:25
where industry is going,
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์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ ๋ นํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ’€์žฅ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜
14:30
not to be aware when somebody shows up at a swimming pool
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””, ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ฃ„์•…์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
if you don't listen if that word is "lifecode."
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๊ฐ€ "๋ผ์ดํ”„์ฝ”๋“œ"๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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