Grief and love in the animal kingdom | Barbara J. King

翻译人员: Carol Wang 校对人员: Bighead Ge

I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah.

今天我要讲一头虎鲸的故事， 她名叫塔勒阔，

Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists,

科学家们也叫它 J35，

because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea.

因为她和代号为 J 的鲸群 一起生活在赛利希海域，

These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.

这片水域毗邻 加拿大卑诗省和美国华盛顿州。

Now, last year, in July 2018,

去年，也就是 2018 年 7 月，

she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy,

怀有 17 个月身孕的她一切正常，

and scientists were very excited

科学家们都特别兴奋，

because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years.

因为在长达 3 年的时间里， 这个鲸群的宝宝都夭折了。

Now, orcas are also known as killer whales.

虎鲸，又被称为逆戟鲸（杀手鲸）。

They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings.

虎鲸是高度社会化、高智商动物，

And scientists are very interested in their behavior,

科学家们对它们的行为很感兴趣，

because in their social networks, they share habits, information

因为它们在社交网中 分享习性、信息、

and even affection.

甚至还分享情感，

They create true cultures of the ocean.

它们创造了真正的海洋文化。

But this pod has been in trouble.

但这个鲸群遇到了困难，

The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region,

该水域里虎鲸喜食的 奇努克鲑鱼数量骤减，

and pollution has been up.

而且水污染在持续恶化。

But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter,

而在 7 月 24 日， 塔勒阔生了个女儿，

and scientists were so excited by this development.

科学家们对此进展兴奋不已。

But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth --

但不幸的是，就在同一天—— 其实，就在出生后不久，

the calf died.

虎鲸宝宝就夭折了。

Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers

然而，接下来发生的一幕

震惊了全世界的动物爱好者，

across the world,

because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water.

因为塔勒阔拒绝 让宝宝尸体沉入水底。

She kept it on her body and she swam with it.

她背上驮着尸体一起游泳，

If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it,

如果尸体滑落， 她会潜水再把尸体救起，

and she battled stiff currents to do this.

全然不顾激流的危险。

Now, she kept this behavior up

她驮着宝宝的尸体

for 17 days,

游了整整 17 天，

and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles.

一共游了 1000 多英里，

At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.

那时，她才让小宝宝 从她背上滑落、坠入水里。

So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod,

今天，塔勒阔 依然跟随着 J 鲸群，

but her grief still moves me.

但她的悲痛依然感动着我。

And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use.

我深信用“悲痛”这个词不为过，

I believe that grief is the right word to use

我用“悲痛”这个词，

for numerous animals who mourn the dead.

是因为无数动物 会哀悼死去的同类，

They may be friends or mates or relatives.

死者可能是它们的朋友、 伙伴或亲戚。

Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues,

因为这些可见的行为线索

tell us something about an animal's emotional state.

告诉我们动物情感状态的信息。

Now, for the last seven years,

在过去的 7 年里，

I've been working to document examples of animal grief --

我一直在记录动物悲痛的例子——

in birds, in mammals,

有鸟儿的、哺乳动物的，

in domesticated animals and in wild animals --

家养动物的和野生动物的——

and I believe in the reality of animal grief.

我相信动物的 悲痛情感真实存在。

Now, I say it this way

我这样说，

because I need to acknowledge to you right up front

是因为我必须事先说明

that not all scientists agree with me.

并非所有科学家都同意我的观点。

And part of the reason, I think,

我觉得，部分原因

is because of what I call the "a-word."

是因为我所说的“A-单词”。

The a-word is anthropomorphism,

这个单词就是“拟人化“，

and historically, it's been a big deterrent

它一直被用来

to recognizing animal emotions.

区分动物情感。

So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals

当把我们的能力和感情

our capacities or our emotions.

想象到动物身上时，就是拟人化。

And we can all probably think of examples of this.

而且，我们都可能想出这样的例子。

Let's say we have a friend who tells us,

假设一位朋友告诉我们说，

"My cat understands everything I say."

“我的猫咪明白我说的所有事情。”

Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.

或，“我的狗太可爱了，

he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel,

今天早上他穿过院子追松鼠，

and I know he just wants to play."

我知道他只想玩而已。”

Well, maybe.

好吧，也许吧；

Or maybe not.

或者，也许不是。

I'm skeptical about claims like those.

我对类似那样的说法表示怀疑。

But animal grief is different,

但动物的悲痛与此不同，

because we're not trying to read an animal's mind.

因为，我们不是试图解读动物的想法，

We're looking at visible cues of behavior

我们在观察可见的行为线索，

and trying to interpret them with some meaning.

