Grief and love in the animal kingdom | Barbara J. King

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević

I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah.

Htela bih da vam danas pričam o orki po imenu Talekva.

Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists,

Talekva je naučnicima takođe poznata kao J35,

because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea.

jer pliva zajedno sa jatom J u Sališkom moru.

These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.

To su vode koje se protežu kroz Britansku Kolumbiju i državu Vašington.

Now, last year, in July 2018,

Prošle godine, u julu 2018,

she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy,

već je bila u poodmakloj fazi 17-mesečne trudnoće

and scientists were very excited

i naučnici su bili vrlo uzbuđeni

because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years.

jer nijedna beba nije preživela u ovom jatu tri duge godine.

Now, orcas are also known as killer whales.

Orke su takođe poznate i kao kitovi ubice.

They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings.

Oni su izuzetno društvena i inteligentna bića.

And scientists are very interested in their behavior,

Naučnici su veoma zainteresovani za njihovo ponašanje

because in their social networks, they share habits, information

jer u okviru svojih društvenih mreža razmenjuju navike, informacije,

and even affection.

pa čak i privrženost.

They create true cultures of the ocean.

Oni stvaraju istinske kulture okeana.

But this pod has been in trouble.

Ali ovo jato je bilo u nevolji.

The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region,

Količina kraljevskog lososa, kojeg orke vole, znatno je opala u regionu,

and pollution has been up.

a zagađenost se povećala.

But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter,

No, 24. jula je Talekva rodila ćerku

and scientists were so excited by this development.

i naučnici su se mnogo radovali takvom razvoju događaja.

But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth --

Nažalost, istog dana - zapravo, ubrzo nakon porođaja -

the calf died.

mladunče je uginulo.

Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers

Sledeće što se dogodilo naelektrisalo je ljubitelje životinja

across the world,

širom sveta,

because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water.

jer je Talekva odbila da dopusti da njena beba sklizne u vodu.

She kept it on her body and she swam with it.

Držala ju je na svom telu i plivala sa njom.

If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it,

Ako bi joj ispala, zaronila bi i spasila je,

and she battled stiff currents to do this.

a borila se protiv jakih struja pri tome.

Now, she kept this behavior up

Nastavila je da se tako ponaša

for 17 days,

17 dana,

and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles.

i za to vreme je preplivala više od 1 600 kilometara.

At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.

U tom trenutku je pustila bebu da sklizne u vodu.

So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod,

Danas Talekva i dalje pliva sa jatom J,

but her grief still moves me.

ali njena žalost me još uvek pogađa.

And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use.

I zaista verujem da je „žalost“ prava reč koju treba koristiti.

I believe that grief is the right word to use

Verujem da je žalost prava reč koju treba koristiti

for numerous animals who mourn the dead.

za brojne životinje koje oplakuju mrtve.

They may be friends or mates or relatives.

One mogu biti prijatelji, partneri ili srodnici.

Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues,

Jer ti vidljivi znaci, te naznake u ponašanju,

tell us something about an animal's emotional state.

govore nam nešto o emocionalnom stanju životinje.

Now, for the last seven years,

Proteklih sedam godina

I've been working to document examples of animal grief --

radim na beleženju primera žalosti kod životinja -

in birds, in mammals,

kod ptica, sisara,

in domesticated animals and in wild animals --

kod pripitomljenih i divljih životinja -

and I believe in the reality of animal grief.

i verujem da je njihova žalost stvarna.

Now, I say it this way

Kažem to tako

because I need to acknowledge to you right up front

jer moram unapred da vam priznam

that not all scientists agree with me.

da se ne slažu svi naučnici sa mnom.

And part of the reason, I think,

Deo razloga je, rekla bih,

is because of what I call the "a-word."

nešto što ja zovem „reč na a“.

The a-word is anthropomorphism,

Reč na a je antropomorfizam,

and historically, it's been a big deterrent

i to je oduvek u velikoj meri bila prepreka

to recognizing animal emotions.

za prepoznavanje emocija kod životinja.

So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals

Dakle, antropomorfizam je kada na druge životinje projektujemo

our capacities or our emotions.

naše sposobnosti ili naše emocije.

