We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely | Juan Enriquez

145,936 views ใƒป 2016-05-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
So, there's an actor called Dustin Hoffman.
0
12809
2333
ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ.
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie which some of you may have heard of,
1
16285
3334
ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•,
00:19
called "The Graduate."
2
19643
1190
ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ."
00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
3
21261
2613
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
4
24559
2094
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
5
26677
1993
ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
00:28
(Laughter)
6
28694
1467
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out by the old guy to the pool,
7
30185
4590
ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื”,
00:34
and as a young college graduate, the old guy basically says one word,
8
34799
5019
ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื›ืœืœื” ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช,
00:39
just one word.
9
39842
1189
ืจืง ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช.
00:41
And of course, all of you know what that word is.
10
41835
2292
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
00:44
It's "plastics."
11
44151
1190
ื”ื™ื "ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงื”."
00:45
(Laughter)
12
45365
1166
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:47
And the only problem with that is, it was completely the wrong advice.
13
47190
3932
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:51
(Laughter)
14
51146
1487
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
15
53229
2148
ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
16
55401
1793
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ."
00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
17
58163
2024
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
01:00
is because the basic patents for semiconductors had already been made,
18
60211
5181
ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
01:05
had already been filed,
19
65416
1377
ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื•,
01:06
and they were already building them.
20
66817
1765
ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just being built in 1967,
21
68606
3087
ืื– ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจืง ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ 1967,
01:11
when this movie was released.
22
71717
1808
ื›ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ.
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
23
73549
2088
ื•ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ,
01:15
Intel was founded.
24
75661
1165
ืื™ื ื˜ืœ ื ื•ืกื“ื”.
01:17
So had the graduate heard the right one word,
25
77327
2826
ืื– ืื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
01:20
maybe he would have ended up onstage -- oh, I don't know --
26
80177
3532
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืžื” -- ืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข --
01:23
maybe with these two.
27
83733
1158
ืื•ืœื™ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”.
01:24
(Laughter)
28
84915
2879
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
29
91955
1711
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:34
let's see what bit of advice we might want to give
30
94626
3438
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ื–ื• ืขืฆื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become a Tupperware salesman.
31
98088
3590
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืืคืจื•ื•ืจ.
01:41
(Laughter)
32
101702
1880
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice would you give people,
33
103606
3745
ืื– ื‘ 2015, ืื™ื–ื• ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
01:47
when you took a college graduate out by the pool
34
107375
2641
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
35
110040
1890
ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืจืง ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช?
01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
36
112698
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” "ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
37
115312
1159
ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” "ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?"
01:56
Lifecode is the various ways we have of programming life.
38
116495
2737
ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
39
119256
1835
ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
40
121115
2673
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
41
123812
2024
ืื• ืจื˜ืจื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:05
or DNA or RNA
42
125860
1808
ืื• DNA ืื• RNA
02:08
or plants or animals, or a whole series of creatures.
43
128501
2643
ืื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
02:11
And as you're thinking about this incredible ability
44
131632
2530
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
45
134186
2253
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื•,
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
46
136463
2117
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:18
what you end up doing
47
138604
1793
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:20
is taking what we've been doing for thousands of years,
48
140421
3445
ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
49
143890
3121
ืฉื–ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืฉื ื•ืช,
02:27
mixing, matching
50
147035
2071
ืœืขื‘ื‘, ืœื”ืชืื™ื
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
51
149130
2009
ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:31
and we accelerate it.
52
151163
1461
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:32
And this is not something new.
53
152648
1500
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
54
154172
2300
ืขืฉื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
02:37
so that if you change it in one way, you get broccoli.
55
157139
3029
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™.
02:40
And if you change it in a second way, you get kale.
56
160714
2526
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืœ.
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
57
163764
2016
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
02:45
you get cauliflower.
58
165804
1269
ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช.
02:47
So when you go to these all-natural, organic markets,
59
167662
3352
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:51
you're really going to a place
60
171038
1580
ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื
02:52
where people have been changing the lifecode of plants for a long time.
61
172642
3959
ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš.
02:57
The difference today,
62
177464
1164
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:58
to pick a completely politically neutral term --
63
178652
2245
ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ --
03:00
[Intelligent design]
64
180921
1691
[ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™]
03:02
(Laughter)
65
182636
1157
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:03
We're beginning to practice intelligent design.
66
183817
2406
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™.