并尝试用某种意义来解释它们。

Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me,

这是真的 —— 科学家经常反驳我，

and they'll say,

他们会说，

"Ah, look, the animal might be stressed,

“啊，看呐，这动物可能压力大，

or maybe the animal's just confused

抑或，这动物很困惑，

because his or her routine has been disrupted."

因为它的日常生活被打乱了。”

But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism

但我认为，这种 关于拟人化的过度担忧

misses a fundamental point.

忽略了一个基本点，

And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other,

就是动物们会深深关爱彼此，

maybe they even love each other.

甚至爱上彼此。

And when they do,

当他们爱彼此时，

a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death.

一方的去世会伤透生者的心。

Let's face it:

我们看一看：

if we deny evolutionary continuity,

如果我们否认进化的连续性，

we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves.

我们真会错过拥抱自己的一部分。

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief,

所以是的，我相信动物悲伤的现实，

and I also think that if we recognize it,

我也认为如果我们认识到它，

we can make the world a better place for animals,

就能让这个世界 成为更适合动物的地方，

a kinder place for animals.

一个对动物更友善的地方。

So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief.

容我多告诉你一些 关于动物悲伤的事情，

I'm going to start in Kenya.

就从肯尼亚开始吧。

You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor

你看到这里有一头 名叫埃莉诺的大象，

who came one day with bruised legs,

一天她来的时候，腿上伤痕累累，

and she collapsed.

最终倒地不起。

You see on the left

你看到在她左边，

that another female named Grace came to her right away

另一头名叫格蕾丝的母象 立刻来到她身旁，

and, using her own trunk, propped her up,

并用自己的鼻子扶起她，

tried to get her up on her feet.

试图让她站立起来。

And she did succeed,

她真帮埃莉诺站起来了，

but then Eleanor collapsed again.

但接着她又倒地不起。

At this point, Grace became visibly distressed,

此时，格蕾丝明显很忧虑，

and she prodded the body, and she vocalized.

她捅了捅埃莉诺的身体， 并发出悲鸣。

Eleanor collapsed again,

然而，埃莉诺又倒下了，

and unfortunately, she did die.

不幸的是，她最终还是死了。

What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui,

右边的大象是叫毛伊的母象， 她来自另一个大象家庭，

who came after the death, and she stayed at the body.

埃莉诺死后，她来到了这里， 并待在尸体旁边。

She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress

她在那里替埃莉诺守夜， 她甚至在尸体周围

over the body.

悲伤地晃身顿足。

So the scientists watching the elephants

所以观察大象的科学家们

kept close observation on Eleanor's body

对埃莉诺的尸体

for seven days.

密切监视了七天。

And during those seven days,

在那七天的时间里，

a parade of elephants came

来自五个不同家庭的大象

from five different families.

结队来到了这里。

Now, some were just curious,

有些大象只是感到好奇，

but others carried out behaviors

但其它大象的行为

that I really believe should be classified as grief.

让我真相信应被归类为悲伤。

So what does grief look like?

那么悲伤是怎样表现的呢？

It can be rocking, as I said, in distress.

像我说的，可能是 悲痛地剧烈晃动身体，

It can also be social withdrawal,

也可能表现为不合群，

when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends

即一只动物离开朋友们

and stays by themselves,

并独自生活，

or a failure to eat or sleep properly,

或不能正常进食或睡眠，

sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization.

有时做出沮丧的姿势或悲鸣。

It can be very helpful for those of us studying this

对于我们这些研究动物情感的人来说，

to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death

能够比较死前和之后幸存者的行为

是非常有帮助的，

and after death,

because that increases the rigor of our interpretation.

因为这增加了我们解释的严谨性。

And I can explain this to you

通过谈论两只鸭子哈珀和科尔，

by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.

我可以向你解释这一点，

So we're into birds now.

所以我们现在要讨论鸟类了。

So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory,

哈珀和科尔在一家鹅肝厂养大，

and they were treated cruelly.

它们在那里受到残酷对待。

Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds.

鹅肝确实涉及强制喂养鸟类，

So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either.

强制喂养不但伤害它们的身体， 它们的精神状态也很糟糕。

But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.

但幸运的是，纽约州北部的 一个农场庇护救了它俩，

And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends.

四年来，他们安居于此， 并成为密友，

They often took themselves to a small pond on the property.

经常一起去农场的一个小池塘。

Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs,

后来，科尔开始腿疼的厉害， 但无药可救，

and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely,

庇护所必须实施安乐死 以减少他的痛苦，

and he was.

最终，他被安乐死了。

But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing,

接下来，庇护所工作人员 做了一件很棒的事情，

because they brought Harper to the body to see.

他们把哈珀带到科尔身旁， 看他的反应。

And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend,

起初，哈珀戳了戳朋友的身体，

but then he laid himself over it,

然后就趴在朋友的尸体上面，

and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend.

