Grief and love in the animal kingdom | Barbara J. King

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Martina Peraic

I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah.

Htjela bih s vama podijeliti priču o orki nazvanoj Tahlequah.

Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists,

Tahlequah je također znanstvenicima poznata pod imenom J35,

because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea.

jer pliva s jatom J u Sališkom moru.

These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.

To je more uz Britansku Kolumbiju i saveznu državu Washington.

Now, last year, in July 2018,

Prošle godine, u srpnju 2018. godine

she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy,

već je bila u kasnom razdoblju trudnoće koja traje 17 mjeseci,

and scientists were very excited

i znanstvenici su bili uzbuđeni

because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years.

jer unazad tri godine nijedno mladunče nije preživjelo u jatu.

Now, orcas are also known as killer whales.

Orke su poznate i kao kitovi ubojice.

They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings.

Poprilično su društvene i inteligentne životinje.

And scientists are very interested in their behavior,

I znanstvenici su zainteresirani za njihovo ponašanje

because in their social networks, they share habits, information

jer u svojim društvenim mrežama dijele svoje navike, informacije,

and even affection.

čak i osjećaje.

They create true cultures of the ocean.

Oni su prava razvijena kultura oceana.

But this pod has been in trouble.

Ali ovo jato ima problem.

The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region,

Kraljevski losos kojeg orke obožavaju nestaje iz regije

and pollution has been up.

dok se javlja onečišćenje.

But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter,

24. srpnja Tahlequah je porodila žensko mladunče

and scientists were so excited by this development.

i znanstvenici su bili uzbuđeni zbog ovoga.

But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth --

Nažalost, istog dana, zapravo ubrzo nakon rođenja,

the calf died.

mladunče je umrlo.

Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers

Ono što se desilo nakon toga uzdrmalo je ljubitelje životinja

across the world,

diljem svijeta.

because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water.

Tahlequah nije dopustila da njeno mladunče potone u dubine vode.

She kept it on her body and she swam with it.

Držala ju je na svom tijelu i plivala s njom.

If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it,

Ako bi pala, zaronila bi i spasila je,

and she battled stiff currents to do this.

boreći se protiv morskih struja kako bi to učinila.

Now, she kept this behavior up

Takvo ponašanje se održalo

for 17 days,

17 dana

and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles.

i za to vrijeme preplivala je preko 1000 kilometara.

At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.

U jednom trenutku, pustila je da njeno mladunče potone u vodu.

So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod,

Danas Tahlequah i dalje pliva s jatom J,

but her grief still moves me.

a njeno žalovanje mi je i dalje dirljivo.

And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use.

I mislim da je riječ "žalovanje" ispravno iskorištena ovdje.

I believe that grief is the right word to use

Vjerujem da je žalovanje ispravna riječ

for numerous animals who mourn the dead.

zbog brojnih životinja koje oplakuju mrtve.

They may be friends or mates or relatives.

Oni su prijatelji, partneri ili rod.

Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues,

Ovakvi vidljivi znakovi, bihevioralni znakovi,

tell us something about an animal's emotional state.

nam govore o emotivnom stanju životinje.

Now, for the last seven years,

Zadnjih sedam godina

I've been working to document examples of animal grief --

radila sam na dokumentiranju primjera žalovanja u životinja;

in birds, in mammals,

u ptica, sisavaca,

in domesticated animals and in wild animals --

u pripitomljenih i divljih životinja,

and I believe in the reality of animal grief.

i vjerujem da životinje žaluju.

Now, I say it this way

Razlog zašto to govorim na ovaj način je

because I need to acknowledge to you right up front

jer vam moram priznati

that not all scientists agree with me.

da se svi znanstvenici ne slažu sa mnom.

And part of the reason, I think,

Dio razloga zašto, mislim

is because of what I call the "a-word."

da je zbog jedne riječi na slovo A.

The a-word is anthropomorphism,

Ta riječ je antropomorfizam,

and historically, it's been a big deterrent

i povijesno, ta riječ je otežavala

to recognizing animal emotions.

prepoznavanje emocija u životinja.