03:06
That means that instead of doing this at random
67
186819
2238
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืืงืจืื™ืช
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
68
189081
2056
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:11
we're inserting specific genes, we're inserting specific proteins,
69
191161
3686
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
03:14
and we're changing lifecode for very deliberate purposes.
70
194871
3207
ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:18
And that allows us to accelerate how this stuff happens.
71
198745
3094
ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
72
202473
1738
ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช.
03:26
Some of you occasionally might think about sex.
73
206928
2895
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืงืก.
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted how we've changed sex.
74
211299
3229
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืืš ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืก.
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal and natural to change it.
75
214552
2908
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
76
217960
2339
ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ืกืงืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” --
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
77
220323
2688
ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืกืงืก ืฉื•ื•ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
03:43
But in today's world,
78
223971
1510
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
79
225505
2879
ืกืงืก ืคืœื•ืก ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
03:48
(Laughter)
80
228408
1484
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:49
And again, we think that's perfectly normal and natural,
81
229916
2738
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:52
but that has not been the case for most of human history.
82
232678
2850
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
83
235552
1651
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
84
237608
1982
ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
85
239614
2439
ืื– ืกืงืก ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช.
04:02
And as you're thinking of the consequences of that,
86
242955
2445
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
87
245424
1664
ืื– ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:07
that's a little bit more advanced, like art.
88
247112
2311
ืฉืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืžื ื•ืช.
04:09
Not in the sense of painting and sculpture,
89
249447
2078
ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืคืกืœ,
04:11
but in the sense of assisted reproductive technologies.
90
251549
4677
ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื”.
04:17
So what are assisted reproductive technologies?
91
257405
2436
ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื”?
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies are things like in vitro fertilization.
92
259865
3718
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืจื—ืžื™ืช.
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization, there's very good reasons to do it.
93
264289
3549
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
04:27
Sometimes you just can't conceive otherwise.
94
267862
3120
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช.
04:31
But when you do that,
95
271622
1155
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
04:32
what youโ€™re doing is separating sex, conception, baby.
96
272801
4062
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื–ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืกืงืก, ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
04:37
So you haven't just taken control of when you have a baby,
97
277786
2904
ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืœืงื—ืชื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
04:40
you've separated when the baby and where the baby is fertilized.
98
280714
3324
ืืชื ื”ืคืจื“ืชื ืืช ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื•ืคืจื™ื.
04:44
So you've separated the baby
99
284730
2192
ืื– ื”ืคืจื“ืชื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง
04:46
from the body from the act.
100
286946
1705
ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:49
And as you're thinking of other things we've been doing,
101
289332
3080
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
04:52
think about twins.
102
292436
1858
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื.
04:55
So you can freeze sperm, you can freeze eggs,
103
295029
2120
ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื–ืจืข, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช,
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
104
297173
1697
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช.
04:59
And what does that mean?
105
299778
1765
ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
05:01
Well, that's a good thing if you're a cancer patient.
106
301567
2494
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy or under radiation,
107
304085
3004
ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžื•ื˜ืจืคื™ื” ืื• ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช,
05:07
so you save these things.
108
307113
1230
ืื– ืืชื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:08
You don't irradiate them.
109
308367
1237
ืืชื ืœื ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:10
But if you can save them and you can freeze them,
110
310072
2326
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื,
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
111
312422
2102
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ืช,
05:14
it means that you've decoupled sex from time.
112
314548
2159
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืงืชื ืกืงืก ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:17
It means you can have twins born -- oh, in 50 years?
113
317710
4918
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• -- ืื•ื”, ืขื•ื“ 50 ืฉื ื”?
05:23
(Laughter)
114
323287
3689
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:27
In a hundred years?
115
327000
1257
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”?
05:29
Two hundred years?
116
329342
1288
ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”?
05:31
And these are three really profound changes
117
331566
2787
ื•ืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
118
334377
1599
ืฉืœื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
119
336000
2117
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:38
So this lifecode stuff turns out to be a superpower.
120
338911
2929
ืื– ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ.
05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly powerful way of changing viruses,
121
342520
4336
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
122
346880
2184
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
123
349840
2254
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื•.
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I have been thinking about for a while.
124
352118
3742
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืœื ืก ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
05:56
Let's have some risks.
125
356749
1159
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
05:58
Like every powerful technology, like electricity, like an automobile,
126
358408
4144
ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:02
like computers, this stuff potentially can be misused.