陪着他的朋友 在那里待了一个多小时。

And in the weeks after,

随后的几个星期里，

he had a hard time.

哈珀过得很艰难，

He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl,

他会回到以前 与科尔同去的小池塘，

and he didn't want any other friends.

并拒绝与其它朋友们在一起。

And within two months, he died as well.

不出 2 个月，哈珀也死了。

Now, I'm happy to say

现在，我很高兴地说，

that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome.

并非所有悲伤的动物 都有这种伤心的表现。

Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.

去年夏天，我飞往波士顿 看望已成年的女儿莎拉，

I was with my husband Charlie.

是和我先生查理同去的，

I really needed a break from work.

我确实需要休息一下。

But I succumbed, and I checked my work email.

但我还是忍不住 查看了工作邮件，

你了解那种放不下工作的情况。

You know how that is.

And there was a communication about a dejected donkey.

邮箱里有封关于一头 沮丧驴子的通讯，

Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected,

作为一名人类学家， 按理说这不是我所期望的，

but there it was, and I'm glad I read it.

但它就在邮箱里， 我很高兴自己读了它。

Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary,

一头叫莉娜的驴子

来到了位于加拿大 阿尔伯塔的另一个农场庇护所，

this one in Alberta, Canada,

as the only donkey there,

作为那里唯一的驴子，

and had trouble making friends for that reason.

莉娜很难交到朋友。

But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake,

但最终她和 叫扎克的老马成了朋友，

and for three years they were inseparable.

三年来，他俩形影不离。

But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,

这封邮件是因为 已32岁高龄的扎克

病得很重，必须要杀死他 以减轻他的痛苦，

had become gravely ill and had to be put down,

and this is what was going on.

接下来就是所发生的一切。

This is Lena standing on Jake's grave.

图中的莉娜站在扎克的墓上，

She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food.

她不想晚上来， 不想为了吃东西而来，

She didn't want to come in for water.

也不想为了喝水而来，

She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress,

她用爪子刨着墓地、悲鸣不已，

and there she stood.

她就站在那里。

So we talked and we brainstormed.

因此，我们一起讨论、头脑风暴，

What do you do for an animal like this?

对这样的动物，我们该怎么办？

And we talked about the role of time,

我们谈到了时间的作用、

of extra love and kindness from people

人们对她的额外关爱和善意，

and of urging her to make a new friend.

以及敦促她结交新朋友。

And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck,

自此，她的驴生与 鸭子哈珀的生活不同，

because she did make a new friend,

因为她真的结交了新朋友，

and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.

庇护所工作人员回信说， 新友情帮她改善了很多。

Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation

有些情况下， 科学家们用荷尔蒙激素分析

with hormonal analysis.

来补充观察结果。

There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana,

这个例子是博茨瓦纳一组科学家的，

who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups.

他们提取狒狒粪便， 用来比较两个不同群体。

The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack

第一组是雌性狒狒， 她们目睹了捕食者的袭击，

and lost someone in that attack,

并在袭击中失去了一位成员，

and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack

第二组也是雌性狒狒，

她们虽目睹袭击，但无成员伤亡。

but had not lost someone.

And the stress hormones were way up in that first group.

第一组的压力荷尔蒙高出很多。

But here's the thing:

但事情是这样的：

the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons,"

科学家们并未 简单称她们“紧张的狒狒”，

they called them "bereaved baboons,"

而是称她们为“丧亲的狒狒”，

and in part, that's because of the observations that they made.

部分原因是，他们 所做的观察导致了这样的称呼。

For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close,

例如，这位妈妈和女儿很亲密，

and then the daughter was killed by a lion.

之后，女儿被狮子杀害。

The mother removed herself from all her friends,

这位妈妈离开所有的朋友，

from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks --

离开互梳毛发的圈子， 离群索居了几周的时间——

bereavement --

丧亲之痛——

and she then slowly recovered.

之后她才慢慢恢复过来。

So we have bereaved baboons.

所以，怀有丧亲之痛的 狒狒的确存在。

Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees?

将来，科学会告诉我们 也有丧亲之痛的蜜蜂吗？

Will we hear about frogs who mourn?

将来我们会听说青蛙也忧伤吗？

I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need

我不那么认为，

因为动物们真正需要一对一、 亲密无间的关系才会那样，

one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen.

I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters.

我也知道这与环境有关、 与性格有关。

I have documented cats and dogs who grieve,

我记录了悲伤的猫和狗，

our companion animals,

它们是我们的伴侣动物。

但我也和一位女士交流过，

but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered

because her dog wasn't grieving.

因为她的狗没有悲伤让她很闹心。

She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died.

她告诉我，“家里的第一条狗死了，

The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog.

第二条狗看起来根本不在乎，

What is wrong with him?"