So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals

Antropomorfizam je projekcija naših sposobnosti ili emocija

our capacities or our emotions.

na druge životinje.

And we can all probably think of examples of this.

Svi mi možemo naći primjer za to.

Let's say we have a friend who tells us,

Recimo da imamo prijatelja koji nam kaže,

"My cat understands everything I say."

"Moja mačka razumije sve što kažem."

Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.

Ili "Moj pas je presladak.

he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel,

Ovo jutro je pretrčao cijelo dvorište do vjeverice

and I know he just wants to play."

i znam da se samo hoće igrati."

Well, maybe.

Možda.

Or maybe not.

Možda i ne.

I'm skeptical about claims like those.

Skeptična sam kod ovakvih izjava.

But animal grief is different,

Ali žalovanje životinja je drugačije,

because we're not trying to read an animal's mind.

jer u tom slučaju ne pokušavamo pročitati životinjski um.

We're looking at visible cues of behavior

Tražimo vidljive znakove njihovog ponašanja

and trying to interpret them with some meaning.

i pokušavamo ih interpretirati te razumjeti.

Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me,

Često te ideje znanstvenici odbace

and they'll say,

i kažu mi,

"Ah, look, the animal might be stressed,

"Gledaj, možda je životinja pod stresom,

or maybe the animal's just confused

ili je životinja zbunjena

because his or her routine has been disrupted."

jer je njezina rutina poremećena."

But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism

Ali mislim da ovaj strah od antropomorfiziranja

misses a fundamental point.

otežava naše zaključivanje.

And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other,

A zaključak je taj da životinje mogu brinuti jedna o drugoj,

maybe they even love each other.

možda čak i voljeti jedna drugu.

And when they do,

Kad to čine,

a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death.

onaj koji preživi može biti duboko pogođen smrću.

Let's face it:

Istina je da

if we deny evolutionary continuity,

ako niječemo kontinuitet evolucije,

we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves.

propuštamo prihvatiti dio sebe.

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief,

Da, vjerujem da životinje žaluju.

and I also think that if we recognize it,

I također mislim da ako to uspijemo prihvatiti,

we can make the world a better place for animals,

možemo učiniti ovaj svijet boljim za životinje,

a kinder place for animals.

nježnijim za životinje.

So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief.

Imam nekoliko primjera žalovanja životinja.

I'm going to start in Kenya.

Počet ću od Kenije.

You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor

U Keniji živi slonica Eleanor

who came one day with bruised legs,

koja je jednog dana ozlijedila nogu

and she collapsed.

i pala.

You see on the left

Vidite s lijeve strane

that another female named Grace came to her right away

da je druga slonica, Grace, odmah došla

and, using her own trunk, propped her up,

i pomoću surle počela ju je dizati,

tried to get her up on her feet.

pokušavajući je podići na noge.

And she did succeed,

I uspjela je,

but then Eleanor collapsed again.

ali je Eleanor opet pala.

At this point, Grace became visibly distressed,

U tom trenutku je Grace bila vidljivo pod stresom,

and she prodded the body, and she vocalized.

pomicala je tijelo i rikala.

Eleanor collapsed again,

Eleanor je opet pala,

and unfortunately, she did die.

i nažalost, umrla.

What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui,

S desne strane vidite slonicu Maui iz druge obitelji,

who came after the death, and she stayed at the body.

koja je došla nakon smrti i ostala uz tijelo.

She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress

Održala je bdijenje, i čak se nad tijelom

over the body.

ljuljala od stresa.

So the scientists watching the elephants

Znanstvenici koji proučavaju slonove

kept close observation on Eleanor's body

su promatrali Eleanorino tijelo

for seven days.

sedam dana.

And during those seven days,

U tih sedam dana

a parade of elephants came

došlo je niz slonova

from five different families.

iz različitih obitelji.

