Nina Jablonski breaks the illusion of skin color

Prevodilac: Radica Stojanović Lektor: Ivana Korom

Zanimljivo je da je Čarls Darvin

Interestingly, Charles Darwin

was born a very lightly pigmented man,

rođen kao veoma svetlo pigmentiran čovek,

in a moderately-to-darkly pigmented world.

u ovom umereno do tamno pigmentiranom svetu.

Over the course of his life,

Tokom svog života,

Darwin had great privilege.

Darvin je imao sjajnu privilegiju.

He lived in a fairly wealthy home.

Živeo je u dobrostojećoj porodici.

He was raised by very supportive and interested parents.

Podizali su ga jako podržavajući i zainteresovani roditelji.

And when he was in his 20s

I kada je bio u svojim dvadesetim godinama

he embarked upon a remarkable voyage on the ship the Beagle.

krenuo je na neverovatan put brodom "Bigl".

And during the course of that voyage,

I tokom tog puta,

he saw remarkable things:

video je neverovatne stvari.

tremendous diversity of plants and animals, and humans.

Ogromnu raznolikost biljaka i životinja i ljudi.

And the observations that he made

I zapažanja koja je načinio

on that epic journey

tokom tog svog epskog puta,

were to be eventually distilled

bila su naknadno razrađena

into his wonderful book, "On the Origin of Species,"

u njegovoj predivnoj knjizi, "Poreklo vrsta",

published 150 years ago.

objavljenoj pre 150 godina.

Now what is so interesting

E sada, šta je to tako interesantno

and to some, the extent, what's a bit infamous

i po nekima, pomalo nepopularno

about "The Origin of Species,"

o "Poreklu vrsta",

is that there is only one line in it

je to da postoji samo jedan red u knjizi

about human evolution.

o ljudskoj evoluciji.

"Light will be thrown on the origin of man

Svetlo će tek biti bačeno na poreklo čoveka

and his history."

i na njegovu istoriju.

It wasn't until much longer,

Tek nakon mnogo vremena,

much later,

mnogo kasnije,

that Darwin actually spoke

Darvin je počeo da priča

and wrote about humans.

i piše o ljudima.

Now in his years of

Tokom godina

traveling on the Beagle,

njegovog putovanja "Biglom",

and from listening to the accounts

i slušanja izveštaja

or explorers and naturalists,

raznih prirodnjaka i istraživača,

he knew that skin color

on je znao da je boja kože

was one of the most important ways

jedan od najznačajnijih načina

in which people varied.

na koji se ljudi međusobno razlikuju.

And he was somewhat interested in the pattern of skin color.

Na neki način on je bio zainteresovan za vrste obojenosti kože.

He knew that darkly pigmented peoples

Znao je da su tamnije pigmentirani narodi

were found close to the equator;

nađeni bliže ekvatoru.

lightly pigmented peoples, like himself,

Svetlije pigmentirani, kao što je i on sam bio,

were found closer to the poles.

bili su bliže polovima.

So what did he make of all this?

I šta je on mislio o tome?

Well he didn't write anything about it in The Origin of Species.

Pa, nije o tome ništa napisao u "Poreklu vrsta".

But much later, in 1871,

Ali dosta kasnije, 1871.,

he did have something to say about it.

imao je nešto da kaže na tu temu.

And it was quite curious. He said,

I to je bilo prilično interesantno. Rekao je,

"Of all the differences between the races of men,

"Od svih razlika koje postoje između rasa ljudi,

the color of the skin is the most conspicuous

boja kože je najizražajnija

and one of the best marked."

i najbolje označena."

And he went on to say,

I u nastavku je rekao,

"These differences do not coincide

"Ove razlike se ne podudaraju

with corresponding differences in climate."

sa odgovarajućim razlikama u klimi."

So he had traveled all around.

On je putovao svuda unaokolo.

He had seen people of different colors

Video je ljude različitih boja

living in different places.

koji žive na različitim mestima.

And yet he rejected the idea

Pa ipak je odbacio ideju

that human skin pigmentation

da je ljudska pigmentacija

was related to the climate.

povezana sa klimom.

If only Darwin lived today.

Da je smo Darvin živ danas.

If only Darwin had NASA.

Da je samo imao NASA.

Now, one of the wonderful things that NASA does

Jedna od divnih stvari koje NASA radi

is it puts up a variety of satellites

je to da postavlja različite satelite

that detect all sort of interesting things about our environment.

koji detektuju svakakve interesantne stvari o našem okruženju.

