Grief and love in the animal kingdom | Barbara J. King

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Chu

I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah.

今天，我要跟各位談 一隻虎鲸，叫做塔勒闊。

Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists,

塔勒闊也就是科學家所知的 J35，

because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea.

牠和 J 集群在薩利希海中 游在一起，因而得到這個代號。

These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.

這些是英屬哥倫比亞省 和華盛頓州外的水域。

Now, last year, in July 2018,

去年，2018 年七月，

she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy,

牠帶著十七個月的身孕，

and scientists were very excited

科學家很興奮，

because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years.

因為三年來這個集群 都沒有寶寶能存活下來。

Now, orcas are also known as killer whales.

虎鯨也就是大家所知的殺人鯨。

They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings.

牠們是非常社會化 且非常聰明的生物。

And scientists are very interested in their behavior,

科學家對牠們的行為很感興趣，

because in their social networks, they share habits, information

因為在牠們的社交網路中，

牠們有共同的習慣、 分享資訊，並互有感情。

and even affection.

They create true cultures of the ocean.

牠們創造出真正的海洋文化。

But this pod has been in trouble.

但，這集群一直都陷在麻煩中。

The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region,

在這個區域中，虎鯨 喜愛的帝王鮭大量減少，

and pollution has been up.

且污染越來越嚴重。

But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter,

但，七月二十四日， 塔勒闊產下了一個女兒，

and scientists were so excited by this development.

這項進展讓科學家好興奮。

But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth --

但，不幸的是，同一天—— 事實上，是才出生後不久——

the calf died.

幼鯨就死了。

Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers

接下來發生的事，

震驚了全世界熱愛動物的人士，

across the world,

because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water.

因為塔勒闊拒絕 讓牠的寶寶滑落水中。

She kept it on her body and she swam with it.

牠游泳時都一直帶著寶寶。

If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it,

如果寶寶掉下去了， 牠就會潛下去將寶寶救回來，

and she battled stiff currents to do this.

要做到這一點， 牠還得對抗強大的水流。

Now, she kept this behavior up

她持續這個行為

for 17 days,

長達十七天，

and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles.

在這段期間， 她游了超過一千英里。

At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.

那時，牠疲憊到只好放手 讓寶寶滑落水中。

So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod,

現今，塔勒闊繼續 和 J 集群游在一起，

but her grief still moves me.

但她的悲慟感動了我。

And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use.

我相信「悲慟」是正確的用詞。

I believe that grief is the right word to use

我相信，對於許多種 會哀悼死亡的動物，

for numerous animals who mourn the dead.

悲慟都是正確的用詞。

They may be friends or mates or relatives.

牠們可能是朋友、 另一半，或親戚。

Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues,

因為這些看得到的線索和行為線索

tell us something about an animal's emotional state.

會告訴我們動物 情緒狀態的相關資訊。

Now, for the last seven years,

在過去七年間，

I've been working to document examples of animal grief --

我一直努力在記錄 動物悲慟的例子——

in birds, in mammals,

包括鳥類、哺乳類動物、

in domesticated animals and in wild animals --

被馴養的動物，以及野生動物——

and I believe in the reality of animal grief.

我相信動物會悲慟是真的。

Now, I say it this way

我用這種方式來說，

because I need to acknowledge to you right up front

是因為我得要在事前 先向大家承認，

that not all scientists agree with me.

並非所有的科學家都認同我。

And part of the reason, I think,

我認為，有部分是因為我所謂的 「A 開頭的字」。

is because of what I call the "a-word."

The a-word is anthropomorphism,

這個字就是「擬人論」，

and historically, it's been a big deterrent

在歷史上，一直都有人在強力阻撓 我們認可動物是有情緒的。

to recognizing animal emotions.

So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals

所以，擬人論指的就是

人類把自己的能力或情緒 投射到其他動物身上。

our capacities or our emotions.

And we can all probably think of examples of this.

我們都可以想得出擬人論的例子。

Let's say we have a friend who tells us,

比如，有位朋友告訴我們：

"My cat understands everything I say."

「我說的話我的貓都聽得懂。」

Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.

或「我的狗，牠好可愛。

he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel,

今天早上牠跑過院子 衝向一隻松鼠，

and I know he just wants to play."

我知道牠是想要去玩。」

Well, maybe.

嗯，也許是吧。

Or maybe not.

也許不是。

I'm skeptical about claims like those.

對於那樣的說法，我抱持懷疑。

But animal grief is different,

但動物的悲慟不同，

because we're not trying to read an animal's mind.

因為我們並不是 在試圖讀動物的心。

We're looking at visible cues of behavior

我們是在觀察行為中的可見線索，

and trying to interpret them with some meaning.