Now, some were just curious,

Neki su bili radoznali,

but others carried out behaviors

ali ponašanje drugih

that I really believe should be classified as grief.

stvarno mislim da se treba nazvati žalovanjem.

So what does grief look like?

Kako žalovanje izgleda?

It can be rocking, as I said, in distress.

Može biti ljuljanje, kao što sam spomenula, kod stresa.

It can also be social withdrawal,

Može biti i povlačenje iz društva,

when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends

kada se životinja odvoji od ostalih

and stays by themselves,

i bude sama,

or a failure to eat or sleep properly,

ili problemi s prehranom i spavanjem,

sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization.

ponekad depresivni stav ili vokalizacija.

It can be very helpful for those of us studying this

Nama koji ovo izučavamo mnogo pomaže ako znamo

to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death

kako se preživjele životinje ponašaju prije smrti

and after death,

i poslije smrti,

because that increases the rigor of our interpretation.

jer to smanjuje greške u interpretaciji ponašanja.

And I can explain this to you

Objasnit ću vam ovo

by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.

primjerom dviju patki nazvane Harper i Kohl.

So we're into birds now.

Sad smo prešli na ptice.

So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory,

Harper i Kohl su odrasli na "foie gras" farmi

and they were treated cruelly.

i okrutno se postupalo njima.

Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds.

"Foie gras" farme prisilno hrane perad.

So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either.

To dovodi do ozljeda tijela te i do poremećenog duha.

But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.

Sva sreća, spasila ih je jedna farma utočište u saveznoj državi New York.

And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends.

Unutar četiri godine bilo im je bolje i brzo su postali prijatelji.

They often took themselves to a small pond on the property.

Često su zajedno išli do malog jezera na imanju.

Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs,

Kohl je počeo imati teške bolove u nozi

and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely,

i ljudima s farme je bilo jasno da ga moraju humano eutanizirati,

and he was.

to su i učinili.

But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing,

Ono što su ljudi s farme dobro napravili je

because they brought Harper to the body to see.

da su doveli Harpera da vidi tijelo.

And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend,

Prvo je Harper došao, gurkao tijelo svog prijatelja,

but then he laid himself over it,

i onda je legao preko njega,

and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend.

tako je ostao više od sat vremena.

And in the weeks after,

Imao je teško razdoblje

he had a hard time.

sljedećih nekoliko tjedana.

He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl,

Došao bi do jezera gdje je išao s Kohlom

and he didn't want any other friends.

i nije htio druge prijatelje.

And within two months, he died as well.

Nakon dva mjeseca je i on umro.

Now, I'm happy to say

Sretna sam što mogu reći

that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome.

da ne završi svako žalovanje životinja smrću.

Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.

Prošlo ljeto letjela sam u Boston posjetiti svoju kćer Sarah.

I was with my husband Charlie.

Bila sam s mužem Charlijem.

I really needed a break from work.

Trebala mi je pauza od posla.

But I succumbed, and I checked my work email.

Ali podlegla sam i provjeravala emailove.

You know how that is.

Znate kako to ide.

And there was a communication about a dejected donkey.

Naišla sam na poruke o odbačenom magarcu.

Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected,

Kao antropolog, obično ne očekujem takve poruke,

but there it was, and I'm glad I read it.

ali dospjela je do mene i drago mi je.

Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary,

Magarica nazvana Lena je otišla na drugu farmu utočište,

this one in Alberta, Canada,

u Alberti, u Kanadi,

as the only donkey there,

i kao jedini magarac tamo

and had trouble making friends for that reason.

imala je problem kod stvaranja prijatelja.

But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake,

S vremenom se sprijateljila sa starijim konjem nazvanim Jake,

and for three years they were inseparable.

i godinama su bili nerazdvojni.

But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,

Razlog zašto je ovaj email došao, je jer se konj Jake u 32. godini

had become gravely ill and had to be put down,

teško razbolio i morali su ga eutanizirati

and this is what was going on.

te se ovo počelo događati.

This is Lena standing on Jake's grave.