And for many decades now

I tokom mnogo dekada

there have been a series of TOMS satellites

postoje serije TOMS satelita

that have collected data about the radiation of the Earth's surface.

koji sakupljaju podatke o radijaciji Zemljine površine.

The TOMS 7 satellite data, shown here,

TOMS 7 satelitski podaci, vidimo ovde,

show the annual average

pokazuju prosečno godišnje

ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface.

ultravioletno zračenje Zemljine površine.

Now the really hot pink and red areas

Jako pink i crvena područja

are those parts of the world that receive the highest amounts

su oni delovi sveta koji primaju najveće količine

of UV during the year.

UV zračenja tokom godine.

The incrementally cooler colors --

Hladnije boje,

blues, greens, yellows, and finally grays --

plava, zelena, žuta i najzad siva,

indicate areas of much lower ultraviolet radiation.

ukazuju na područja sa nižom ultravioletnom radijacijom.

What's significant to the story of human skin pigmentation

Ono što je značajno u priči o ljudskoj pigmentaciji

is just how much of the Northern Hemisphere

jeste to koliki je deo severne hemisfere

is in these cool gray zones.

u ovim hladno sivim zonama.

This has tremendous implications for our understanding

Ovo ima ogromne implikacije za naše razumevanje

of the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

evolucije ljudske pigmentacije kože.

And what Darwin could not appreciate,

Ono što Darvin nije cenio,

or didn't perhaps want to appreciate at the time,

ili nije želeo da uzme u obzir u to vreme,

is that there was a fundamental relationship

jeste to da postoji fundamentalna veza

between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation

između intenziteta ultravioletne radijacije

and skin pigmentation.

i pigmentacije kože.

And that skin pigmentation itself

I da je pigmentacija kože

was a product of evolution.

produkt evolucije.

And so when we look at a map of skin color,

I kada pogledamo mapu boje kože

and predicted skin color, as we know it today,

i kada predviđamo boju kože, kao što to znamo danas,

what we see is a beautiful gradient

ono što vidimo je divna gradacija

from the darkest skin pigmentations toward the equator,

od tamnije pigmentacije oko ekvatora,

and the lightest ones toward the poles.

do svetlije kod polova.

What's very, very important here

Ono što je veoma značajno ovde

is that the earliest humans

je da su najraniji humanoidi

evolved in high-UV environments,

evoluirali u uslovima visokog UV zračenja,

in equatorial Africa.

u ekvatorijalnoj Africi.

The earliest members of our lineage,

Najraniji članovi naše vrste,

the genus Homo, were darkly pigmented.

roda Homo, su bili tamno pogmentirani.

And we all share this incredible heritage

I mi svi delimo to neverovantno nasleđe

of having originally been

toga da smo prvobitno bili

darkly pigmented,

tamno pigmentirani,

two million to one and half million years ago.

od dva miliona do milion ipo godina ranije.

Now what happened in our history?

E sad, šta se desilo u našoj istoriji?

Let's first look at the relationship

Hajde da prvo pogledamo vezu

of ultraviolet radiation to the Earth's surface.

ultravioletnog zračenja na Zemljinu površinu.

In those early days of our evolution,

U tim ranim danima naše evolucije,

looking at the equator,

gledajući ekvator,

we were bombarded by high levels of ultraviolet radiation.

bili smo bombardovani visokim nivoima ultravioletnog zračenja.

The UVC, the most energetic type,

UVC, tip sa najviše energije,

was occluded by the Earth's atmosphere.

bio je blokiran od strane Zemljine atmosfere.

But UVB and UVA

Ali UVB i UVA

especially, came in unimpeded.

posebno, dolazili su neometano.

UVB turns out to be incredibly important.

UVB se ispostavilo da je bio jako važan.

It's very destructive,

Veoma je destruktivan.

but it also catalyzes the production of vitamin D in the skin,

Ali on takođe katalizuje produkciju vitamina D u koži.

vitamin D being a molecule that we very much need

Vitamin D je molekul koji nam je veoma potreban

for our strong bones, the health of our immune system,

za naše jake kosti, za zdravlje našeg imunog sistema,

and myriad other important functions in our bodies.

i za bezbroj drugih bitnih funkcija u našem telu.

So, living at the equator, we got

Tako, živeći na ekvatoru, imali smo

lots and lots of ultraviolet radiation

puno ultravioletne radijacije

and the melanin --

i melanin,

this wonderful, complex, ancient polymer

taj predivni, komleksni, antički polimer

compound in our skin --

koji se nalazi u našoj koži,

served as a superb natural sunscreen.

služio nam je kao vrhunska prirodna zaštita od sunca.