127
362576
3309
ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืข ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
128
366631
1571
ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
129
369020
1765
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:10
you can even turn human beings into chimeras.
130
370809
2252
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื™ืžืจื•ืช.
06:13
Remember the Greek myth where you mix animals?
131
373815
2539
ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช?
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
132
376378
1658
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
133
378388
2246
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
06:21
Or they'll put male cells in a female body or vice versa,
134
381406
4179
ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืชืื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื™ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš,
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
135
386326
1588
ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื ื•ืจื ืœื’ืžืจื™
06:27
until you realize, the reason you're doing that
136
387938
2277
ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow during cancer treatments.
137
390239
3405
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžื— ืขืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
138
393668
2248
ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืžื— ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
06:35
you may be changing some fundamental aspects of yourself,
139
395940
2692
ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉื ื• ื›ืžื” ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื,
06:38
but you're also saving your life.
140
398656
1888
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
141
400568
2146
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
06:42
here's something that happened 20 years ago.
142
402738
2170
ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
143
405337
1525
ื–ื• ืืžื” ืื•ื˜.
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
144
406886
2809
ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื›ืœืœื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
06:49
She's studying accounting.
145
409719
1905
ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช.
06:51
She played two varsity sports. She graduated as a valedictorian.
146
411648
3364
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช.
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
147
415687
2020
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
06:57
except that she's the first human being born to three parents.
148
417731
3571
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
07:02
Why?
149
422244
1151
ืœืžื”?
07:03
Because she had a deadly mitochondrial disease
150
423419
2166
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช
07:05
that she might have inherited.
151
425609
1485
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืฉืช.
07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
152
427118
2381
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื DNA ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
07:09
and you put it in there,
153
429523
1728
ื•ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื,
07:11
you save the lives of people.
154
431275
1557
ืืชื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:13
But you also are doing germline engineering,
155
433840
2381
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
07:16
which means her kids, if she has kids, will be saved
156
436245
4143
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื™ื ืฆืœื•
07:20
and won't go through this.
157
440412
1410
ื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”.
07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
158
441846
1491
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื ืฆืœื•,
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
159
443361
1835
ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื ืฆืœื•,
07:25
and this passes on.
160
445220
1197
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
07:26
That makes people nervous.
161
446929
1625
ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
07:28
So 20 years ago, the various authorities said,
162
448578
2350
ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื•,
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
163
450952
1919
ืœืžื” ืœื ืชื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”?
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff, and there are risks to not doing stuff,
164
453903
3814
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people saved by this technology,
165
457741
3348
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it for the next 20 years.
166
461113
2984
ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
07:45
So as we think about it,
167
465002
1183
ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey, maybe we should have longer studies,
168
466209
3810
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื”ื™ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:50
maybe we should do this, maybe we should do that,"
169
470043
2401
ืืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,"
07:52
there are consequences to acting, and there are consequences to not acting.
170
472468
3809
ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
171
477203
1693
ื›ืžื• ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช --
07:59
which, by the way, is completely unnatural.
172
479688
2238
ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
08:02
It is normal and natural for humans to be felled
173
482997
3082
ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืจืขื•
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio, of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
174
486103
4069
ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ื•, ืื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉื—ืคืช.
08:10
When we put vaccines into people, we are putting unnatural things
175
490196
3643
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
08:13
into their body
176
493863
1366
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
08:15
because we think the benefit outweighs the risk.
177
495253
4109
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants, unnatural animals,
178
500129
3713
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
179
503866
2173
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:26
We can do things like create new life-forms.
180
506413
3172
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
08:30
And as you create new life-forms, again, that sounds terribly scary
181
510302
3517
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
182
513843
1681
ื•ืžืžืฉ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“,
08:35
until you realize that those life-forms live on your dining room table.
183
515548
3444
ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
08:39
Those flowers you've got on your dining room table --
184
519539
2497
ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ --
08:42
there's not a lot that's natural about them,
185
522060
2169
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
08:44
because people have been breeding the flowers to make this color,
186
524253
3092
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”,
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
187
527369
1760
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
08:49
You don't usually give your loved one wildflowers
188
529153
2389
ืืชื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื›ื ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
08:51
because they don't last a whole lot of time.