Ovo je Lena, stoji na Jakeovom grobu.

She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food.

Nije htjela ući u štalu po noći. Nije htjela jesti.

She didn't want to come in for water.

Nije htjela piti.

She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress,

Kopitima je tapkala po grobu i njakala nesretno,

and there she stood.

stajala je tamo.

So we talked and we brainstormed.

Razgovarali smo i razmišljali.

What do you do for an animal like this?

Što učiniti s ovakvom životinjom?

And we talked about the role of time,

Razgovarali smo o potrebnom vremenu,

of extra love and kindness from people

o dodatnoj ljubavi i pažnji od strane ljudi

and of urging her to make a new friend.

i poticanju da stekne nove prijatelje.

And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck,

I tu se njena sudbina razlikuje od sudbine patka Harpera,

because she did make a new friend,

ona je upoznala nove prijatelje,

and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.

i ljudi s farme su nam poslali poruku da je sve u redu.

Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation

Nekada znanstvenici zamjene opservaciju

with hormonal analysis.

hormonskom analizom.

There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana,

Na primjer, grupa znanstvenika u Bocvani,

who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups.

uzeli su izmet babuna i usporedili dvije grupe.

The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack

Prva grupa su bile ženke koje su vidjele napad grabežljivca

and lost someone in that attack,

i izgubile nekoga u tom napadu.

and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack

Druga grupa su ženke koje su vidjele napad grabežljivca,

but had not lost someone.

ali nisu nikoga izgubile.

And the stress hormones were way up in that first group.

Razina hormona stresa je bila mnogo veća u prvoj grupi.

But here's the thing:

Radi se o tome

the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons,"

da ih znanstvenici nisu nazvali samo "babuni pod stresom",

they called them "bereaved baboons,"

nego su ih nazvali "žalujući babuni"

and in part, that's because of the observations that they made.

zbog opservacije koju su napravili.

For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close,

Na primjer, majka i kćer su bile izrazito bliske,

and then the daughter was killed by a lion.

i kćer je ubio lav.

The mother removed herself from all her friends,

Majka se sklanja od svojih prijatelja,

from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks --

od lanca timarenja, i sama je sa sobom tjednima,

bereavement --

žaluje

and she then slowly recovered.

i polako se oporavlja.

So we have bereaved baboons.

Znači, imamo babune koji žale.

Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees?

Hoće li nam znanstvenici jednog dana spominjati pčele koje žaluju?

Will we hear about frogs who mourn?

Hoćemo li čuti o žabama koje žaluju?

I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need

Ne vjerujem, a mislim da je razlog to što životinje trebaju

one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen.

odnos jedan na jedan kako bi se to desilo.

I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters.

Znam da su i okolnosti i osobnost bitne.

I have documented cats and dogs who grieve,

Dokumentirala sam mačke i pse koji žaluju,

our companion animals,

naše najčešće suputnike,

but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered

ali sam pričala i sa ženom kojoj je smetalo

because her dog wasn't grieving.

što njen pas ne žaluje.

She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died.

Rekla mi je, "Jedan pas u kući je umro.

The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog.

Drugi pas nije zabrinut zbog toga.

What is wrong with him?"

Što nije u redu s njim?"

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And as I listened to her,

I dok sam je slušala,

I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household,

shvatila sam da je taj pas sad jedina životinja u kućanstvu,

and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal.

i što se njega tiče, to je odlična vijest.

So circumstances matter.

Tako da su okolnosti bitne.

Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve

Svakako životinje neće žalovati

exactly like we do.

onako kako mi žalimo.

We have human creativity.

Mi ljudi smo kreativni.

We paint our grief, dance our grief,

Mi se obojimo žalovanjem, plešemo žalovanje,

write our grief.

pišemo naše žalovanje.

We also can grieve for people we've never met,

Također žalimo za ljudima koje nikad nismo upoznali,

across space and time.

iz drugih mjesta i vremena.

I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin

To sam osjetila kada sam posjetila Berlin

and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial.

i stajala pred spomenikom Holokaustu.