This polymer is amazing

Taj polimer je zadivljujući

because it's present in so many different organisms.

jer je prisutan u toliko različitih organizama.

Melanin, in various forms, has probably been on the Earth

Melanin, u različitim formama, verovatno se nalazi na Zemlji

a billion years,

milijardu godina.

and has been recruited over and over again

I evolucija ga je iskorišćavala iznova i iznova,

by evolution, as often happens.

kao što se to često dešava.

Why change it if it works?

Zašto menjati ako već radi?

So melanin was recruited, in our lineage,

Tako je melanin bio korišćen, u našoj vrsti,

and specifically in our earliest ancestors

a posebno u našim najranijim precima

evolving in Africa,

koji su evoluirali u Africi,

to be a natural sunscreen.

kao prirodna zaštita od sunca.

Where it protected the body

Gde je štitio telo

against the degradations of ultraviolet radiation,

od razarajuće ultravioletne radijacije,

the destruction, or damage to DNA,

od uništenja ili oštećenja DNK,

and the breakdown of a very important molecule called folate,

i od razaranja veoma važnog molekula koji se zove folna kiselina,

which helps to fuel cell production,

a koja potpomaže produkciju ćelija,

and reproduction in the body.

i reprodukciju u telu.

So, it's wonderful. We evolved this very protective,

Tako da je to predivno. Stvoren je ovaj visoko zaštitni,

wonderful covering of melanin.

savršeni pokrivač - melanin.

But then we moved.

Ali onda smo se odselili.

And humans dispersed -- not once, but twice.

Ljudi su se raselili, ne jednom, već dva puta.

Major moves, outside of our equatorial homeland,

Veliki pokreti, van ekvatorijalnog doma,

from Africa into other parts of the Old World,

iz Afrike, u druge delove starog sveta,

and most recently, into the New World.

i skorije, u novi svet.

When humans dispersed into these latitudes,

Kada su se ljudi raselili u ove geografske širine,

what did they face?

sa čime su se suočili?

Conditions were significantly colder,

Uslovi su bili značajno hladniji,

but they were also less intense

ali takođe su bili manje intenzivni

with respect to the ultraviolet regime.

u odnosu na ultravioletni režim.

So if we're somewhere in the Northern Hemisphere,

Tako, ukoliko se nalazimo negde na severnoj hemisferi,

look at what's happening to the ultraviolet radiation.

pogledajte šta se dešava sa ultravioletnom radijacijom.

We're still getting a dose of UVA.

Mi i dalje dobijamo dozu UVA.

But all of the UVB,

Ali sav UVB,

or nearly all of it,

ili skoro sav,

is dissipated through the thickness of the atmosphere.

se raspe kroz atmosferu.

In the winter, when you are skiing in the Alps,

Zimi, dok skijate na Alpima,

you may experience ultraviolet radiation.

možete iskusiti ultravioletnu radijaciju.

But it's all UVA,

Ali to je sve UVA,

and, significantly, that UVA

i što je važno, UVA

has no ability to make vitamin D in your skin.

nema mogućnost da stvara vitamin D u koži.

So people inhabiting northern hemispheric environments

Tako su ljudi koji naseljavaju severnu hemisferu,

were bereft of the potential

lišeni mogućnosti

to make vitamin D in their skin for most of the year.

da proizvode vitamin D u svojoj koži tokom većeg dela godine.

This had tremendous consequences

Ovo je imalo nesagledive posledice

for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

na evoluciju ljudske pigmentacije.

Because what happened, in order to ensure health and well-being,

Jer šta se desilo, da bi osigurale zdravlje i dobrostanje,

these lineages of people

ove rase ljudi

dispersing into the Northern Hemisphere

šireći se prema severnoj hemisferi,

lost their pigmentation.

izgubile su svoju pigmentaciju.

There was natural selection

Bila je to prirodna selekcija

for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin.

za evoluciju svetlo pigmentirane kože.

Here we begin to see the evolution

Ovde počinjemo da vidimo evoluciju

of the beautiful sepia rainbow

predivnih sepia tonova

that now characterizes all of humanity.

koje karakterišu čitavo čovečanstvo.

Lightly pigmented skin evolved not just once,

Svetlije pigmentirana koža evoluirala je ne samo jednom,

not just twice, but probably three times.

ne dvaput, već verovatno tri puta.