189
531566
2967
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
08:56
What all this does
190
536532
1238
ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
191
538421
2175
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:01
See, for four billion years,
192
541159
1741
ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:02
what lived and died on this planet depended on two principles:
193
542924
3065
ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ ื•ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช:
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
194
546608
2524
ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช.
09:10
And so what lived and died, what was structured,
195
550016
2627
ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ ื•ืžืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื”,
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
196
553167
1683
ื ื”ืคืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•.
09:16
And what we've done
197
556262
1199
ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
09:17
is created this completely parallel evolutionary system
198
557485
2611
ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural selection and non-random mutation.
199
560120
3329
ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช.
09:23
So let me explain these things.
200
563473
1695
ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:25
This is natural selection.
201
565192
1389
ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
202
567090
1405
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
09:28
(Laughter)
203
568519
2622
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
204
571903
2644
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื–ื” ื–ื”,
09:34
we started breeding wolves thousands of years ago
205
574571
2714
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
206
577309
2190
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
09:39
And then we started turning them into big dogs
207
579523
2294
ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:41
and into little dogs.
208
581841
1751
ื•ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
209
583616
1787
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆ'ื•ื•ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืœื•
09:45
you see in the Hermรจs bags on Fifth Avenue
210
585427
2848
ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื”ืจืžืก ื‘ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
211
588299
2657
ื•ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
212
590980
1984
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
09:52
(Laughter)
213
592988
2681
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:58
Few things on Earth are less natural than a cornfield.
214
598419
2817
ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืจืก.
10:02
You will never, under any scenario, walk through a virgin forest
215
602188
3573
ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื, ืชื—ืช ืืฃ ืžืฆื‘, ืœื ืชืœื›ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื™
10:05
and see the same plant growing in orderly rows
216
605785
2685
ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆืžื— ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช
10:08
at the same time,
217
608494
1324
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
10:09
nothing else living there.
218
609842
1611
ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื—ื™ ืฉื.
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
219
612398
1159
ื›ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉื“ื” ืชื™ืจืก,
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
220
613581
2047
ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ื—ื™ ื•ืžื” ืžืช.
10:16
And you're doing that through unnatural selection.
221
616080
2339
ื•ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field, it's the same with a rice field.
222
618443
3137
ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื–.
10:21
It's the same with a city, it's the same with a suburb.
223
621604
2615
ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืขื™ืจ, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื.
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
224
624243
1895
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
225
626162
1507
ื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™
10:27
so that what lives and what dies there is what we want,
226
627693
3183
ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
10:30
which is the reason why you don't have grizzly bears
227
630900
2463
ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
228
633387
1927
ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
229
637077
1859
ืžื” ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช?
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
230
638960
1443
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
231
640427
1340
ื–ื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืืœืคื•ื ืกืงื”.
10:42
He's otherwise known as the Octopus, his nickname.
232
642350
2711
ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืชืžื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•.
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher of the Year in 2000.
233
645085
2274
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2000.
10:47
And he had a random mutation that gave him six fingers
234
647955
2764
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืฉืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
10:50
on each hand,
235
650743
2228
ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื“,
10:52
which turns out to be really useful if you're a pitcher.
236
652995
2642
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
10:55
(Laughter)
237
655661
1640
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
238
658119
1730
ืžื” ืขื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช?
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
239
660415
2973
ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื”.
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
240
663412
1698
ื–ื” ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜.
11:05
How many times have you walked through the forest
241
665928
2336
ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื ื‘ื™ืขืจ
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
242
668288
1563
ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช?
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
243
670859
1243
ืื• ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™?
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
244
673046
1785
ืื– ื”ื ื“ืกื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
245
674855
1468
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
246
676347
1618
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:18
We found one of the single most powerful gene-editing instruments,
247
678364
3713
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื™ื,
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
248
682101
1787
CRISPR, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜.
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
249
685028
1990
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชืื™ื,
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10 pharmaceutical products,
250
687042
4280
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
11:32
including the stuff that you use to treat arthritis,
251
692246
2525
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ืชื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ืคืจืงื™ื,
11:34
which is the number one best-selling drug, Humira.
252
694795
2426
ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื›ืจืช, ื”ื•ืžื™ืจื”.
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
253
697985
1451
ืื– ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:40
It really is a superpower.
254
700229
1376
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ.
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
255
702156
1914
ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืจืš ืœืชื›ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:44
and there's nothing that's going to change us
256
704094
2557
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ื•
11:46
more than this lifecode.