試圖詮釋這些線索， 賦予它們意義。

Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me,

科學家真的常會反對我，

and they'll say,

他們會說：

"Ah, look, the animal might be stressed,

「啊，看哪，這動物 可能受到壓力，

or maybe the animal's just confused

也許牠只是很困惑，

because his or her routine has been disrupted."

因為牠的日常慣例被打斷了。」

But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism

但，我認為這種 對擬人論的過度操心

misses a fundamental point.

搞錯了重點。

And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other,

重點是動物能夠 對彼此有很深的關懷，

maybe they even love each other.

也許牠們甚至會愛彼此。

And when they do,

如果牠們有愛，

a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death.

存活者就有可能 會因為死者而心碎。

Let's face it:

咱們要面對現實：

if we deny evolutionary continuity,

如果我們否認演化的連續性，

we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves.

我們其實是錯失了我們自己 懂得包容的那一部分。

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief,

所以，是的，我相信 動物會悲慟是真的，

and I also think that if we recognize it,

我也認為，如果 我們能承認這一點，

we can make the world a better place for animals,

我們就能讓世界成為 對動物而言更好的地方，

a kinder place for animals.

對動物而言更仁慈的地方。

So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief.

所以，讓我再跟各位 多談一些動物的悲慟。

I'm going to start in Kenya.

我要從肯亞開始。

You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor

各位在這裡看到的是 叫做伊莉諾的大象，

who came one day with bruised legs,

有一天，牠出現時腿上都是瘀傷，

and she collapsed.

牠倒下了。

You see on the left

請看左邊，

that another female named Grace came to her right away

另一隻母象葛雷絲 馬上來到牠身邊，

and, using her own trunk, propped her up,

想用牠的鼻子將伊莉諾支撐起來，

tried to get her up on her feet.

好讓伊莉諾再站起來。

And she did succeed,

牠的確成功了，

but then Eleanor collapsed again.

但，接著，伊莉諾又倒下了。

At this point, Grace became visibly distressed,

此時，看得出來葛雷絲很苦惱，

and she prodded the body, and she vocalized.

牠去推伊莉諾的身體， 牠發出了叫聲。

Eleanor collapsed again,

伊莉諾又倒下了，

and unfortunately, she did die.

不幸的是，牠後來的確死了。

What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui,

各位可以看到，右邊的是 另一個家庭中的母象毛莉，

who came after the death, and she stayed at the body.

牠在伊莉諾死後才抵達， 並待在屍體旁。

She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress

牠在那裡守夜，甚至圍著屍體，

悲傷地晃動。

over the body.

So the scientists watching the elephants

所以，科學家看著這些大象

kept close observation on Eleanor's body

密切觀察著伊莉諾的身體，

for seven days.

長達七天。

And during those seven days,

在那七天中，

a parade of elephants came

有一大堆大象到來，

from five different families.

牠們來自五個不同的家庭。

Now, some were just curious,

有些大象只是好奇，

but others carried out behaviors

但其他大象的行為，

that I really believe should be classified as grief.

我真心認為應該 被歸為悲慟的行為。

So what does grief look like?

所以，悲慟看起來是什麼樣子？

It can be rocking, as I said, in distress.

如我之前說的， 可能是悲痛地搖動。

It can also be social withdrawal,

可能會是社會退縮，

when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends

也就是遠離其他朋友，

and stays by themselves,

自己獨處，

or a failure to eat or sleep properly,

或是飲食睡眠不正常，

sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization.

有時會有沮喪的姿勢或叫聲。

It can be very helpful for those of us studying this

這些對我們的研究很有幫助，

to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death

我們能夠去比較 在動物死前和死後，

生存者的行為差異，

and after death,

because that increases the rigor of our interpretation.

那就能讓我們的詮釋更精確。

And I can explain this to you

我可以跟各位談談兩隻鴨子，

by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.

哈波和柯爾，來解釋這一點。

So we're into birds now.

所以，現在要談鳥類了。

So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory,

哈波和柯爾在鴨肝醬工廠被養大，

and they were treated cruelly.

牠們受到的待遇很殘忍。

Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds.

鴨肝醬的製造涉及強迫餵食。

So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either.

所以，這麼做會傷害牠們的身體， 牠們的精神也不會在多好的狀態。

But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.

但，謝天謝地，紐約北部的 一間農場庇護所拯救了牠們。

And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends.

四年來，牠們穩定下來， 牠們是很緊密的朋友。

They often took themselves to a small pond on the property.

牠們通常會一起去 農場上的一個小池塘。

Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs,

接著，柯爾的腳開始 出現治不好的疼痛，

and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely,

庇護所很清楚知道， 必須要將牠人道安樂死，

and he was.

也確實這麼做了。

But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing,

但，接著，庇護所的員工 做了一件很棒的事，

because they brought Harper to the body to see.