And we can all probably think of examples of this.

Verovatno se svi možemo setiti primera ovoga.

Let's say we have a friend who tells us,

Recimo da imamo prijatelja koji nam kaže:

"My cat understands everything I say."

„Moja mačka razume sve što kažem.“

Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.

Ili: „Moj pas je tako sladak.

he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel,

Jutros je trčao po dvorištu prema veverici,

and I know he just wants to play."

i znam da samo hoće da se igra.“

Well, maybe.

Pa, možda.

Or maybe not.

Ili možda ne.

I'm skeptical about claims like those.

Skeptična sam u vezi sa takvim tvrdnjama.

But animal grief is different,

Ali žalost je kod životinja drugačija,

because we're not trying to read an animal's mind.

jer ne pokušavamo da čitamo misli životinja.

We're looking at visible cues of behavior

Gledamo vidljive znakove ponašanja

and trying to interpret them with some meaning.

i pokušavamo da ih protumačimo dajući im neki smisao.

Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me,

Istina, naučnici mi često protivreče i kažu:

and they'll say,

"Ah, look, the animal might be stressed,

„Vidi, životinja je možda pod stresom,

or maybe the animal's just confused

ili je možda samo zbunjena

because his or her routine has been disrupted."

jer joj je poremećena rutina.“

But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism

Ali mislim da ova preterana briga zbog antropomorfizma

misses a fundamental point.

previđa suštinsku stvar.

And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other,

A to je da životinje mogu izuzetno brinuti jedna za drugu,

maybe they even love each other.

možda se čak i voleti.

And when they do,

A kada je to slučaj,

a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death.

smrt može probosti srce preživelog.

Let's face it:

Priznajmo:

if we deny evolutionary continuity,

ako poričemo evolutivni kontinuitet,

we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves.

propuštamo da prihvatimo deo samih sebe.

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief,

Dakle, da, verujem da je žalost kod životinja stvarna

and I also think that if we recognize it,

i takođe mislim da, ako je prepoznamo,

we can make the world a better place for animals,

možemo učiniti svet boljim mestom za životinje,

a kinder place for animals.

prijatnijim prema životinjama.

So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief.

Da vam kažem nešto više o žalosti kod životinja.

I'm going to start in Kenya.

Počeću u Keniji.

You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor

Vidite ovde slonicu po imenu Elenor

who came one day with bruised legs,

koja se jednog dana pojavila sa modricama po nogama

and she collapsed.

i srušila se.

You see on the left

Vidite na levoj strani

that another female named Grace came to her right away

da joj je odmah prišla druga ženka po imenu Grejs

and, using her own trunk, propped her up,

i poduprla je pomoću svoje surle,

tried to get her up on her feet.

u pokušaju da je podigne na noge.

And she did succeed,

I uspela je,

but then Eleanor collapsed again.

ali se Elenor onda ponovo srušila.

At this point, Grace became visibly distressed,

U ovom trenutku je Grejs postala vidno uznemirena,

and she prodded the body, and she vocalized.

gurala je telo i proizvodila zvuke.

Eleanor collapsed again,

Elenor se ponovo srušila,

and unfortunately, she did die.

i nažalost, uginula je.

What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui,

Ono što vidite na desnoj strani je ženka iz druge porodice po imenu Maui

who came after the death, and she stayed at the body.

koja je došla nakon što je uginula i ostala je uz telo.

She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress

Tu je držala bdenje, a čak se i ljuljala od bola

over the body.

nad telom.

So the scientists watching the elephants

Naučnici koji su posmatrali slonove

kept close observation on Eleanor's body

pomno su gledali Elenorino telo

for seven days.

sedam dana.

And during those seven days,

Tokom tih sedam dana,

a parade of elephants came

došla je parada slonova

from five different families.

iz pet različitih porodica.

Now, some were just curious,

Neki su samo bili radoznali,

but others carried out behaviors

ali drugi su ispoljavali ponašanja

that I really believe should be classified as grief.

za koje zaista smatram da se mogu svrstati kao žalost.

So what does grief look like?

Kako žalost izgleda?

It can be rocking, as I said, in distress.