Not just in modern humans,

Ne samo kod modernih ljudi,

but in one of our distant unrelated ancestors,

već i kod naših dalekih predaka,

the Neanderthals.

Neandertalaca.

A remarkable, remarkable testament

Izuzetan dokaz

to the power of evolution.

za moć evolucije.

Humans have been on the move for a long time.

Ljudska vrsta je u pokretu dugo vremena.

And just in the last 5,000 years,

Samo u poslednjih 5000 godina,

in increasing rates, over increasing distances.

u povećanom obimu, na velike distance.

Here are just some of the biggest movements of people,

Ovo su samo neke od najvećih selidba ljudi,

voluntary movements, in the last 5,000 years.

dobrovoljnih, u poslednjih 5000 godina.

Look at some of the major latitudinal transgressions:

Pogledajte neke od glavnih migracija po geografskim zonama.

people from high UV areas

Ljudi iz područja sa visokim UV zračenjem

going to low UV and vice versa.

idu u predele sa nižim UV zračenjem i obrnuto.

And not all these moves were voluntary.

Nisu svi ovi pokreti bili dobrovoljni.

Between 1520 and 1867,

Između 1520. i 1867. godine,

12 million, 500 people

12 miliona ljudi

were moved from high UV

je preseljeno iz zone visokog UV zračenja

to low UV areas

u zone niskog UV zračenja,

in the transatlantic slave trade.

u prekoatlantskoj trgovini robljem.

Now this had all sorts of invidious social consequences.

To je vodilo svim vrstama socijalnih posledica.

But it also had deleterious

Ali takođe je vodilo i do štetnih

health consequences to people.

posledica na zdravlje ljudi.

So what? We've been on the move.

Pa šta? Bili smo u pokretu.

We're so clever we can overcome all of these

Toliko smo pametni da možemo prevazići sve ove

seeming biological impediments.

biološke prepreke.

Well, often we're unaware

Pa ipak, često nismo svesni

of the fact that we're living

činjenice da živimo

in environments in which our skin

u okruženju u kom je naša koža

is inherently poorly adapted.

suštinski loše prilagođena.

Some of us with lightly pigmented skin

Neki od nas koji su svetlijeg pigmenta

live in high-UV areas.

žive u zoni visokog UV zračenja.

Some of us with darkly pigmented skin

Neki od nas sa tamnijom kožom

live in low-UV areas.

žive u zonama nižeg UV zračenja.

These have tremendous consequences for our health.

Ovo ima nesagledive posledice na naše zdravlje.

We have to, if we're lightly pigmented,

Mi moramo, ukoliko smo svetlo pigmentirani,

be careful about the problems of skin cancer,

da budemo obazrivi kada je u pitanju rak kože,

and destruction of folate in our bodies,

kao i uništenje folne kiseline u telu,

by lots of sun.

od prekomernog sunca.

Epidemiologists and doctors

Epidemiolozi i doktori

have been very good about telling us

su nam veoma dobro govorili

about protecting our skin.

o zaštiti naše kože.

What they haven't been so good about instructing people

Ono u čemu nisu bili tako dobri vezano za informisanje ljudi,

is the problem of darkly pigmented people

jeste problem ljudi koji su tamnije pigmentirani

living in high latitude areas,

i koji žive u višim geografskim zonama,

or working inside all the time.

ili rade u zatvorenom sve vreme.

Because the problem there is just as severe,

Jer su problemi tamo jednako veliki.

but it is more sinister,

Ali su mnogo zloćudniji.

because vitamin D deficiency,

Jer deficijencija vitamina D,

from a lack of ultraviolet B radiation,

nastala usled manjka ultravioletne B radijacije,

is a major problem.

je krupan problem.

Vitamin D deficiency creeps up on people,

Nedostatak vitamina D se prikrada,

and causes all sorts of health problems to their bones,

i izaziva sve vrste zdravstvenih problema u njihovim kostima,

to their gradual decay of their immune systems,

do postepenog razaranja njihovog imunog sistema,

or loss of immune function,

ili gubitka imunih funkcija,

and probably some problems

i verovatno nekih problema

with their mood and health,

sa njihovim raspoloženjem i zdravljem,

their mental health.

njihovim mentalnim zdravljem.

So we have, in skin pigmentation,

Tako imamo, u pigmentaciji kože,

one of these wonderful products of evolution

jedan od divnih proizvoda evolucije,

that still has consequences for us today.

koji i danas ima posledice na nas.