Animals don't grieve exactly like we do,

Životinje ne žaluju kao mi,

but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real.

ali to ne znači da njihovo žalovanje nije stvarno.

It is real, and it's searing,

Stvarno je, živo je

and we can see it if we choose.

i možemo ga vidjeti ako želimo.

Now, I've lost both my parents.

Izgubila sam oba roditelja.

I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS.

Izgubila sam prijatelja u mladosti, umro je od AIDS-a.

I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone.

Vjerujem da je većina vas nekoga izgubila.

And I have found it a genuine comfort,

Pronašla sam utjehu,

a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth

spokoj, znajući da nismo jedina bića na Zemlji

who feel love and grief.

koja osjete ljubav i žalovanje.

And I think this is important.

I mislim da je to bitno.

I also think we can take this a step further,

Također mislim da možemo i više učiniti,

and we can realize that the reality of animal grief

možemo shvatiti da žalovanje u životinja

can help us be better and do better for animals.

može pomoći nama i može pomoći životinjama.

This is already happening with Tahlequah,

To se desilo s Tahlequah,

because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency

jer su SAD i Kanada užurbano počele raspravljati

for how to help the orcas,

o tome kako pomoći orkama,

how to restore the Chinook salmon

kako vratiti kraljevske losose

and how to help with the water pollution.

i kako pomoći oko onečišćenja vode.

We can also see that if grief is real,

Također možemo vidjeti da je žalovanje stvarno,

there's tremendous plausibility to the notion

postoje mnoge daljnje mogućnosti u ideji

that animals feel a whole range of things.

da su osjećaji životinja raznovrsni.

So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope.

Možemo promatrati sreću, tugu, čak i nadu.

And if we do that,

Ako to možemo,

here's how we can start to think about the world.

možemo razmišljati o svijetu na ovakav način.

We can look at orcas and say,

Možemo gledajući orke i reći,

we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives,

znamo da žaluju, znamo da imaju osjećaje,

and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks

i možemo odbiti zatvarati ih u male prostore u parkovima

and make them perform for our entertainment.

i tjerati ih da izvode trikove zbog naše razonode.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve,

Možemo gledati slonove i reći, da, oni žaluju,

and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting

i možemo se potruditi oko borbe protiv lova na trofeje

and against poaching.

i krivolova.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes,

Možemo pogledati naše najbliže rođake majmune,

and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives,

znamo da žaluju, znamo da imaju osjećaje,

so they don't deserve to be confined

i ne zaslužuju biti primorani

in highly invasive biomedical experiments

biti dio invazivnih biomedicinskih eksperimenata,

year after year.

i to godinama.

And, you know --

I znate...

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too.

patke Harper i Kohl su nam također nešto pokazale.

They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat

Pomogle su nam da spojimo točke i shvatimo da ono što jedemo

affects how animals live.

utječe na način kako životinje žive.

And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks.

I ne mislim samo na "foie gras" i samo na patke.

We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms,

Možemo razmišljati i o svinjama, pilićima i kravama na farmama,

and we can know.

znam da možemo.

I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too.

Mogu vam reći da znanost potvrđuje da ove životinje također imaju osjećaje.

So every single time we choose a plant-based meal,

Svaki put kada odaberete biljnu hranu,

we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.

pridonosite smanjenju patnje koje te životinje osjete.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief.

Da, vjerujem da životinje žaluju.

I believe in the reality of animal love,

Vjerujem da osjete ljubav

and I think it is time for us humans

i mislim da je vrijeme da mi ljudi

to recognize that we don't own these things.

prihvatimo da nismo jedini koji su sposobni za to.

And when we see that,

Kada to spoznamo,

we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals,

imat ćemo priliku učiniti svijet boljim za životinje,

a kinder world, a gentler world,

nježniji, ljepši svijet,

and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.

a usput ćemo možda spasiti i sebe.

Thank you so much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you. Thank you.

Hvala vam. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)