To može biti ljuljanje, kao što rekoh, od tuge.

It can also be social withdrawal,

Može biti i društveno povlačenje,

when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends

kada se životinja samo udalji od prijatelja

and stays by themselves,

i ostane nasamo,

or a failure to eat or sleep properly,

ili ne može da jede i spava kako treba,

sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization.

a ponekad i depresivno držanje ili oglašavanje.

It can be very helpful for those of us studying this

Za nas koji izučavamo ovo može biti veoma korisno

to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death

da uporedimo ponašanje preživelog

pre smrti i nakon smrti,

and after death,

because that increases the rigor of our interpretation.

jer to poboljšava tačnost naših tumačenja.

And I can explain this to you

To vam mogu objasniti

by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.

kroz priču o dvema patkama po imenu Harper i Kol.

So we're into birds now.

Dakle, sad smo prešli na ptice.

So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory,

Harper i Kol su uzgajani u uzgajivačnici za "foa gra"

and they were treated cruelly.

i prema njima je okrutno postupano.

Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds.

"Foa gra" podrazumeva prisilno hranjenje ptica.

So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either.

Tako da je to škodilo njihovom telu, a ni njihov duh nije bio u dobrom stanju.

But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.

Ali, na sreću, spašeni su na farmerskom utočištu u Njujorku.

And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends.

Tokom četiri godine su se stabilizovali i brzo sklopili prijateljstvo.

They often took themselves to a small pond on the property.

Često su odlazili do malog jezera na imanju.

Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs,

Zatim je Kol počeo da dobija vrlo uporne bolove u nogama

and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely,

i utočištu je postalo jasno da nad njim mora biti izvršena humana eutanazija,

and he was.

i to su i uradili.

But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing,

Ali onda su radnici u utočištu učinili sjajnu stvar,

because they brought Harper to the body to see.

jer su doveli Harpera da vidi telo.

And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend,

Harper je u početku gurao telo svog prijatelja,

but then he laid himself over it,

ali onda je legao preko njega

and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend.

i ostao tu sa svojim drugom više od jednog sata.

And in the weeks after,

U nedeljama koje su usledile,

he had a hard time.

bilo mu je teško.

He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl,

Vratio bi se na to isto jezero gde je odlazio sa Kolom

and he didn't want any other friends.

i nije želeo druge prijatelje.

And within two months, he died as well.

U roku od dva meseca je i on uginuo.

Now, I'm happy to say

Sa zadovoljstvom mogu reći

that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome.

da nemaju sve ožalošćene životinje ovako tužan kraj.

Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.

Prošlog leta sam letela u Boston da bih posetila svoju odraslu ćerku Saru.

I was with my husband Charlie.

Bila sam sa svojim suprugom Čarlijem.

I really needed a break from work.

Zaista mi je bio potreban odmor od posla.

But I succumbed, and I checked my work email.

Ali sam podlegla i proverila poslovni imejl.

You know how that is.

Znate kako to ide.

And there was a communication about a dejected donkey.

I tu je bila prepiska o potištenom magarcu.

Za mene, kao antropologa, to nije bilo ono što sam očekivala,

Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected,

but there it was, and I'm glad I read it.

ali tu se našlo, i drago mi je da sam to pročitala.

Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary,

Zato što je magarica po imenu Lina otišla u drugo farmersko utočište

this one in Alberta, Canada,

u Alberti u Kanadi,

as the only donkey there,

kao jedini magarac tamo,

and had trouble making friends for that reason.

i zbog toga je imala problema da nađe prijatelje.

But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake,

Ali na kraju se sprijateljila sa starijim konjem po imenu Džejk

i tri godine su bili nerazdvojni.

and for three years they were inseparable.

But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,

Povod za imejl je nastao kada se konj Džejk, star 32 godine,

had become gravely ill and had to be put down,

ozbiljno razboleo i morali su da ga uspavaju,

and this is what was going on.

pa se ovo dogodilo.

This is Lena standing on Jake's grave.

Ovo je Lina koja stoji na Džejkovom grobu.

She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food.

Nije htela da uđe unutra noću. Nije htela da dođe po hranu.

She didn't want to come in for water.