257
706675
2126
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
258
709597
1981
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:51
let's think of five principles
259
711602
1689
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
260
714231
1855
ืœืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
261
716110
1619
ื•ื”ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ืขื•ื“.
11:58
So, principle number one:
262
718315
1502
ืื–, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“:
12:00
we have to take responsibility for this stuff.
263
720282
2143
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
264
723042
2551
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
12:05
is because we're in charge.
265
725617
1361
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื.
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
266
727002
1913
ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช.
12:08
This is what we are doing, what we are choosing.
267
728939
2303
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
268
731266
1699
ื–ื” ืœื, "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•."
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
269
732989
1473
ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
12:14
It didn't come down by a verdict of somebody else.
270
734486
2604
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
271
737114
1817
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื“ืกื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule: you break it, you own it.
272
738955
3245
ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืŸ: ืืชื ืฉื‘ืจืชื, ืืชื ืฉื™ืœืžืชื.
12:22
Principle number two:
273
742962
1529
ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื:
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate diversity in this stuff.
274
744515
3128
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
12:27
There have been at least 33 versions of hominids
275
747667
3134
ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 33 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
276
750825
1722
ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
277
752912
2306
ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
12:35
But the normal and natural state of this Earth
278
755804
2161
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:37
is we have various versions of humans walking around at the same time,
279
757989
3387
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
12:41
which is why most of us have some Neanderthal in us.
280
761400
2657
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื.
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
281
764559
2440
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ื“ื ื™ืกื•ื‘ื”.
12:47
And some in Washington have a lot more of it.
282
767023
2349
ื•ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
12:49
(Laughter)
283
769396
2578
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:51
Principle number three:
284
771998
1885
ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ:
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
285
773907
2165
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
286
776608
2275
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
287
778907
1810
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
13:00
Some people will choose to alter plants but not animals.
288
780741
2626
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
13:03
Some people will choose to alter themselves.
289
783391
2051
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
13:05
Some people will choose to evolve themselves.
290
785466
2263
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
291
787753
1569
ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข,
13:09
because even though we think of humans as very diverse,
292
789346
2642
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
13:12
we came so close to extinction
293
792012
2285
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
13:14
that all of us descend from a single African mother
294
794321
2615
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืื—ืช
13:16
and the consequence of that
295
796960
1325
ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity in 55 African chimpanzees
296
798309
4505
ื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ 55 ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
297
802838
1875
ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:26
Principle number four:
298
806254
2002
ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข:
13:29
we should take about a quarter of the Earth
299
809079
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
300
811780
2280
ื•ืœืชืช ืจืง ืœื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉื.
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
301
814981
1601
ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘,
13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
302
816606
1774
ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:38
It should be part in the oceans, part on land.
303
818404
2206
ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
13:40
But we should not run every evolutionary decision on this planet.
304
820634
3383
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
13:44
We want to have our evolutionary system running.
305
824474
2438
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:46
We want to have Darwin's evolutionary system running.
306
826936
2577
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:49
And it's just really important to have these two things running in parallel
307
829537
3676
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
308
833237
1517
ื•ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
13:54
(Applause)
309
834778
4110
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
310
842307
1394
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“.
14:04
This is the single most exciting adventure human beings have been on.
311
844654
3262
ื–ื• ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”.
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower humans have ever had.
312
847940
3041
ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
14:11
It would be a crime for you not to participate in this stuff
313
851005
2868
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉืข ืœื›ื ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:13
because you're scared of it,
314
853897
1412
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื•,
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
315
855333
1739
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื‘ืื™ื ืžื–ื”.
14:17
You can participate in the ethics. You can participate in the politics.
316
857096
3371
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืืชื™ืงื”. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
14:20
You can participate in the business.
317
860491
1749
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื.
14:22
You can participate in just thinking about where medicine is going,
318
862264
3158
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืœืืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช,
14:25
where industry is going,
319
865446
1161
ืœืืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช,
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
320
866631
1803
ืœืืŸ ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
321
868458
1865
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉืข ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
14:30
not to be aware when somebody shows up at a swimming pool
322
870347
4058
ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ื”
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
323
874429
2579
ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืจืง ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช,
14:37
if you don't listen if that word is "lifecode."
324
877499
2399
ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื "ืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื."
14:39
Thank you very much.
325
879922
1278
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:41
(Applause)
326
881224
7213
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7