And the social consequences,

A socijalne posledice,

as we know, are incredibly profound.

kao što znamo, su neverovatno velike.

We live in a world where we

Živimo u svetu u kome

have lightly and darkly pigmented people

svetlo i tamno pigmentirani ljudi

living next to one another,

žive jedni pored drugih.

but often brought into proximity initially

Ali često su dovedeni u prvobitnu blizinu

as a result of very invidious social interactions.

kao rezultat individualnih socijalnih interakcija.

So how can we overcome this?

I kako se ovo može prevazići?

How can we begin to understand it?

Kako možemo razumeti ovo?

Evolution helps us.

Evolucija nam pomaže.

200 years after Darwin's birthday,

200 godina nakon Darvinovog rođenja,

we have the first moderately pigmented President of the United States.

imamo prvog umereno pigmentiranog predsednika Amerike.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

How wonderful is that?

Koliko je to divno?

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

This man is significant for a whole host of reasons.

Ovaj čovek je značajan zbog mnogo razloga.

But we need to think about how he compares,

Ali treba da razmišljamo o tome kako se on poredi,

in terms of his pigmentation, to other people on Earth.

s obzirom na pigmentaciju kože, sa ostalim ljudima na Zemlji.

He, as one of many urban admixed populations,

On je, kao jedan iz velikog broja izmešane populacije,

is very emblematic

simbol

of a mixed parentage, of a mixed pigmentation.

mešovitih roditelja, izmešane pigmentacije.

And he resembles, very closely,

I veoma je sličan, veoma blizak,

people with moderate levels of pigmentation

ljudima umerene pigmentacije

who live in southern Africa, or Southeast Asia.

koji žive u južnoj Africi i jugoistočnoj Aziji.

These people have a tremendous potential

Ti ljudi imaju ogroman potencijal

to tan, to develop more pigment in their skin,

da tamne, da razvijaju još više pigmenta u svojoj koži,

as a result of exposure to sun.

kao rezultat izlaganja suncu.

They also run the risk of vitamin D deficiency,

I oni su izloženi povećanom riziku od deficita vitamina D,

if they have desk jobs, like that guy.

ukoliko imaju kancelarijske poslove, kao taj čovek.

So lets all wish for his great health,

Tako da mu poželimo dobro zdravlje,

and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation.

i svest o sopstvenoj pigmentaciji.

Now what is wonderful

Ono što je predivno

about the evolution of human skin pigmentation,

u vezi sa evolucijom pigmentacije ljudske kože,

and the phenomenon of pigmentation,

i fenomenom pigmentacije,

is that it is the demonstration,

jeste to da je to demonstracija,

the evidence, of evolution

dokaz, evolucije

by natural selection,

putem prirodne selekcije,

right on your body.

upravo na vašem telu.

When people ask you, "What is the evidence for evolution?"

Kada vas ljudi pitaju, "Šta je dokaz evolucije?"

You don't have to think about some exotic examples, or fossils.

ne morate da razmišljate o nekim egzotičnim primerima, ili fosilima.

You just have to look at your skin.

Sve što treba da uradite je da pogledate svoju kožu.

Darwin, I think, would have appreciated this,

Mislim da bi Darvin cenio ovo,

even though he eschewed the importance

mada je prevideo važnost

of climate on the evolution of pigmentation during his own life.

klime na evoluciju pigmentacije, tokom svog života.

I think, were he able to look

Mislim da bi razumeo, da je samo imao prilike da vidi

at the evidence we have today, he would understand it.

dokaze kojima raspolažemo danas.

He would appreciate it.

Cenio bi to.

And most of all, he would teach it.

I najvažnije od svega, poučavao bi.

You, you can teach it.

Vi, vi možete poučavati.

You can touch it.

Možete dotaći.

You can understand it.

Možete razumeti.

Take it out of this room.

Izneti iz ove prostorije.

Take your skin color,

Prihvatite svoju boju kože,

and celebrate it.

i slavite je.

Spread the word.

Širite priču.

You have the evolution

Imate evoluciju

of the history of our species,

istorije naše vrste,

part of it, written in your skin.

deo nje, zapisanu na svojoj koži.

Understand it. Appreciate it. Celebrate it.

Razumite to. Cenite. Slavite.

Go out. Isn't it beautiful? Isn't it wonderful?

Izađite. Zar nije prelepo? Zar nije čudesno?

You are the products of evolution.

Vi ste produkt evolucije.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)