Nije htela da dođe po vodu.

She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress,

Kopala je po grobu, njakala u bolu,

and there she stood.

i tako je tu stajala.

So we talked and we brainstormed.

Tako smo razgovarali i iznosili ideje.

What do you do for an animal like this?

Kako pomoći ovakvoj životinji?

And we talked about the role of time,

Pričali smo o ulozi vremena,

of extra love and kindness from people

dodatne ljubavi i dobrote ljudi,

and of urging her to make a new friend.

kao i o podsticanju da nađe novog prijatelja.

And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck,

Tu se njena putanja razlikuje od patka Harpera,

because she did make a new friend,

jer ona jeste našla novog druga

and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.

i radnici iz utočišta su nam pisali i rekli da se sve dobro završilo.

Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation

Ponekad naučnici dopunjuju posmatranje

with hormonal analysis.

hormonskom analizom.

There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana,

Postoji primer grupe naučnika u Bocvani

who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups.

koji su uzimali fekalne uzorke pavijana i upoređivali dve različite grupe.

The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack

Prva grupa su bile ženke koje su prisustvovale napadu predatora

and lost someone in that attack,

i koje su izgubile nekoga u tom napadu,

and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack

a druga grupa su bile ženke koje su prisustvovale napadu,

but had not lost someone.

ali nisu nikoga izgubile.

And the stress hormones were way up in that first group.

Hormoni stresa su bili značajno povišeni u prvoj grupi.

But here's the thing:

Ali evo u čemu je stvar:

the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons,"

naučnici ih nisu nazvali samo „pavijanima pod stresom“,

they called them "bereaved baboons,"

već „ožalošćenim pavijanima“,

and in part, that's because of the observations that they made.

što je delimično zbog njihovih zapažanja.

For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close,

Na primer, ova majka i ćerka bile su vrlo bliske,

and then the daughter was killed by a lion.

i zatim je lav ubio ćerku.

The mother removed herself from all her friends,

Majka se odvojila od svih svojih prijatelja,

from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks --

od mreže sa kojom je čistila krzno, ostala je sama sa sobom nedeljama -

bereavement --

ožalošćenost -

and she then slowly recovered.

i potom se polako oporavila.

So we have bereaved baboons.

Dakle, imamo ožalošćene pavijane.

Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees?

Da li će nam nauka jednog dana govoriti o ožalošćenim pčelama?

Will we hear about frogs who mourn?

Hoćemo li čuti za žabe koje oplakuju?

I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need

Ne bih rekla, a mislim da je razlog tome to što je životinjama zaista potreban

one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen.

vrlo blizak odnos, „jedan na jedan“, da bi se to dogodilo.

I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters.

Takođe znam da su okolnosti važne, kao i ličnost.

I have documented cats and dogs who grieve,

Dokumentovala sam mačke i pse koji tuguju,

our companion animals,

naše kućne ljubimce,

but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered

ali sam takođe komunicirala sa ženom kojoj je izuzetno smetalo

because her dog wasn't grieving.

što njen pas nije tugovao.

She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died.

Rekla mi je: „Prvi pas u kući je uginuo.

The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog.

Druga životinja, drugi pas, deluje kao da ga se to ne tiče.

What is wrong with him?"

Šta nije u redu sa njim?“

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And as I listened to her,

Dok sam je slušala,

I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household,

shvatila sam da je taj pas sada jedina životinja u kući,

and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal.

i što se njega tiče, to je bila prilično dobra stvar.

So circumstances matter.

Dakle, okolnosti su bitne.

Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve

U svakom slučaju, životinje neće tugovati

exactly like we do.

isto kao i mi.

We have human creativity.

Mi imamo ljudsku kreativnost.

We paint our grief, dance our grief,

Slikamo svoju tugu, plešemo je,

write our grief.

ispisujemo je.

We also can grieve for people we've never met,

Takođe možemo žaliti zbog ljudi koje nikada nismo upoznali,

across space and time.

kroz prostor i vreme.

I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin

To sam snažno osetila kada sam otišla u Berlin

and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial.

i stajala u Memorijalu žrtvama Holokausta.