因為他們帶哈波去看屍體。

And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend,

一開始，哈波試著 去戳牠的朋友的屍體，

but then he laid himself over it,

但接著，牠躺在屍體上，

and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend.

牠在那裡陪牠的朋友 超過一個小時。

And in the weeks after,

之後的幾週，

he had a hard time.

牠過得很艱苦。

He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl,

牠還會回到以前跟柯爾 一起去的那個池塘，

and he didn't want any other friends.

且牠並不想要其他朋友。

And within two months, he died as well.

在兩個月內，牠也死亡了。

Now, I'm happy to say

我很高興能說，

that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome.

並非所有悲慟的動物 都會有這種悲傷的結果。

Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.

去年夏天，我飛到波士頓 拜訪我已經成年的女兒莎菈。

I was with my husband Charlie.

我和我先生查理一起去。

I really needed a break from work.

我真的需要從工作中喘口氣。

But I succumbed, and I checked my work email.

但我忍不住去查看了 我工作用的電子郵件信箱。

You know how that is.

你們能懂的。

And there was a communication about a dejected donkey.

信箱中有則和一隻沮喪的驢子 有關的通信內容。

Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected,

身為人類學者， 這並非在我的預期之中，

but there it was, and I'm glad I read it.

但事實擺在眼前， 且我很高興我讀了信。

Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary,

因為，一隻叫做蓮娜的驢子 去了另一間農場庇護所，

this one in Alberta, Canada,

位在加拿大的亞伯達省，

as the only donkey there,

牠是那裡唯一的驢子，

and had trouble making friends for that reason.

因此很難交朋友。

But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake,

但，最終，牠和傑克， 一匹較年長的馬，成為朋友，

and for three years they were inseparable.

三年來，牠們形影不離。

But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,

但我收到信的原因是 因為傑克在三十二歲時，

這匹馬生了重病，必須要被安樂死，

had become gravely ill and had to be put down,

and this is what was going on.

結果就是這樣：

This is Lena standing on Jake's grave.

這是蓮娜，站在傑克的墓旁。

She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food.

牠晚上也不想進來。

而且不進來吃東西、不進來喝水。

She didn't want to come in for water.

She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress,

牠用腳拍打墓地， 牠發出悲痛的叫聲，

and there she stood.

牠就站在那裡。

So we talked and we brainstormed.

所以，我們進行討論，腦力激盪。

What do you do for an animal like this?

我們能為這樣的動物做什麼？

And we talked about the role of time,

我們談到了時間能療傷、

of extra love and kindness from people

從人類身上得到更多愛與仁慈，

and of urging her to make a new friend.

以及鼓勵牠交新朋友等種種方法。

And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck,

在這個命運的十字路口， 牠走上了和哈波不同的路，

because she did make a new friend,

因為牠交了一位新朋友，

and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.

庇護所的員工回信說 一切進行得很順利。

Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation

有時，科學家會用荷爾蒙分析

with hormonal analysis.

來輔助觀察。

There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana,

在波札那的一群科學家就是個例子，

who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups.

他們取得狒狒的糞便， 來比較兩組不同的母狒狒。

The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack

第一組的母狒狒曾經 目擊過獵食者攻擊，

and lost someone in that attack,

且在攻擊中失去過家人或朋友；

and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack

第二組中的母狒狒曾經 目擊過獵食者攻擊，

but had not lost someone.

但沒有在攻擊中 失去過家人或朋友。

And the stress hormones were way up in that first group.

第一組的壓力荷爾蒙高很多。

But here's the thing:

但，重點來了：

the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons,"

科學家並不只是稱牠們為 「有壓力的狒狒」，

they called them "bereaved baboons,"

他們稱牠們為「喪親的狒狒」，

and in part, that's because of the observations that they made.

有部分的原因是因為 他們所觀察到的現象。

For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close,

比如，這對母女非常親密，

and then the daughter was killed by a lion.

女兒被一隻獅子殺害。

The mother removed herself from all her friends,

母親遠離了牠自己的所有朋友，

from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks --

遠離了牠相互理毛的群體， 獨處了數星期——

bereavement --

喪親之痛——

and she then slowly recovered.

接著，牠慢慢地恢復。

So we have bereaved baboons.

所以，我們知道狒狒有喪親之痛。

Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees?

也許有一天科學會告訴我們 蜜蜂也有喪親之痛。

Will we hear about frogs who mourn?

也許將來會聽說有會哀悼的青蛙？

I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need

我不認為，因為動物之間 必須要有一對一的密切關係，

one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen.

才會發生這種狀況。

I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters.

我也知道，情境有影響， 個性也有影響。

I have documented cats and dogs who grieve,

我曾經記錄過會悲慟的貓和狗，

our companion animals,

我們的伴生動物，

but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered

但我也曾經遇過一名女子， 她感到極度困擾，

because her dog wasn't grieving.