他是不是有毛病？”

(Laughter)

(笑声)

And as I listened to her,

当我听她讲述时，

I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household,

就意识到，这条狗 现在是家里唯一的动物，

and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal.

在他看来，他现在独享恩宠， 这个结果不错哦。

So circumstances matter.

因此，环境因素很重要。

Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve

无论如何，

动物悲伤不会完全像我们一样，

exactly like we do.

We have human creativity.

我们有人类的创造力。

We paint our grief, dance our grief,

我们会把悲伤画出来、 通过舞蹈表现出来、

write our grief.

把悲伤写出来。

We also can grieve for people we've never met,

我们也会为未曾谋面的人悲伤，

across space and time.

穿越时空限制。

I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin

当我去柏林、站在 大屠杀纪念馆前时，

and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial.

就深深感受到这一点。

Animals don't grieve exactly like we do,

动物们悲伤不会完全像我们一样，

but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real.

但这不代表他们的悲伤不真实。

It is real, and it's searing,

它们的悲伤是真切的、强烈的，

and we can see it if we choose.

如果我们选择去看， 就能看到它们的悲伤。

Now, I've lost both my parents.

如今，我双亲尽失，

I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS.

我还失去了一位年纪轻轻 就死于艾滋病的好友，

I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone.

相信可能在座各位都失去过亲人。

And I have found it a genuine comfort,

当发现我们不是地球上 唯一感知爱和悲伤的生命时，

a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth

我感到这是一种真正的安慰，

who feel love and grief.

我感到一种慰藉。

And I think this is important.

我认为这一点很重要，

I also think we can take this a step further,

也认为我们可以更进一步，

and we can realize that the reality of animal grief

我们就能认识到，

can help us be better and do better for animals.

认清动物的悲伤可以帮我们 变得更好、为动物做得更好，

This is already happening with Tahlequah,

这一点已经帮到塔勒阔了，

because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency

因为美国和加拿大 已经加急重启讨论，

for how to help the orcas,

讨论如何帮助虎鲸、

how to restore the Chinook salmon

如何恢复奇努克鲑鱼、

and how to help with the water pollution.

以及如何解决水污染问题。

We can also see that if grief is real,

如果悲伤是真实的， 那么我们也能认识到

there's tremendous plausibility to the notion

动物能感受各种事情的概念

that animals feel a whole range of things.

是极其合理的。

So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope.

所以，我们可以看到 快乐、悲伤，甚至希望。

And if we do that,

如果我们看到这些情绪，

here's how we can start to think about the world.

那么，下面是我们如何 开始思考这个世界。

We can look at orcas and say,

我们能看着虎鲸们说，

we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives,

我们知道他们悲伤、 我们了解它们感知到自己的生命，

and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks

我们就能拒绝把它们囚禁 在主题公园的小池子里、

and make them perform for our entertainment.

并让它们表演供我们欣赏。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢！

We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve,

我们能看着大象们说， 是的，它们很悲伤，

and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting

我们可以继续努力反对国际范围的

and against poaching.

战利品狩猎活动和偷猎。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢！

And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes,

并且能看着我们最近的 动物近亲，猴子和猩猩，

and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives,

知道他们很悲伤、能 感受到自己的生命，

so they don't deserve to be confined

所以，它们不该

年复一年地被用于高度侵入性的

in highly invasive biomedical experiments

year after year.

生物医学实验中。

And, you know --

而且，你要知道——

(Applause)

（掌声）

the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too.

鸭子哈珀和科尔 也告诉了我们一些事情，

They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat

它们帮助我们把信息 拼凑起来，并意识到

我们吃的东西会影响 动物的生活方式。

affects how animals live.

And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks.

这不仅仅关乎鹅肝、 不仅仅是鸭肉，

We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms,

想想动物养殖场的 猪、鸡和奶牛，

and we can know.

就知道我们影响了它们。

I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too.

我可以告诉大家，关于 这些动物有感觉的科学是真的。

So every single time we choose a plant-based meal,

因此，每次我们选择吃素食时，

we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.

就是为减少动物痛苦 尽了一份力。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief.

是的，我相信动物悲伤是真实的，

I believe in the reality of animal love,

我相信动物相爱也是真实的，

and I think it is time for us humans

我认为我们人类应该认识到，

to recognize that we don't own these things.

悲伤与爱不是我们独有的东西。

And when we see that,

当我们看到悲伤与爱时，

we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals,

我们就有机会让动物世界变得更好，

a kinder world, a gentler world,

对动物更友善、更温和的世界，

and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.

在此过程中，我们 可能也拯救了自己。

Thank you so much.

非常感谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you. Thank you.

谢谢！谢谢！

（掌声）

(Applause)