Animals don't grieve exactly like we do,

Životinje ne tuguju isto kao mi,

but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real.

ali to ne znači da njihova tuga nije stvarna.

It is real, and it's searing,

Stvarna je i boli,

and we can see it if we choose.

i možemo je videti ako tako odlučimo.

Now, I've lost both my parents.

Ja sam izgubila oba roditelja.

I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS.

U mladosti sam izgubila veoma dragog prijatelja zbog side.

I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone.

Verujem da je verovatno većina vas ovde izgubila nekoga.

And I have found it a genuine comfort,

Pronašla sam istinsku utehu,

a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth

ohrabrenje, u saznanju da nismo jedina bića na planeti

who feel love and grief.

koja osećaju ljubav i žalost.

And I think this is important.

Mislim da je to važno.

I also think we can take this a step further,

Takođe mislim da možemo da odemo korak dalje

and we can realize that the reality of animal grief

i da možemo shvatiti da nam postojanje žalosti životinja

can help us be better and do better for animals.

može pomoći da budemo bolji i bolje se ophodimo prema njima.

This is already happening with Tahlequah,

To se već dešava u slučaju Talekve

because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency

jer su Sjedinjene Države i Kanada sa većom hitnošću obnovile razgovore

for how to help the orcas,

o tome kako da pomognu orkama,

how to restore the Chinook salmon

kako da obnove zalihe kraljevskog lososa

and how to help with the water pollution.

i kako da pomognu sa zagađenjem vode.

We can also see that if grief is real,

Takođe možemo uvideti da, ako je žalost stvarna,

there's tremendous plausibility to the notion

ogromna je verovatnoća

that animals feel a whole range of things.

da životinje osećaju čitav niz stvari.

So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope.

Možemo videti radost, tugu, pa čak i nadu.

And if we do that,

Ako to uradimo,

here's how we can start to think about the world.

evo kako možemo početi da razmišljamo o svetu.

We can look at orcas and say,

Možemo pogledati orke i reći

we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives,

da znamo da tuguju, znamo da osećaju svoj život,

and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks

i možemo odbiti da ih ograničimo na male akvarijume u tematskim parkovima

and make them perform for our entertainment.

i da ih teramo da nastupaju radi naše zabave.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve,

Možemo pogledati slonove, uvažiti da oni tuguju,

and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting

i možemo obnoviti svoje napore u borbi protiv međunarodnog trofejnog lova

and against poaching.

i protiv krivolova.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes,

I možemo pogledati svoje najbliže rođake, majmune i čovekolike majmune,

and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives,

i znati da oni tuguju, da osećaju svoj život,

so they don't deserve to be confined

tako da ne zaslužuju da budu zarobljeni

in highly invasive biomedical experiments

u vrlo invazivnim biomedicinskim eksperimentima

year after year.

iz godine u godinu.

And, you know --

I, znate -

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too.

patke Harper i Kol nam takođe govore o nečemu.

They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat

Pomažu nam da povežemo stvari i shvatimo da ono što jedemo

affects how animals live.

utiče na to kako životinje žive.

And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks.

Ne radi se samo o jelu "foa gra", i nije reč samo o patkama.

We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms,

Možemo da razmislimo o svinjama, pilićima i kravama u industrijskim farmama,

and we can know.

i možemo o tome saznati.

I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too.

Mogu vam reći da postoji stvarna nauka o osećanjima i tih životinja.

So every single time we choose a plant-based meal,

Zato svaki put kada odaberemo obrok od biljaka,

we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.

doprinosimo smanjenju patnje životinja.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief.

Dakle, da, verujem da je žalost kod životinja stvarna.

I believe in the reality of animal love,

Verujem u postojanje ljubavi kod životinja

and I think it is time for us humans

i smatram da je vreme da mi ljudi

to recognize that we don't own these things.

prepoznamo da to nije naša svojina.

And when we see that,

Kada to uvidimo,

we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals,

imamo priliku da učinimo svet mnogo boljim za životinje,

a kinder world, a gentler world,

prijatnijim, nežnijim,

and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.

a usput bismo mogli spasiti i sami sebe.

Thank you so much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you. Thank you.

Hvala. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)