因為她的狗不會悲慟。

She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died.

她對我說：「家中的 第一隻狗過世了，

The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog.

第二隻狗似乎毫不關心。

What is wrong with him?"

牠有什麼毛病？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And as I listened to her,

當我聽她說時，

I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household,

我了解到，現在這隻狗 是家中唯一的動物了，

and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal.

從牠的角度來看， 這狀況對牠很有利。

So circumstances matter.

所以，情境有影響。

Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve

不論是什麼情況，動物都不會 跟我們用一模一樣的方式悲慟。

exactly like we do.

We have human creativity.

我們有人類的創意。

We paint our grief, dance our grief,

我們會畫出我們的悲慟， 舞出我們的悲慟，

write our grief.

寫出我們的悲慟。

We also can grieve for people we've never met,

我們也能夠為從未 見過的人感到悲慟，

across space and time.

也能跨越時間和空間地悲慟。

I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin

當我去柏林，站在 大屠殺的紀念碑前時，

and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial.

我能強烈感受到這一點。

Animals don't grieve exactly like we do,

動物悲慟的方式和我們不同，

but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real.

但這並不表示 牠們的悲慟不是真的。

It is real, and it's searing,

是真的，且心痛如絞，

and we can see it if we choose.

只要我們願意，我們就能看見。

Now, I've lost both my parents.

我已經失去了雙親。

I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS.

我失去過一位很年輕時 就因為愛滋病而過世的朋友。

I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone.

在座各位很可能 都有失去過某個人。

And I have found it a genuine comfort,

我覺得真的很讓人欣慰、

a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth

很安慰的一點就是知道 地球上除了人類之外，

who feel love and grief.

還有其他生物能感受到愛和悲慟。

And I think this is important.

我認為這很重要。

I also think we can take this a step further,

我也認為，我們能夠再進一步，

and we can realize that the reality of animal grief

我們能夠了解到， 動物會悲慟的這個事實，

can help us be better and do better for animals.

能協助我們為動物做得更好。

This is already happening with Tahlequah,

塔勒闊的故事就已經產生效應了，

because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency

因為美國和加拿大 重新開始更迫切地關注

for how to help the orcas,

如何協助虎鯨、

how to restore the Chinook salmon

如何恢復帝王鮭，

and how to help with the water pollution.

以及如何協助處理水污染。

We can also see that if grief is real,

我們也能了解，如果悲慟是真的，

there's tremendous plausibility to the notion

那很可能表示

that animals feel a whole range of things.

動物也有各式各樣的感覺。

So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope.

我們可以去研究喜悅、 悲傷，甚至希望。

And if we do that,

如果我們能這麼做，

here's how we can start to think about the world.

我們就可以用以下的 方式來看待世界。

We can look at orcas and say,

我們可以看著虎鯨，說：

we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives,

我們知道牠們會悲慟， 會感受到牠們的生命，

and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks

我們可以拒絕將牠們 關在主題樂園的小水槽中，

and make them perform for our entertainment.

為了娛樂人類而表演。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve,

我們可以看著大象， 說，是的，牠們會悲慟，

and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting

我們可以努力對抗 國際性的戰利品獵殺，

and against poaching.

對抗盜獵。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes,

我們可以看著我們 在動物界的近親：猴子和猿類，

and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives,

知道牠們確實會悲慟， 會感受到牠們的生命，

so they don't deserve to be confined

所以牠們不應該被關在

in highly invasive biomedical experiments

有高度侵入性的生物醫學實驗中，

year after year.

年復一年。

And, you know --

且，你們知道——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too.

鴨子哈波和柯爾， 牠們也告訴了我們一件事。

They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat

牠們協助我們將點連起來， 了解到我們所吃的食物

affects how animals live.

會影響到動物的生活。

And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks.

不只是鴨肝醬，不只是鴨子。

We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms,

我們也可以想想看 工廠化農場中的豬、雞、牛，

and we can know.

且我們會懂。

I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too.

我可以告訴各位，科學證明 動物也有感覺，這是真的。

So every single time we choose a plant-based meal,

所以每次我們選擇素食，

we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.

就能對減輕動物 所受的苦難盡一份心力。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief.

所以，是的，我相信 動物會悲慟是真的。

I believe in the reality of animal love,

我相信動物會愛是真的，

and I think it is time for us humans

且我認為，該是時候了，我們人類

to recognize that we don't own these things.

該要承認我們並不擁有牠們了。

And when we see that,

當我們能了解這一點，

we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals,

我們就有機會為動物 把世界變得更美好、

a kinder world, a gentler world,

更仁慈、更溫柔，

and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.

在這個過程中，說不定 也能拯救我們自己。

Thank you so much.

非常謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. Thank you.

謝謝。謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）